how does natural language quantify

... PPP due to the sticky nominal prices (Dornbusch, 1976) However, there is no evidence of how far do exchange rates deviate from the mean and how fast they revert to the mean, knowing that mean reversion ... index and producer/whole sales price index) evidence from my sample shows that PPP holds for Trang 5some countries while it does not hold for others Further, the higher level of bilateral trade ... Project in International Finance _ DANG H PHAM U4278723 Trang 2HOW DOES PPP HOLD BETWEEN AUSTRALIA AND ITS TRADING October the 26th, 2007 Trang 3Table of Contents

Ngày tải lên: 26/03/2013, 11:10

... REPRESENTATION IN THE JANUS NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSOR Ralph M Weischedel BBN Systems and Technologies Corporation 10 Moulton St CambHdge, MA 02138 Abstract In BBN's natural language understanding ... a taxonomic language in trying to define word senses formally Our effort with LDOCE definitions showed how little support is provided for defining word senses in a taxonomic language A positive ... in the taxonomic language 1 Introduction Hybrid representation systems have been ex- plored before [9, 24, 31], but until now only one has been used in an extensive natural language process-

Ngày tải lên: 21/02/2014, 20:20

... ‘grant issues’ and Role 2 as ‘natural language researcher’) We have a similar emphasis on statistically modeling language and interpersonal Trang 4communica-tion However, we model social power ... related natural language process-ing problems are authorship attribution, sentiment analysis, emotion detection, and personality classi-fication: all aim to extract higher-level information from language ... identifying spe-cific ways in which a person’s language reflects his relative power over others Fairclough's classic work Language and Power explores how "sociolinguistic conventions arise

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 22:20

... Trang 1How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth? Ari Aisen and Francisco Jose Veiga Trang ... International Monetary Fund WP/ 11/12 IMF Working Paper Middle East and Central Asia Department How Does Political Instability Affect Economic Growth? Prepared by Ari Aisen and Francisco Jose Veiga ... (1996) show that socio-political instability generates an uncertain politico-economic environment, raising risks and reducing investment.2Political instability also leads to higher inflation as shown

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 08:20

... that affect the performance of a mouse-trap car For example, how does friction affect the overall distance that a vehicle can travel? How does the length of the mouse-trap’s lever arm affect the ... about many of the different variables that will affect a vehicle’s performance Also you will learn how to modify different variable in order to build a top p e r f o r m i n g vehicle Trang 2A ball ... between two surfaces depends on the kinds of material from which the two surfaces are made and how hard the surfaces are pressed together Ice is more slippery than concrete; therefore, ice has

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 12:20

... (%) Share (%) Trang 13II How Much Do Funds Scale? Panel EvidenceA Regression Specifications The cross-sectional evidence provides a natural starting-point to examinehow size relates to fund portfolio ... in Khorana and Servaes, we show that the increase in the number of funds in a family is associated with an increase in family assets under management.Finally, we show that the number of sibling ... given quintile increases with TNA, num-it does so very slowly The number for the largest quintile is never more thanthree times the number for the smallest However, in 1980 funds in the largestquintile

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 17:20

... present a natural language genera-tion approach which models, exploits, and manipulates the non-linguistic context in situated communication, using techniques from AI planning We show how to gen-erate ... under the constraints of real-time generation The problem of situated natural language gen-eration (NLG)—i.e., of generating natural lan-guage in the context of a physical (or virtual) environment—has ... Trang 1Automated planning for situated natural language generationKonstantina Garoufi and Alexander Koller Cluster of Excellence “Multimodal

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 00:20

... Trang 1NATIONAL CHENG KUNG UNIVERSITY Department of Economics Master’s Thesis How Does Human Capital Affect Economic Growth? Advisor: Prof Chun-Li Tsai Student: Ming-Cheng Hung ... than the producer and innovator, and show the result that the engineering students in college have positive effect to economic growth but the law students does not The coming literature studied ... 32: the natural log of real GDP per capita(based on 2000 year US dollar) in period t -1 for each country : investment in physical capital as share of GDP in period t for each country : the natural

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 06:20

... Customization of Natural Language Database Front Ends", ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 3, 2 (1985), 165-184 Language Interface System", Conf on A p p l i e d Natural Language ... Grammatical Framework for Transportable Natural Language Processing", Computational Linguistics 10, 2 (1984), 81-96 Bates, M and Bobrow, R "A Transportable Natural Language Interface for Information ... User-Customized Natural Language Processor", Proc Coling-86, Bonn, West G e r m a n y , August, 1986 Ballard, B., Lusth, J., and Tinkham, N "LDC-I: A Transportable Natural Language Processor

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 20:20

... use of the grammar in generation We-first describe the methods, showing how they make grammatical generation possible Then we show how they factor the problem of text generation and clarify the ... of the Nigel text generation grammar of English This paper characterizes inquiry semantics, shows how it factors text generation, and describes its exemplification in NigeL The resulting description ... Trang 1Inquiry Semantics: A Functional Semantics of Natural Language G r a m m a r 1 William C Mann USC/Information Sciences Institute 4676 Admiralty Way

Ngày tải lên: 24/03/2014, 05:21

... important advances have been made in the last few years to address the question of how a knotted protein folds How does a knotted protein fold? Experimental and computational insights The mechanisms ... problem can be broken down into two parts: first, how a given amino acid sequence specifies the final functional struc-ture of a protein and, second, how a protein reaches this native state from an ... structures have since been identified, raising questions about how such complex topologies can arise during folding Their formation does not fit any current folding models or mechanisms, and therefore

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 02:20

... Trang 1A Literature Review on Skills and Innovation How Does Successful Innovation Impact on the Demand for Skills and How Do Skills Drive Trang 2Chapter 3 Innovation and Its Implications ... of innovation that is undertaken? - How does the successful introduction of new ideas change the pattern of demand for skills in companies and the economy? - How do these two questions relate to ... average productivity amongst those employed However, this trade-off between the employment rate and productivity amongst those employed does not explain how some smaller European countries (such

Ngày tải lên: 02/06/2014, 09:22

... literature survey of active learningfrom the perspective of natural language processing Keywords Active learning, machine learning, natural language ing, literature survey Trang 3process-1 Introduction ... the same assumptions as does Co-training.Co-Muslea, Minton and Knoblock (2002b) show that violating the ity assumption in the context of an active learning component, does notnecessarily lead ... Trang 1A literature survey of active machine learning in the contextof natural language processing Fredrik Olsson April 17, 2009 fredrik.olsson@sics.se Swedish Institute of

Ngày tải lên: 02/06/2014, 09:22

... Pronunciation How to teach LANGUAGE Trang 2What does language study consist of?  Exposure to the language  Understand its meanings  Understand its forms  Practice language Trang 3Exposing Ss to language ... dictionary  using check questions Trang 5Understanding language forms What are language forms?  stress patterns  intonation Trang 6Understanding language forms Techniques  demonstration – usually ... Trang 11Integrating Grammar using a Task-based model Focus on real use of language Identify language feature Treat language problem Re-perform the original task Trang 12Integrating Grammar

Ngày tải lên: 27/06/2014, 16:20

... unemployment rate o u*: natural rate of unemployment o : the Phillips curve slope The line shows the following characteristics :  Inflation = 0 when actual unemployment rate same natural rate  When ... ε(u-u*) Trang 11This line shows the actual unemployment in the natural unemployment rate, the inflation rate expected by If actual unemployment is higher than the natural unemployment rate, ... that between inflation and unemployment trade-off with together Therefore, this trade-off is shown how? There must always happen that no trade-off? 4.1 The original Phillips Curve  Based on the

Ngày tải lên: 30/07/2014, 09:49

... Trang 3Natural Language Processing with PythonTrang 5Natural Language Processingwith Python Steven Bird, Ewan Klein, and Edward Loper Trang 6Natural Language Processing with ... 431Afterword: The Language Challenge 441 Bibliography 449 NLTK Index 459 General Index 463 Trang 11This is a book about Natural Language Processing By “natural language” we mean alanguage ... • How simple programs can help you manipulate and analyze language data, andhow to write these programs • How key concepts from NLP and linguistics are used to describe and analyzelanguage • How

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... 6> how long, before the following flight to Alice does, do you jump? 7> wie lang bevor der folgende Flug zu Alice tut, tun Sie springen? 8> how long before the following flight to Alice does, ... 10> how long, before the following flight does to Alice, do do you jump? 11> wie lang bevor der folgende Flug zu Alice tut, Sie tun Sprung? 12> how long before the following flight does ... obvious that you probably didn’t notice it wasmade, yet a natural language system needs to be endowed with this capability in order to interact naturally Without it, when asked, Do you know when Saving

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... focused on a text as a list of words We didn’t look too closely at words and how they are handled in the programming language By using NLTK’scorpus interface we were able to ignore the files that ... of a file, are represented by programming languages as a fun- damental data type known as a string In this section, we explore strings in detail, and show the connection between strings, words, ... yet, is shown in Table 3-2 For more information on strings,type help(str) at the Python prompt Table 3-2 Useful string methods: Operations on strings in addition to the string tests shown in Table

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... two kinds of equality might seem strange However, it’s really just the token distinction, familiar from natural language, here showing up in a programminglanguage Trang 2In the condition part of ... set([7])]] Iteration is an important programming device It is tempting to adopt idioms from otherlanguages However, Python offers some elegant and highly readable alternatives, as we have seen 4.4 Functions: ... the purpose of each function in plain language, and provide this inthe docstring at the top of the function definition This statement should not explainhow the functionality is implemented; in

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20

... def g(): return 'N' >>> g() 'N' Let’s see how default dictionaries could be used in a more substantial language cessing task Many language processing tasks—including tagging—struggle ... words to tags The most natural way to store mappings in Python uses the so-called dictionary data type (also known as an associative array or hash array in other programming languages) In this ... other programming languages) In this sec-tion, we look at dictionaries and see how they can represent a variety of language formation, including parts-of-speech in-Indexing Lists Versus Dictionaries

Ngày tải lên: 07/08/2014, 04:20