internetworking with tcp ip pdf

... when sending membership reports. Type Group Address Meaning 0x1 1 unused (zero) General membership query 0x1 1 used Specific group membership query 0x1 6 used Membership report 0x1 7 ... simple internet with three networks connected by a router that illustrates multicast forwarding. Hosts marked with a dot parti- cipate in one multicast group while those marked with an "x" ... of group membership. We also said that IP allows any host to join or leave a multicast group at any time, which results in rapid membership changes. More important, membership does not follow

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... Internet sites participate in the MBONE; the MBONE allows hosts at participat- ing sites to send and receive multicast datagrams, which are then propagated to all other participating sites The MBONE ... closely with the operating system kernel to install multicast routing information Unlike routed, however, mrouted does not use the stan- dard routing table Instead, it can be used only with a ... tunnel is needed when two or more hosts wish to participate in multicast applications, and one or more routers along the path between the participating hosts do not run multicast rout- ing software

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... obtain a page The browser begins with a URL, extracts the hosmarne section, uses DNS to map the name into an equivalent IP address, and uses the IP address to form a TCP connection Trang 3Sec 28.7 ... can further optimize by pipelining requests (i.e., send requests back- to-back without waiting for a response) Pipelining is especially attractive in situations where multiple images must be retrieved ... using a new TCP connection for each data transfer That is, a client opens a TCP connection and sends a GET request The server transmits a copy of the requested item, and then closes the TCP connection

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... assumes that IpAddress has already been defined) IpAddrEntry ::= SEQUENCE { ipAdEntAddr IpAddress, ipAdEntIflndex INTEGER, ipAdEntNetMask IpAddress, ipAdEntBcastAddr IpAddress, ip AdEntReasmMaxSize ... numeric values to ipAddrEntry and to each item in the IpAddrEntry sequence For example, the definition: ipAddrEntry { ipAddrTable 1 ) specifies that ipAddrEntry falls under ipAddrTable and has ... internet mgmt mib ip A MIB variable named ipInReceives has been assigned numeric identifier 3 under the ip node in the namespace, so its name is: iso org dod internet mgmt mib ip ipInReceives

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... IGMP 328 IGP 295 IP 95, 97 IPV4 602 IPV6 602 Internet 95 MOSPF 343, 347 MTP 518 OSPF 293, 308 PIM 343, 344 RARP 89, 90 RIP 293, 296 RTCP 544 RTP 542 SMTP 518 SNMP 556 ST 602 TCP 209, 215 TELNET ... Multicast extensions to OSPF 343, 347 multimode 354 multipart type (MIME) 523 multiple access 28 multiplex 192, 699 multiplicative decrease 233, 699 Multipurpose Internet Mail Exten- sions 522 mutable ... (SWS) 246 urgent data 222 window 245 window advertisement 220 zero window 220 TCP protocol 209, 215 TCP/IP 2 TCPIIP Internet Protocol Suite 7 13 TDM 714 TDMA 714 technology independence 5 Trang

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... header contains IP ad- dresses whereas the frame header contains physical addresses Figure 7.2 shows the general form of a datagram: Figure 7.2 General form of an IP datagram, the TCP/IP analogy to ... shipped across the underlying network in a single frame In addition, because IP represents the offset of the data in multiples of eight octets, the fragment size must be chosen to be a multiple ... corrupted data go undetected Fields SOURCE IP ADDRESS and DESTINATION IP ADDRESS contain the 32-bit IP addresses of the datagram's sender and intended recipient Although the datagram may be routed

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... basic unit of transfer in a TCP/IP internet is the IP da- tagram This chapter adds to the description of connectionless service by describing how routers forward IP datagrams and deliver them ... directly to multiple networks Both hosts and routers participate in routing an IP datagram to its destination When an application program on a host attempts to communicate, the TCPJIP protocols ... is to make IP routing decisions What about multi-homed hosts? Any computer with multiple network connections can act as a router, and as we will see, multi-homed hosts running TCPJIP have all

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... always specify the IP address of the original source and the IP address of the ultimate destination? When IP executes the routing algorithm, it selects a new IP address, the IP address of the ... an IP datagram has reached its final destination is not quite as trivial as it seems Remember that even a host may have multiple physical connec- tions, each with its own IP address When an IP ... destination IP address matches the router's own IP address, the IP software passes the datagram to higher-level protocol software for processingt If the datagram has not reached its final destination, IP

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... message mechanism to the TCP/IP protocols The mechanism, known as the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), is considered a required part of IP and must be included in every IP implemen- tation ... ICMP messages are encapsulated and sent using IP, ICMP is not considered a higher level protocol - it is a required part of IP The reason for using IP to deliver ICMP messages is that they may ... Because both the request and reply travel in IP datagrams, successful receipt of a reply verifies that major pieces of the transport system work First, IP software on the source computer must route

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... endlessly. As mentioned previously, to prevent datagrams from circling forever in a TCP/IP internet, each IP datagram contains a time-to-live counter, sometimes called a hop count. A router ... operate indepen- dently, with each machine maintaining its own notion of the current time. Clocks that differ widely can confuse users of distributed systems software. The TCPJIP protocol suite ... the IP address scheme. We said that the 32-bit addresses are carefully assigned to make the IP addresses of all hosts on a given physical network share a common prefix. In the original IP

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... internet with hundreds of networks and thousands of hosts. They did not foresee tens of thousands of small networks of personal computers that would suddenly appear in the decade after TCP/IP was ... across the WAN toward their des- tination. To make demultiplexing efficient, transparent routers often divide the IP address into multiple parts and encode information in unused parts. For example, ... that they only work with networks that have a large address space from which to choose host addresses. Thus, they work best with class A networks, and they do not work well with class C networks.

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... multiple internet addresses map to the same hardware ad- dress. The third technique, a TCPnP standard called subnet addressing, allows a site to share a single IP network address among multiple ... classful addresses, the set of reserved IPV4 prefmes contains a CIDR block that spans multiple classes. Figure 10.16 lists the values in CIDR notation along with the dotted decimal value of the ... to test along with a number of bits to skip. The second, a level compressed trie, provides additional optimization by eliminat- ing one or more levels in the trie that can be skipped along

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... layer The realistic diagram in Figure 11.2b shows that the IP software may communicate with multiple high-level protocol modules and with multiple network interfaces Although a diagram of conceptual ... 11.5.1 The TCPAP 5-Layer Reference Model The second major layering model did not arise from a standards committee, but came instead from research that led to the TCPIIP protocol suite With a little ... located in the TCP/IP transport layer uses checksums, acknowledgements, and timeouts to con- trol transmission Thus, unlike the connection-oriented X.25 protocol layering, the TCP/IP software focuses

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... while the TCPIIP protocols provide an example of a different layering scheme. In practice, protocol software uses multiplexing and demultiplexing to distinguish among multiple protocols within ... contents. Multiplexing and demultiplexing occur at almost every protocol layer. For exam- ple, after the network interface demultiplexes frames and passes those frames that con- tain IP datagrams ... IP module, the IP software extracts the datagram and demulti- plexes further based on the transport protocol. Figure 11.11 demonstrates demultiplex- ing at the Internet layer. A Demultiplexing

Ngày tải lên: 04/07/2014, 22:21

... About The Fourth Edition Of Internetworking With TCPIIP "This is the book I go to for clear explanantions of the basic principles and la- test developments in TCPAP technologies. It's ... Of The Next IP 602 33.7 Features Of IPv6 602 33.8 General Form Of An IPv6 Datagram 603 33.9 IPv6 Base Header Format 603 33.10 IPv6 Extension Headers 605 33.11 Parsing An IPv6 Datagram ... introduction to TCP/ IP for the uninitiated is a very difficult task. While combining the explanation of the general principles of computer communication with the specific examples from the TCP/ IP protocol...

Ngày tải lên: 19/03/2014, 13:35