hsdpa hsupa principles technologies and performance

... Mobile Broadband Do you need to get up-to-speed quickly on Long-Term Evolution (LTE)? Understand the new technologies of the LTE standard and how they contribute to improvements in system performance ... methodology and system performance With extensive references, a useful discussion of technologies that were not included in the standard, and end-of-chapter summaries that draw out and emphasize ... HSPA and HRPD systems were being developed and deployed, IEEE 802 LMSC (LAN/MAN Standard Committee) introduced the IEEE 802.16e standard [4] for mobile broadband wireless access This standard...

Ngày tải lên: 06/05/2014, 10:20

... financial investment in new tools and technologies It requires a strong and sustained commitment to process change and substantially more discipline in standardizing and documenting sales processes ... Part II Landslide Technologies and CSOInsights, Inc., 2007 http://research.pcpro.co.uk/detail/RES/1213119190_486.html Durbin, Jim and Franki Durbin “Sales 2.0 and Social Media.” Brandstorming.com ... in Sales Performance, Technologies, and Learning About Intrepid Learning Solutions Intrepid Learning Solutions is a leading provider of learning and performance consulting, outsourcing, and research...

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 14:20

... Vishal Anand, Yizhi Xiong, and Chunming Qiao 129 Optical Burst Switching Hakki Candan Cankaya and Myoungki Jeong 155 viii EMERGING OPTICAL NETWORK TECHNOLOGIES Part III SIGNALING PROTOCOLS AND NETWORK ... hierarchical optical networks Sections 2.3 and 2.4 describe the concepts of uniform and non-uniform wavebands, their applications and performance implications on node and network levels Section 2.5 covers ... flexibility in supporting new and changing protocols and standards In this paper, we discuss each of these issues in detail and present a solution for optical services and applications, including...

Ngày tải lên: 01/06/2014, 08:04

... spraying technologies, layer formation by PVD and CVD, electron and laser beam hardening, ion implantation, shot peening, surface alloying by conventional and plasma processes and generally with technologies ... reduction (for electrochemical and conversion coatings, electrolytic polishing and etching) or chemical reduction (for chemical and conversion coatings, and chemical polishing and etching) In the case ... its development and a distinction is suggested between superficial layers and coatings Further, but foremost, the basic potential and usable properties of superficial layers and coatings are...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... manufacturing and processing technologies, e.g., forging, casting, and machining of wrought and cast steel, both carbon and alloyed Toward the end of the 19th century, hard tool steels, both carbon and ... copper with tin and possibly other components) and brasses (alloys of copper with zinc and possibly other components Copper and its alloys, particularly the bronzes (harder than copper and at the ... Euphrates and Tigris (today’s Iraq) to northern Africa (Egypt) and southern Europe (Greece, Italy), brought with it the skill of obtaining and use of several other metals, besides copper and its...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... accelerating voltage and decreases with a rise of material density (Fig 2.10) If U = 10, 20, 50 and 100 kV, the corresponding values for steel are: z r(st) = 0.3, 1.05, 6.1 and 27 µm, and z r(Al) = ... the control system and approximately 5% on cooling [108] Electron beam heaters used for modifying the properties of surface layers and coatings usually work in a pulse mode and their power is ... of power, shape and other parameters, many electron beam heaters are computer controlled (Fig 2.4b) [15] 2.3.3 Types of beams and patterns The electron beam may be generated and delivered to...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... Zenker, R., and Müller, M.: Electron beam hardening, part I - Principles, process technology and prospects Heat Treatment of Metals, No 4, 1988, pp 79-88 89 Zenker, R., and Müller, M.: Randschichthärten ... research, technological and design problem The concept of the surface is perceptible and understandable by intuition; it is, however, quite difficult to define and understand in a precise manner ... uniform and homogenous system, – monophase and multi-constituent system (e.g., solution of sugar in water) or uniform and heterogeneous system, – multi-phase and one-constituent system (e.g., ice and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... CO and Nd-YAG, – pulse: ruby, neodymium, glass and Nd-YAG, molecular CO and excimer Surface engineering utilizes both continuous and pulse lasers [11] The most often used are molecular CO and ... nucleation of new phases, condensation, and crystallization, capillary and electrocapillary effects, electro-kinetic, temperature and thermoelectronic emission and many others [6] Among the group ... (visible and non-visible infrared and ultraviolet) but also X-ray and gamma radiation, coherent, practically monochromatic, of very minute beam divergence, small diameter of laser spot and very...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... steel, normalized (1) and hardened and tempered (2) without laser hardening and with transformation hardening (correspondingly: 1’ and 2’); b) 52100 steel, annealed (3) or hardened and tempered (4) ... sheet and wire [29] Tempering This process is used after hardening of steel and consists of heating it to a temperature lower than eutectoid and subsequent cooling in order to enhance ductility and ... contaminants and atoms of foreign inclusions not have the time needed to diffuse into the surface On the other hand, combined action of temperature and vacuum cleans the surface quickly and effectively...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... in superficial layer on low carbon structural steel: and - carburized; 1’ and 2’ - carburized and laser remelt hardened (From Straus, J., and Burakowski, T [51] With permission.) Interesting ... greater thickness and better adhesion to the substrate than by typical CVD and PVD methods To this day, a known and practiced method is fusion alloying in gas coatings made from titanium and its alloys, ... been conducted on carbon and low alloy steels, containing up to 0.2% C, carburized to a level of 0.7 to 0.9% C and coated with a TiN layer, thereby obtaining good adhesion and a 0.5 mm layer hardened...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... B., and Wnag, Y.: Laser induced films with hardness and excellent wear - and corrosion-resistance Proc.: th International Seminar of IFHTSE: Environmental and Energy Efficient Heat Treatment Technologies, ... containing 0.5% C and 1% Cr Surface Engineering, Vol 5, No 1, 1989, pp 45-54 110 Bande, H., L’Esperance, G., Islam, M.U., and Koul, A.K.: Laser surface hardening of AISI 01 tool steel and its microstructure ... Sulonen, M.S., and Korhonen, A.S.: Laser hardening of TiN-coated steels Surface and Coatings Technology, No 36, 1988, pp 773-780 174 Ling, Z., Zhirong, Z., and Yue, X.: Structure feature and oxidation...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... inclusions and precipitations present in the implanted material and to a refinement and homogenization of the structure of that material [38, 65] Atrophy of grain boundaries [71] and dislocations ... discharge zone and the anode is a graphite cylinder The source serves to produce ions of both gaseous and solid elements The above-described ion sources belong to the most versatile and allow the ... schematic of ion implanter (without separator and beam deflector) with fixed beam and movable stage (in z-x plane): - discharge chamber with ion source and extracting electrode; - three-electrode...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... ceramics and sintered carbides is enhanced by the implantation of Zr, Cr and Ti 4.6.3 Hardness and adhesion of implanted materials Ion implantation of the majority of metallic, ceramic and synthetic ... materials and ceramics are improved by the implantation of Pt, Mo and Pd ions Hydrogen embrittlement in steels is diminished by the implantation of Pt and Pd ions Nitride formation in steels and aluminum ... Tousset, J., and Fayeulle, S.: Influence of temperature of nitrogen implanted steel and iron Materials Science and Engineering, No 69, 1985, pp 531-537 51 Dearnaley, G.: Adhesive and abrasive...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... significant and whose value strongly depends on the type of treatment operation and which clearly differentiate properties of superficial layer and core, – are not clearly understandable on the ... the movement and geometry of the cutting tool Machining is accompanied by processes such as elastic and plastic deformation, formation of chip segments, friction between tool and chip and the treated ... oxygen and sodium, as well as small amounts of chlorine and sulfur [14] Zone IV constitutes a layer of oxides of the core metal, created as the result of a chemical reaction between oxygen and the...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... and value depend on the type of material and its three-dimensional and metallographic structure, on strength and thermal characteristics, on external factors (e.g., rate of heat extraction) and ... (gases, vapors, solids in solution, ions and liquids) and their collection at the surface of solids and liquids, at the interface between solid and gas or liquid and gas Adsorption is manifest in changes ... stresses become service stresses and their value and distribution change, due to processes of relaxation and redistribution (Fig 5.25) Fig 5.25 Redistribution and relaxation of residual stresses...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... because surface energies between solid and liquid γ sl1 and between solid and gas γ sg cannot be measured directly The difference in surface energies of an unwetted and a wetted surface, i.e., the so-called ... l1l2 - surface tension between liquids (1) and (2); γ l1g - surface tension between liquid (1) and gas; γ l2g - surface tension between liquid (2) and gas Wettability In the case of adhesion ... by the existence of residual stresses and, to a lesser extent, by electric and magnetic fields In all cases, of capital importance are element concentration and chemical potential In surface engineering,...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... and tempered 1045 steel: - hardened and tempered steels; - pickled steels; - induction hardened, carburized and carbonitrided steels; - nitrided and sulfonitrided steels (From Rogalski, Z., and ... lubricants, of mineral and synthetic oils, plastics, sea and fresh water, hydr aulic fluid, petroleum and its der ivatives, mixtures of oil and freon, as well as different acids and alkalis [20] Low ... wear and on properties connected with material and geometry of friction joints; p - contact pressure (stresses) Theoretical-experimental correlations between K and x are relatively complex and...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... J., and Zyœk, J.: Modern methods of gas nitriding Proc.: Monotheme Conference on Nitriding and Related Processes, Rzeszów, 26 June 1980, pp 24-42 111 Surface treatment for improved performance and ... nitriding and its modifications, e.g., sulfo-nitriding, oxy-nitriding, oxy-carbonitriding and boriding, as well as diagrams of versatile furnaces for diffusion treatments and PACVD and LPCVD ... nitrided layers of the same phase composition and thickness on both surfaces A and B [20] Fig 5.22 shows thicknesses of the nitrided layer on surfaces A and B of the titanium samples vs time of nitriding...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... structure and properties at temperatures of 400ºC and above (including multi-component and composite layers) with good usable properties; - possibility of process control and automation; - energy and ... coatings, numerous and varied, are made from organic materials (paint, rubber, plastic) and inorganic (enamels, ceramics), of natural and synthetic origin and bearing many different trade and chemical ... example of microstructure and distribution of boron and iron in a biphase FeB+Fe 2B boride layer on 1045 steel Boride layers are biphase, as a rule, and comprise the borides FeB and Fe 2B Their microhardness...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21

... (purity and composition of alloy) and its temperature, time of soaking of the objects in the bath and by the substrate material Before dipping into the bath, the object is degreased, sand blasted and ... electroplating These are tin and copper coatings, as well as alloys: tinzinc or zinc-lead, less often cadmium and twin-layered cadmium-tin and copper-tin, deposited on brass and steel components © ... electroplated: iron, chrome and nickel for the regeneration of steel components and copper - for the regeneration of components made of copper and its alloys Shape correction (always) and dimensional correction...

Ngày tải lên: 10/08/2014, 12:21