3.6 Application of laser heating in surfaceengineering Laser treatment of surfaces is applied in a technological manufacturing cycle in a manner similar to electron beam treatment.. Sinc
Trang 13.6 Application of laser heating in surface
engineering
Laser treatment of surfaces is applied in a technological manufacturing cycle
in a manner similar to electron beam treatment.
Since, like electron beam treatment, it allows the treatment of selected, small areas of material, it also allows minimization of mechanical defor- mation stemming from the heat effect, reducing it exclusively to the heat affected zone and the formation of residual stresses.
The range of applications of laser heating is similar to, although broader than that in electron beam heating, because heating of the load usually takes place in air which facilitates manipulation of the radiating beam It can be used to reach elements which are otherwise difficult to access, e.g., inaccessible to an inductor in induction hardening (hardening of partially assembled rear axles of autos [5, 48] or of selected fragments of load surface.
Fig 3.54 Examples of laser hardening of flat surfaces.
Most often, the laser beam is utilized to treat long, flat surfaces (Fig 3.54)
or objects with a triangular cross-section (e.g., guide rails) [138], surfaces of rotational symmetry (rubbing surfaces of bush bearings, crankshafts, pistons, cylinders, piston rings, clamps, bearing races, etc.), specially shaped surfaces (cams, plates, clutch elements, valve seats) ( Figs 3.55 to 3.58 ), surfaces form- ing the geometry of cutting edges (cutting tools, knives, saws) or surfaces of forming tools, e.g., forging dies ( Fig 3.59 ).
The laser beam may be used to heat not only materials situated in air but also in those placed in other partially transmitting environments (in other gases or liquids, e.g., in water) or to heat through partially transmitting media Best effects of laser beam transmission, naturally, are obtained in vacuum.
Lasers allow, moreover, especially in the case of pulse treatment, to deliver to the selected spot such great amounts of energy within such short a time (even of the order of billionths of a second) that the tem-
p e r a t u r e o f z o n e s a d j a c e n t t o t h e h e a t e d s p o t d o e s n o t c h a n g e
Trang 2Fig 3.56 Schematics showing laser hardening of pistons and of piston rings: a) outer
diameter surface of piston ring; b) flat side surface of piston ring; c) surface of groovebottom in cast steel and cast iron piston; d) side surface of groove in cast steel and castiron piston; e) groove edge in aluminum piston before machining groove; f) surface of
groove bottom in aluminum piston after machining out groove; 1 - laser beam; 2 - site
of hardening
Fig 3.57 Laser hardening of cylinder wall: a) comparison of wear; b) way of
harden-ing causharden-ing more uniforme wear; 1 - curve of wear of laser hardened cylinder wall;
2 - curve of wear of cylinder wall not hardened by laser; 3 - laser paths: hardened
places or engraved groove
Favorable effects may be obtained by combining laser heating with machining of materials otherwise difficult to machine or with their weld- ing.
The laser beam may also be utilized for preheating of materials prior to subsequent main laser treatment (especially by low power lasers).
The advantages of laser heat treatment are similar to those of electron beam treatment, broadened by the elimination of harmful X-ray radiation, vacuum, essential in electron beam technology, as well as the necessity to demagnetize the surface The disadvantages are also similar to those in electron beam heating but, additionally, there are strict safety rules to be
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129 Dubnyakov, V.N.: Surface hardening of copper alloys by laser beam (in
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130 Lakhtin, J.M., Gulyaeva, T.V., Tarasova, T.V., Syrovatkin, A.I., and Chizhmakov, M.B.: Structure and properties of 20H13 steel after laser hardening (in Russian).
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131 Pompe, W., Reizenstein, W., Brenner, B., and Läschau, W.: Verbesserung der
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132 Zhiping, H.: Research on compound layer heat treatment for steel 45 by ion
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133 Guangjun, Z., Quidun, Y., Yungkong, W., and Baorong, S.: Laser
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135 Kochubiñski, O.Yu.: Assessment of technical possibilities of hardening with the
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136 Koncjancic, B., and Dengel, D.: Einige Ergebnisse der konduktiven und der
Laser - Kurzzeitstahlhärtung mit hocher Leistungsdichte Fachberichte Hüttenpraxis Metallweiterverarbeitung, Vol 18, No 12, 1980, pp 1102-1107.
137 Howes, M.A.H.: Laser case hardening of steel components Proc.: Second
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138 Sharp, M.C., and Parsons, G.H.: Laser transformation hardening in practice.
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139 Tesker, E.I., Mitin, V.Ya., Karpova, A.P., and Bondarenko, Yu.V.: Hardening of
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140 Stolar, P., Suchanek, J., Honzik, O., Novakova, I., Halasek, J., and Moravec, M.: Eigenschaften von lasergehärten Schichten auf Kohlenstoffstählen Proc.:
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141 Fr˙ckiewicz, H.: Technology of laser shaping of metals: methods, problems,
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142 Mucha, Z.: Application of the laser in technology (in Polish) Proc.: Surface
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143 Kuiwu, Z., Xiaohui, Ch., Zhuxiu, H., and Baoru, S.: The components of
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144 Chabrol, C., Nowak, I.F., and Leveque, R.: Traitements superficiels des aciers
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145 Völmar, S., Pompe, W., and Junge, H.: Homogene Laserstrahlhärtung mittels
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146 Winderlich, B., Pollack, D., and Schneider, D.: Untersuchungen zum
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147 Kusiñski, J.: Laser hardening of medium carbon chromium-bearing steels (in
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148 Dyachenko, V.S.: Effect of pulsed laser treatment on the structure and
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149 Debuigne, M., and Kerrand, E.: Modélisation des transferts thermiques appliquée
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150 Bergmann, H.V.: Current status of laser surface melting of cast iron Surface
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152 Lian, S., Chenglao, L., Xiuling, W., Lihua, M., Daozhen, Z., and Jiajin, Z.: The
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153 Gillner, A., Wissenbach, K., and Kreutz, E.W.: Laser surface hardening of cast
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154 Bergmann, H.W.: Laser surface melting on cast iron containing intercooled
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155 Ivanov, J.A., Ivashov, G.P., Pikunov, A.S., and Safonov, A.N.: Characteristics of
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156 Kusiñski, J.: Laser treatment of medium carbon chromium steels (in Polish).
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157 Kusiñski, J., and Krehlik, R.: Superficial layer of tool steels (in Polish) Mechanik
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158 Kusiñski J.: Laser melting of T-1 high speed steel Metallurgical Transactions A,
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159 Kusiñski, J.: Precipitation of carbides in the laser melted T-1 high speed tool
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160 Kusiñski, J., and Przyby≈ owicz, K.: Changes in structure and chemical
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161 Sokolow, K.N., and Ser¿ysko, J.: Surface treatment of high speed steel with
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162 Bekrenev, A.N., Gladys, G.G., Droyazko, S.V., and Portnov, V.V.: Laser
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163 Burakov, V.A., and Burakova, N.M.: Characteristics of structures formed
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164 Costa, A.R., Dominingues, R.P., Ibanez, R.A.P., and Villar, R.M.: Laser surface
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166 Navra, V.K., Laskayeva, N.S., Kryanina, M.N., and Shupenkov, E.P.: Laser
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167 Stähli, G.: Possibilités et limites du durcissement superficiel rapide de l’acier.
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168 Blaes, L., Bauer, P., Gonser, U., and Kern, R.: Depth profile of a laser irradiated
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169 Liu, J.: The solidification characteristic and the nucleation mechanism of the
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171 Komorek, Z., Bojar, Z., and Komorek, A.: Measurement of residual stresses in
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172 Bell, T., Bergmann, H.W., Lanagan, J., Morton, P.H., and Staines, A.M.:
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173 Wiiala, U.K., Sulonen, M.S., and Korhonen, A.S.: Laser hardening of TiN-coated
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174 Ling, Z., Zhirong, Z., and Yue, X.: Structure feature and oxidation behaviour of
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176 Perque, D., Pelletier, J.M., and Fouquet, F.: Possibilite d’amorphisation
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177 Zhang, J.G., Zhang, X.M., Lin, Y.T., and Jun, K.: Laser glazing of an Fe-C-Sn
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178 Hornbogen, E., and Monstadt, H.: Solidification behaviour and the effect of
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179 Narva, V.K., Loshkaryeva, N.S., Kryanina, M.N., and Byelokonova, T.A.:
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180 Gasser, A., Kreutz, E.W., Leibrandt, S., and Wissenbach, K.: Verdichten von
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181 Kobylañska-Szkaradek, K., and SwadŸba, L.: The influence of laser remelting
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182 Novotny, S., and Kunzmann, E.: Verbesserung der Verschleisseigenschaften
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183 Matteazzi, P., Sturlese, S., Uglov, A., Pekshev, P., Smurov, I., Krivonogov, J., and Naumkin A.: Thermal and thermochemical laser surface treatment of APS
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184 Sivakumar, R., and Mordike, B.L.: Laser melting of plasma sprayed NiCoCrAlY
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185 Burchards, H.D., and Mordike, B.L.: Laserstrahlumschmeltzen von keramischen
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187 Komorek, Z., and Bojar, Z.: Effect of chemical composition and parameters of
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188 Kovalchenko, M.S., Alfintseva, R.A., Paustovski, S.V., and Kurinnaya, T.V.:
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189 Kovalchenko, M.S., Paustovski, A.V., Boleyko, B.M., and Zhidkov, A.B.:
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190 Lju, J.: Study on the characteristics of laser alloying on metal surface Jinshu
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191 Thiemann, K.G., Ebsen, H., Marquering, M., Vinke, T., and Haferkamp, H.:
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192 Gasser, A., Wissenbach, K., Gillner, A., and Kreutz, E.W.: Laser surface
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193 Hegge, H.J., and de Hossen, J.Th.M.: The influence of convection on the
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194 Andrzejewski, H., and Wieczyñski, Z.: Saturation of superficial layers of iron
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195 Bei, C.A., Cerri, W.E., Mor, G.P., and Fiorini, O.A.: Surface treatment by high
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196 Chande, T., and Mazumder, J.: Composition control in laser surface alloying.
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197 Wang, H., Fen, Y., and Tang, Ch.: The effect of element Ti on the modification of
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198 Radziejowska, J.: Laser enrichment of steel superficial layer with tungsten (in
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199 Radziejowska, J.: Laser generation of alloy coatings (in Polish) Proc.: III
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201 Govorov, I.V., Kolesnikov, J.V., and Mirkin, L.I.: Enhancement of surface
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