locating the parents of any part elements

... Rome 20 Pantheon 879 water supply 20 roofing 883–5 roofing materials 857 aluminium 111 glass/iron (ferro-vitreous) 895–6 iron 95, 894 Monel metal 101 zinc 93, 96 ‘ro-ro’ (roll on, roll off) vessels ... Venice glass 196 horses of San Marco 67–8 Venus at the Forge (Brueghel) 232 Venus probes 659–60 vernier scale 25 Versailles, water supply to gardens 235 videodiscs 753–4 Videofile videotape system ... 954 Pirothecnica (Biringuccio) 396 pisé construction 856 pistols 977, 985 pitch 206, 211, 220 Planet (locomotive) 562, 564 planing machines 399–400, 404 plaster 885–6, 903–904 plaster of Paris

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... with the dexterity to make practical use of his ideas. The Encyclopaedia had its inception during the period when I was Executive Secretary of the Newcomen Society for the Study of the History of ... contributed so much to the usefulness of the Encyclopaedia. I would like also here to acknowledge the generosity of the Trustees of the Science Museum for permission to reproduce over 60 of the illustrations ... evolve many inventions. This book tells the story of these inventions from stone axe to spacecraft, from cave dwelling to computer. The objective has been to simplify the study of the History of Technology

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... its own reward They are willing to pursue it for the pure fun of it Though many of them may be professionals, they are in fact truly amateurs in the exact sense of the word Long may they flourish ... between the twelve cycles of the moon and the one of the sun, were astronomers, scientists Admittedly they were working towards the practical solutions of how to predict the seasons, the flooding of ... must forgo the telescope as a part of technology and consider it the prerogative of the editor of an Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, just as we would consider the violin and the bassoon

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... in the sun. The making of pots by coiling strips of clay in a spiral and then moulding them together is supposed to date from about 7000 BC, as is the moulding of clay to take the form of the ... about the time of Christ that Hero of Alexandria classified the five basic machines as the lever, the wheel and axle, the wedge, the pulley and INTRODUCTION 18 the screw, but the first three of these ... to their cities. The construction of river bridges often involved the building of coffer dams of timber piles, sealed with clay, and in the building of these two machines were used: first, the

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... marked the start of the use of the pendulum as a means of controlling the speed of clocks Having no watch, he timed the swing of the lamp against his own pulse and established the time of the pendulum’s ... were parts machined with these tools, that the barrel of one lock could be applied to the casing of another, while the sliders of one lock could similarly be inserted into the barrel of another The ... reached Germany, paving the way to the printing of books Apart from the building of many fortified castles and some notable manor houses, the twelfth and thirteenth centuries were the peak of the construction

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... formulated the Gas Laws and demonstrated the maximum height that water could be drawn by a suction pump Others took up the theme of producing a vacuum by the condensation of steam In 1659 the Marquis of ... on the Liverpool & Manchester Railway, the first public passenger railway in the world (see Figure 7) The Rainhill Trials were the highlight of the opening of the railway age over much of ... in the materials used in buildings They caused the decline of many towns and villages which were not served by the railway lines They speeded up the mails and greatly accelerated the spread of

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... ridiculous and to many others a threat to the dignity of themselves as members of the human race or worse, a threat to the very existence of humanity as the only reasoning animal living on the planet ... from the laboratories of the Bell Telephone Company in the USA The transistor was much smaller than the thermionic valve, consumed less power and was far more reliable The controlled flow of electrons ... during the Industrial Revolution the ingenious powers of man were devoted to saving labour and to enhancing the capabilities of the paltry human frame As we approach the last decade of the twentieth

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... control the hardness of the copper obtained by adjusting the mixture of ores fed into the smelting furnace The beginning of the arsenical copper era is difficult to date with any certainty The earliest ... used (a) inthe twelfth century BC, and (b) in the eleventh century BC, at the ancient copper smelting site of Timna in the Southern Negev region of Israel. Courtesy of the Institute of Metals. ... away The exposed surface of such an outcrop is therefore slowly robbed of most of its heavy metals with the exception of iron which concentrates at the surface as iron oxide, generally in the

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... were well aware of the effect of tin on the properties of the alloys they employed. From the weapons which were found in the Mycaenean tombs it is evident that metal workers, even in the sixteenth ... many of the later Roman bronzes, which by the middle of the second century AD tended to contain comparable quantities of zinc and tin. The characteristics of these alloys, which resembled those of ... Perseus. In this approach, the wax layer applied to the surface of the core is equal in thickness to the wall thickness of the casting to be produced. The wall thickness of the San Marco horses varies

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... The charge, being in the form of balls, did not fall out of the retort when this was inserted in the furnace, and it also facilitated the escape of zinc vapour from the mouth of the retort. The ... metallic smell, and the bitter metallic taste of brass is also mentioned. This work is also the first to refer to the tribe of the Mossynoeci, who lived on the southern shore of the Euxine, between ... accepted the office of Principal Surveyor and Master of the Mines to the King. In 1529 however, he left England to develop the copper mines at Neusohl in Hungary, south of the Tatra mountains. In the

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... Master of the Savoy The organization thus established, formally incorporated in 1568 as the Company of Mines Royal, was the first joint stock company to be set up in England for the manufacture of ... in any of the English counties not already under the jurisdiction of the Mines Royal Company By June 1566 calamine deposits were discovered at Worle Hill in Somerset, at the western end of the ... Charter of Incorporation were led by the Brass Battery, Wire and Copper Company of Bristol as it was then known The others were John Freeman and Copper Company of Bristol, Thomas Patten and Coy of

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... PART ONE: MATERIALS 92 assumed at this time most of the other responsibilities of the Cornish Metal Company including the purchase of ore from the Cornish mines. Arrangements ... available from the Schneeburg district of Germany, where they had been used for many years by the celebrated Blaufarbenwerke for the manufacture of cobalt blue and other pigments for the ceramic ... layer of slag developed over the molten metal surface, saltpetre was added to the bath, the alloy was stirred, and the ingot was then cast. It is not clear whether zinc was an ingredient of the

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... Trang 1THE LIGHT METALS, ALUMINIUM AND MAGNES IUMIn the middle years of the nineteenth century, most of the metals in the periodic table of the elements had been chemically ... furnace The furnace charge consisted of 100kg (220lb) of the double chloride, 45kg (99lb) of cryolite and 35kg (77lb) of sodium The function of the cryolite was to act as a flux and dissolve the ... discontinued at the end of 1859 At the beginning of 1860 the firm of Bell Brothers started to produce aluminium by a variant of the Deville process at Washington, County Trang 4Durham The driving

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... lighter than the electrolyte, floats to the surface of the bath where it must be collected without shorting the electrodes Furthermore, the gas liberated at the anode is chlorine rather than the oxygen ... Much of the magnesium originally produced at the Hemelingen plant was used for the manufacture of aluminium by a variant of Deville’s process (see p 106) Trang 4Shortly after the turn of the century, ... Patricroft, with a frontage on the River Irwell One of the directors appointed at this time was William Matther who also acted as chief engineer of the company At a later stage, as Sir William Matther,

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... into many of the earliest gold artefacts from the Old and New Worlds The first important source of the metal was Colombia on the north-western corner of South America Here, the grains of native ... quantities of beryllium nitrate to the mixtures of thorium and cerium nitrates used to impregnate the fabric of the mantle This treatment was probably the major outlet for beryllium until the end of the ... and the first production batch was issued in 1941 Nimonic 80, as the alloy was called, was the first of the long series of nickel-based ‘superalloys’ produced by Mond All of these depend for their

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... combines the low contact resistance of silver with the ability of cadmium oxide to quench any arcs formed when the contacts open under load The compaction of powdered metals As in the time of Wollaston, ... than the carbon filament of Edison (see Chapter 6) By the end of the nineteenth century it was appreciated that the light emitted by an incandescent filament varied as the twelfth power of its ... was the first to permit the long exposures required by the new technique of X-ray crystallography Figure 1.12: The vacuum arc furnace first used in 1902 for the production of ductile tantalum The

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... finance the building of blast furnaces themselves; otherwise groups of men formed partnerships, sharing the funding and the profits. Partnerships in business were not new, but they were novel in the ... with them. Some of the impurities are easily removed; others are more difficult, and many of the important inventions in the history of iron and steel have been connected with the removal of impurities. ... though they all functioned in the same way. They were made of clay, which would resist the heat of the fire. Charcoal was lighted inside the bloomery and then, while a continuous blast of air

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... and parts of Staffordshire and the West Midlands. The latter was to become, in the first half of the nineteenth century, the biggest ironmaking area of the world and provides an example of how the ... numbers and other industries using iron and coal came into the area for the sake of these raw materials. From the vast numbers of smoking chimneys the area soon acquired the name of the Black Country, ... It laid the foundations of the industrial towns—not just the ironmaking centres but the others as well. For steam power could operate any kind of machinery and there was a great surge of inventions

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... which made slag with the silica in the sand lining of the furnace This was the source of the waste; about half of all the pig iron went away with the slag Hall’s wet puddling used the same reverberatory ... Steam power then hoisted the barrows to the furnace top, where the men took over again, wheeled the barrows to the mouth of the furnace and tipped the contents in At the pig beds the cast iron ... one above the other to prevent loss of gas The top bell is opened and the raw materials fall on the lower one, which is closed and sealing the furnace Then the top bell is closed and the bottom

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... or slab. The mould is water-cooled and the outer skin of the metal solidifies rapidly. At the bottom of the mould the metal is solid enough for it to be drawn out at the same rate as the molten ... local supplies of iron ore and coal, as did those of the USA and the Soviet Union. In most cases there are still large—sometimes very large—reserves of iron ore left, but they are often of low grade, ... quickly. Speed of production, attractive though it is, brings its problems, one of which is the control of the process. It calls for a very high order of instrumentation. In the days of the open-hearth

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