fundamentals of light and vision

... University of Bern, and Chief of Staff, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirslanden-Salem Hospital, Bern, Switzerland Max Aebi is Co-Founder and Past Chairman of AO Spine, a member of the European ... in 1960 and is a Swiss citizen He studied at the University of Saarland, Germany, and the University of Basle, Switzerland He then received an international training as an orthopedic and spinal ... General and Orthopedic Surgeon (FMH and FRCSC), and did his spine fellowship training in Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom From 1992 to 2002, he held the positions of Professor and

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... (Editors)Spinal Disorders Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Trang 3Norbert Boos · Max Aebi (Editors)Spinal Disorders Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment With 274 Figures in 1290 Parts and 190 Tables ... data banks Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use ... knowledge and general princi-ples of spinal disorders The didactic concept (form) of all the chapters is based on a consistent style and layout, and follows three basic principles of sustainable

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... Outcome of Common Spine SurgicalProcedures 182 Predictors of Outcome of Spinal Surgery 183 Medical Factors 184 Biological and Demographic Variables 186 Health Behavioral and Lifestyle ... 586 Classification of Back Pain 587 Pathogenesis of NSLBP 587 Patient Assessment and Triage for Non-operative Treatment 588 Management of NSLBP 590 Management of Acute NSLBP (< ... Bowel and Bladder Dysfunction 303 Disorders of the Autonomic System 303 Spinal Cord Injury 304 Spinal Cord Syndrome 304 Differential Diagnosis 306 Differentiation of Central and

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... standing for hip, buttocks, sacrum, loin and also upper limb Since the time of Hippocrates of Cos (460 – 370B.C.), this term has related to pain syndrome of the lower back and the upper parts of ... vertebra of his neck, penetrating to the bone, (and) perforating a vertebra of his neck; if thou examinest that wound, (and) he shudders exceedingly, (and) he is unable to look at his two shoulders and ... body of knowledge of anatomy and physiology which had been acquired The first steps were already taken in antiquity: Herophilus of Chalcedon (circa 300B.C.), known as the father of anatomy, and

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... loca-tion and size of the lesion There is often a history of trauma not immediately related to the present condiloca-tion Numbness and tingling, anaesthesia, partial or complete loss of power of locomotion, ... disdis-covery of aqueductus of the inner ear and his description of the typhoid ulcers It was finally the English physician Brown of Glasgow in 1828 who first suggested that irritation of the ner-vous ... cartilage outgrowth of the nucleus pulposus and called such protrusions anomalies of intervertebral discs (Fig 6c) Notwithstanding Luschka’s descriptions of a subli-gamentary and intralisubli-gamentary

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... injuries which lead to handicap and disability In the past, most of the patients with spinal cord injuries died after a short time because of a combination of pressure sores and urinary tract infection ... described the association of paraple-gia and kyphotic deformity Dalechamps still believed in the method of mechanical treatment of a “spina luxata” by performing extension and simultaneously sitting ... a great American orthopedic surgeon at the beginning of the 20th century and co-founder of the International Society of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology (SICOT), first reported on a successful

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... (1877) A case of simple synostosis of the ribs to the vertebrae, and of the arches and the articular processes of the vertebrae themselves, and also of one hip-joint Transac-tions of the Pathological ... lumbar and sacral The cervical and lumbar spine are of greatest interest clinically, due to the substantial loading and mobility of these regions and associated high inci-dence of trauma and degeneration ... buckling of a slender column is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the column and the stiffness of the material and inversely proportional to the square of the unsupported length of the

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... between 3° and 12° rotation there is a linear relationship between torque and rotation and failure of the anu-lus fibers occurs at a rotation of more than 20° rotation Measurements of inter-nal ... joints guide and limit intersegmental motion The posterior elements guide the motion of the spinal segments and limit the extent of torsion and anterior-posterior shear The transverse and spinous ... together, and con-sists of the ligamentum flavum, facet capsule, and interspinous and intertrans-verse ligaments The intersegmental system holds many vertebrae together and includes the anterior and

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... refer-ence and teaching text reviews and analyzes the clinical and scientific data on the mechanics of the human spine The text covers all aspects of the physical and functional properties of the ... alteration of the motion patterns of the spine Changes to the instant center of rotation may have consequences for the loading of peripheral structures of the spine As determined from in vitro and in ... force exerted by the weight of the object and the force produced by the erector spinae muscles The upper body weight and the weight of the object act in front of the disc and therefore create forward

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... – 410 51 Mayer TG, Tencer AF, Kristoferson S, Mooney V (1984) Use of noninvasive techniques for quantification of spinal range-of-motion in normal subjects and chronic low-back dysfunc-tion ... 66 Oxland TR, Panjabi MM (1992) The onset and progression of spinal injury: a demonstration of neutral zone sensitivity J Biomech 25:1165 – 1172 67 Panjabi MM (1992) The stabilizing system of the ... between radiographic and clinical measurement of lumbar spine movement Br J Rheumatol 22:197 – 205 77 Ranu HS (1990) Measurement of pressures in the nucleus and within the anulus of the human spinal

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... preservation of segmental motion, lower rate of adjacent level degenera-tion and no need for harvesting autologous bone graft An excellent review of the field of disc arthroplasty by Szpalski et al highlights ... instrumentation.The aims of spinal instrumentation are stabilization, achievement and maintenance of curve correction (alignment) and facilitation of bony fusion (spondylodesis) Knowl-edge of the underlying ... of anterior tension band instrumen-tation and a cage is a promising up-and-coming technique A potential alternative to the above-mentioned combined instrumentation is the recent development of

Ngày tải lên: 02/07/2014, 06:20

... levels 12 LIGHT AND BLACKBODY EMISSION in the form of visible light The largest portion of the electrical energy injected into the system appears as heat and infrared light Various forms of light ... interesting are bands of light and dark that appear in the tube, as evident in Figure 2.6.3 At an accelerating voltage of about 40 V, two bands of light appear as evident in part (a), and when the ... understand the mechanism of light emission, one must understand the basic structure of the atom as well as the nature of light itself 2.2 SPECTROSCOPE Spectroscopes are tools allowing the analysis of...

Ngày tải lên: 17/03/2014, 14:28

... handling, and model-view-controller design •Present and illustrate GUI software development with Java: use of AWT, Swing classes, event handling, and modelview-controller •Present a series of ... preoccupied with the manipulation of software objects OOP is a way of thinking about problem solving and a method of software organization and construction The concepts and ideas associated with object-oriented ... simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, time series, and applied statistics Lewis J Pinson is President of CIC and Associate Professor of Computer Science at the University of Colorado at Colorado...

Ngày tải lên: 14/02/2014, 04:20

... half of the book discusses fundamental ideas and issues of measurement and presents a range of physical phenomena that allow us to obtain measurable sizes and develop methods of pretreatment of ... group of permanent systems which help us measure objects and maintain retroactive control of a process In this sense, Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement instruments and systems of measurement ... power: P = M(t).M*(t) and its temporal integral: W = M(t).M*(t).dt that of energy 14 Fundamentals of Instrumentation and Measurement From the point of view of physics, one of these two variables...

Ngày tải lên: 05/03/2014, 10:10

... reduction of pollutants generated from combustion Reduction of formation of NOx , SOx , and CO2 Reduction of formation of particulates such as soot and coke Control of the temperature and chemical ... acknowledge the generosity of Professor Peyman Givi of the University of Pittsburgh for granting us full permission to use some of his numerical simulation results of RANS, LES, and DNS of a turbulent jet ... TURBULENT AND MULTIPHASE COMBUSTION This chapter first discusses turbulent and multiphase combustion as a major area of research for understanding and importance of solution of multiple challenging and...

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 22:20

... example: mass units of substance A per million mass units of substance B is ppmm Example 23 µg of sodium bicarbonate are added to liters of water What is the concentration in µg/L and in ppb (parts ... expels 85 L of CO The garage is m × m × m What is the resulting concentration of CO? Assume that the temperature in the room is 25°C 13 Solution: The volume of CO is 85 L and Volume of room = m ... Instead of 85 L of CO, let’s say moles of CO were emitted We need to find the volume occupied by three moles of CO IDEAL GAS LAW: PV= nRT P = Pressure (atm) V = Volume (L) n = Number of moles...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 04:20

... Fundamentals of Circuits and Filters The Circuits and Filters Handbook Third Edition Edited by Wai-Kai Chen Fundamentals of Circuits and Filters Feedback, Nonlinear, and Distributed ... Circuits and Systems, Series I and II, the president of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, and is the founding editor and the editor-in-chief of the Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers ... theory and details of proofs have been omitted The reader is assumed to have a certain degree of sophistication and experience However, brief reviews of theories, principles, and mathematics of some...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 08:21

... resources and renewable energy resources Handle stochastic demand and respond to smart appliances Provide self-correction, reconfiguration, and restoration Handle randomness of loads and market ... capability of the transmission and distribution networks and meeting the demand for increased quality and reliable supply Managing and resolving unpredictable events and uncertainties in operations and ... STATE OF THE ART 31 Formulation of Y-bus for representing the interconnection of the system under study and determination of initial conditions Solution of mismatch real and reactive powers and...

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 08:21

... of independence, consider the following example Ex ample 2.6 In a large number of trials of a random experiment, let nA and nB be, respectively, the numbers of occurrences of two outcomes A and ... Distribution and Independence F urther R eading and Comments Problems EXPECTATIONS AND MOMENTS 4.1 Moments of a Single R andom Variable 4.1.1 M ean, M edian, and M ode 4.1.2 Central Moments, Variance, and ... urther R eading and Comments Problems FUNCTIONS OF RANDOM VARIABLES 5.1 F unctions of One R andom Variable 5.1.1 Probability Distribution 5.1.2 M oments 5.2 F unctions of Two or M ore R andom Variables...

Ngày tải lên: 31/03/2014, 16:23

... terms of (a) the broad background and research interests of instructors and (b) the wide range of missions associated with the departments and institutions at which the text is used Regardless of ... the First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy) 13 1.3.2 Relationship to the Second Law of Thermodynamics and the Efficiency of Heat Engines 31 Units and Dimensions Analysis of Heat Transfer ... solved using standard computer software or even handheld calculators Hence the focus of the shortened chapter is on the application of heat transfer principles to derive the systems of algebraic...

Ngày tải lên: 02/04/2014, 15:51