principles of clinical pharmacology ppt

... distribution of the major inactive CYP3A5*3 allele This inactive variant is present in 92% to 94% of Europeans, 71% to 75% of East Asians, 55% to 65% of South Asians, 60% to 66% of Hispanics, ... the activity of some of these transporters, increasing renal clearance of their substrates Amoxicillin is primarily excreted unchanged through renal filtration plus the net ef-fects of secretion ... third trimesters of pregnancy (P < 001).18Net amoxicillin secretion increases in pregnancy through a combination of upregulation of OAT1 secretion and progesterone inhibition of PEPT1 reabsorp-tion.18With

Ngày tải lên: 11/04/2024, 21:50

... Trang 1Principles of Pharmacology Trang 251.1 Identify the medical assistant’s role in pharmacology. 51.2 Recognize the five categories of pharmacology and their importance ... Trang 5• Pharmacology – science or study of drugs • Medication errors can result in injury or death • Medical assistant – Knowledge of the foundations of pharmacology – Understand role of drugs ... used to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease • Pharmacology – study of drugs • Pharmachologist – specialist in pharmacology • Pharmacognosy Trang 11Pharmacology (cont.)• A physician prescribes

Ngày tải lên: 22/05/2017, 16:33

... the various mixes of output that an economy can produce. It illustrates one of the Ten Principles of Economics in Chapter 1: People face tradeoffs. Here the farmer faces a tradeoff between produc- ... pounds of potatoes. If you give me 1 of those 4 pounds, I’ll give you 3 pounds of meat in return. In the end, you’ll get to eat 3 pounds of potatoes and 3 pounds of meat every week, instead of the ... I’ll produce 24 pounds of meat and 2 pounds of potatoes. After I give you 3 pounds of meat in exchange for 1 pound of potatoes, I’ll have 21 pounds of meat and 3 pounds of potatoes. In the end,

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 11:15

... either of these sets of data, the statisticians would need to take account of other factors that affect attendance— weather, population, size of collection, and so forth—to isolate the effect of ... variable we often want to study is total revenue, the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of the good In any market, total revenue is P  Q, the price of the good times the quantity of the ... the midpoint method gives the same answer regardless of the direc-tion of change, it is often used when calculating the price elasticity of demand be-tween two points In our example, the midpoint

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 11:15

... quantity of money, the velocity of money, and the dollar value of the economy’s output of goods and services Trang 6The price level must rise, the quantity of output must rise, or the velocity of money ... the value of the unit of account falls by half A similar change would occur if the gov-ernment were to reduce the length of the yard from 36 to 18 inches: As a result of the new unit of measurement, ... velocity of money, we divide the nominal value of output (nominal GDP) by the quantity of money If P is the price level (the GDP deflator), Y the quantity of output (real GDP), and M the quantity of

Ngày tải lên: 15/12/2013, 11:15

... the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society e q u i t y the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society ... of the producer surplus of all sellers. Quantity of Houses Painted Quantity of Houses Painted Price of House Painting 500 800 $900 0 Supply 600 (b) Price = $800 Price of House Painting 500 800 ... is composed of two parts First, those buy-ers who were already buying Q1of the good at the higher price P1are better off be-cause they now pay less The increase in consumer surplus of existing

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... Demand Supply Price Price Size of tax Size of tax Demand Supply Supply Supply Size of tax Size of tax When supply is relatively inelastic, the deadweight loss of a tax is small. When supply is ... of supply is zero, the landowners bear the entire burden of the tax. Consider next the question of efficiency As we just discussed, the deadweight loss of a tax depends on the elastici-ties of ... result of a triangle depends on the square of its size If we double the size of a tax, for instance, the base and height of the triangle double, so the deadweight loss rises by a factor of 4 If

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... becomes an exporter of a good, domestic producers of the good are better off, and domestic consumers of the good are worse off Price of Steel Price before trade Price after trade of Steel Domestic ... importer of a good, domestic consumers of the good are better off, and domestic producers of the good are worse off ◆ Trade raises the economic well-being of a nation in the sense that the gains of ... the losses of the losers Now that we have completed our analysis of trade, we can better understand one of the Ten Principles of Economics in Chapter 1: Trade can make everyone better off. If Isoland

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... good are better off, and consumers of the good are worse off. When a country allows trade and becomes an importer of a good, consumers are better off, and producers are worse off. In both cases, ... FOUR THE ECONOMICS OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR Markets do many things well, but they do not do everything well. In this chap- ter we begin our study of another of the Ten Principles of Economics: Governments ... consumer of the last unit of aluminum bought. Similarly, the supply curve reflects the costs of producing aluminum. At any given quantity, the height of the supply curve shows the cost of the marginal

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... generosity of others. In this case, taxing the wealthy to raise the living standards of the poor can make everyone better off. The poor are better off because they now enjoy a higher stan- dard of living, ... number of cars that can be supported without pollution outside of the central city and auctions off the rights to license new cars each month. Different types of plates allow different degrees of ... number of beneficiaries and whether these beneficiaries can be excluded from enjoying the good. A free-rider problem arises when the number of beneficiaries is large and exclusion of any one of them

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... make a profit from this situation. What would be your profit per bushel of rice? If other people exploit the same opportunity, what would happen to the price of rice in Japan and the price of rice ... dollar of its income, it can use that dollar to finance the purchase of domestic capital or to finance the purchase of an asset abroad. The two sides of this identity represent the two sides of the ... economists apply the theory of purchasing-power parity to explain ex- change rates, they need data on the prices of a basket of goods available in dif- ferent countries. One analysis of this sort is conducted

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... macroeconomic variables of an openeconomy. Panel (a) of the figure shows the market for loanable funds (taken from Fig-ure 30-1) As before, national saving is the source of the supply of loanable funds. ... for dollars causes the value of the dollar to appreciate from E1to E2 This appreciation of the dollar tends to reduce net exports, offsetting the direct effect of the import quota on the trade ... U.S exports of aircraft will fall, and U.S imports of aircraft will rise In this case, the import quota on Japanese cars will in-crease net exports of cars and dein-crease net exports of planes

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... P) This is just another way of representing the classical analysis of growth and inflation we conducted in Chapters 24 and 28 The purpose of developing the model of aggregate demand and aggregate ... over a period of a year or two, an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy tends to raise the quantity of goods and services supplied, and a decrease in the level of prices tends ... P1980 to P1990and then to P2000 Thus, the model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply offers a new way to describe the classical analysis of growth and inflation. Trang 2it is to provide

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 17:15

... bountiful menu (thousands of medicines) so seductively served to them by the phar-maceutical industry Principal sources of guidance 37 Ian Dodds-Smith. 38 A professor of clinical pharmacology who has ... dream of a 'never-never land' The industry knows that it has to learn to live with restrictions of some kinds and one of the means of restriction is the formulary, a list of formulations of medicines ... statement illustrates a common and serious misunderstanding of the role of medical schools Their role is to teach the scientific basis of clinical pharmacology and safe drug therapy so that doctors can

Ngày tải lên: 24/12/2013, 18:15

... com-bination of marriage taxes and marriage subsidies According to a study by the Congressional Budget Office, 42 percent of married couples pay a marriage tax, averaging 2.0 percent of their income, ... of their income, while 51 percent of married couples pay lower taxes by virtue of being wed, averaging 2.3 percent of their income Whether a couple is better off (from a tax standpoint) being ... The bur-den of the tax ultimately falls on people—the owners, customers, or workers of the corporation Many economists believe that workers and customers bear much of the burden of the corporate

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 23:20

... tradeoff between inflation and unemployment That is, after an adverse supply shock, policymakers have to accept a higher rate of inflation for any given rate of unemployment, or a higher rate of ... profit There is no reason for society to suffer through the booms and busts of the business cycle The development of macroeconomic theory has shown policy-makers how to reduce the severity of ... Regardless of the precise form of the rule, committing the Fed to some rule would yield advantages by limiting incompetence, abuse of power, and time inconsistency in the conduct of monetary

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 23:20

... de-manded of a good falls when the price of the good rises law of supply—the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises law of supply ... elasticity of demand—a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first ... unit of production marginal product—the increase in out-put that arises from an additional unit of input marginal product of labor—the in-crease in the amount of output from an additional unit of

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2014, 23:20

... The principles governing use of antimicrobials in this context are as follows Chemoprophylaxis is justified: — When the risk of infection is high because of the presence of large numbers of bacteria ... chemotherapy of reasonably broad spectrum must often be given because of the absence of precise identification of the responsible microbe The spectrum of cover should be narrowed once the causative ... enable reduction of the dose of one component and hence reduce the risks of adverse drug reactions, e.g flueytosine plus amphotericin B for Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis Selection of agents A

Ngày tải lên: 22/01/2014, 00:20

... skin is determined by the: • rate of diffusion of drug from the vehicle to the surface of the skin (this depends on the type of vehicle, see below) • partitioning of the drug between the vehicle ... use of drugs, often taking the form of immediate or delayed hypersensitivity. Pharmacokinetics The stratum corneum (superficial keratin layer) is both the principal barrier to penetration of drugs ... stratum corneum (a physicochemical feature of the individual drug) and • degree of hydration of the stratum corneum (hydration reduces resistance to diffusion of drug) Vehicles (bases1) are designed

Ngày tải lên: 22/01/2014, 00:20

... total of 60 gallons of waterwould be sold at a price of $60 a gallon My profit would be $1,800 (30 gallons ⫻ $60 a gallon) Alternatively, I could produce 40 gallons In this case, a total of 70 ... total of 70 gallons of water would be sold at a price of $50 a gallon My profit would be $2,000 (40 gallons ⫻ $50 a gallon) Even though total profit in the market would fall, my profit would be higher, ... and each would get a profit of $1,800. T H E E Q U I L I B R I U M F O R A N O L I G O P O LY Although oligopolists would like to form cartels and earn monopoly profits, often that is not possible

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2014, 18:20