Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment Part 116 pptx

He studied at the University of Saarland, Germany, and the University of Basle, Switzerland.. He then received an international training as an orthopedic and spinal surgeon in Germany, S

– provocation 271, 546

– radiation 204

– radicular 156, 204, 222

– reduction 265, 267

– referred 156, 204

– relief 1125

– – ladder 141

– sciatic 156, 482

– subacute 126

– surgical treatment 144

– syndrome 208, 222, 282, 291

– theories 123, 124

– transmission 133

– treatment 139

– – concepts 145

painless atrophy 299

palpation

– of bony landmarks 216

– of the paravertebral muscles 216

pantaloon cast 552

PAP, see pulmonary artery pressure

papilledema 1006

paracetamol 141, 591

paraganglioma 997, 1000

paralysis of the quadriceps muscle 296

paralytic

– bowel dysfunction 420

– ileus 385, 422, 1113

paraparesis 487

paraplegia 18, 22, 23, 293, 297, 498, 503, 835, 1095, 1107,

1110

– non-traumatic acute 311

parasitic infection 1030

paraspinal

– abscess 1112

– muscle 605

– – fat deposits 113

paravertebral muscle 605

paresis 203, 222, 493

– flaccid 306

– of foot elevation 310

– spastic 306

parietal pleura 349, 351

Paris cast 899

Parkinson’s syndrome 333

partial thromboplastin time (PTT) 403

patient

– assessment 374

– positioning 1094

patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) 410, 421

Patrick test 215, 220

Pavlov index 440

PCA, see patient-controlled analgesia

PCU, see polycarbonate urethane

PE, see pulmonary embolism

pedicle

– screw 907

– – fixation 530, 561, 645

– – system 71

– – technique 84

– subtraction osteotomy 1072

pelvic incidence 769

penicillamine 380

penicillin 8

percutaneous

– debridement 1032

– posterolateral nucleotomy 498

Perdriolle method 635

peripheral

– nerve lesion 332

– neuropathy 524 persistent pain 135 PGE1, see prostaglandin E1 Phalen-Dixon sign 738, 747, 757 Philadelphia collar 845, 866 physical

– examination 212, 223 – – standing 211 – – walking 211 – fitness 187 – impairment 210 – rehabilitation training – – acceleration/deceleration training 614 – – proprioception 614

– – strength endurance 614 – therapy 609

physiotherapy, scoliosis 639 pin prick 218

pincer – effect 434 – type 913 placode 803, 816 plasma cell dyscrasia 935 plasmocytoma 961 plate fixation 867 – anterior 450 – multilevel fusion 450 platelet transfusion 404 plethysmography of the toe 398 pleural abscess 1099

PLIF, see posterior lumbar interbody fusion PLL, see posterior longitudinal ligament pneumonia 377, 1113

pneumothorax 1099 poliomyelitis 847 polycarbonate urethane (PCU) 83 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) 83 polyneuritis 295

polyneuropathy 293, 302, 332 polysynaptic reflex 301 polytrauma 826, 841, 892, 896, 909, 918 positron emission tomography (PET) 245 posterior

– approach to the thoracolumbar spine 358 – bisegmental reduction 907

– cervical approach – – surgical anatomy 344 – cord syndrome 305 – decompression surgery 337 – dynamic stabilization system 82, 85 – instrumentation 71

– longitudinal ligament (PLL) 888 – lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) 71, 75, 560, 563, 726, 753, 1104

– thoracolumbar approach – – surgical anatomy 360 – transpedicular vertebrectomy 990 posterolateral

– corner 76 – fusion 559, 908 – vertebrectomy 992 postirradiation sarcoma 967 postoperative

– anuresis 1114 – bleeding 418, 1109 – bowel atonia 1113 – care 417, 423 – complications, see there – extubation 418 – morbidity 417

– pain management 420, 423

– rehabilitation 603

– – goals 607

– – principles 607, 618

– ventilation 418

post-thoracotomy pain syndrome 910

Pott’s

– disease 22, 75

– trias 23

predominant back pain

– magnetic resonance imaging 549

– standard radiographs 549

premedication 380

preoperative

– cardiac testing 375

– laboratory studies 375

– patient assessment 390

– physical examination 375

primary sensory neuron 129

progressive lumbar kyphosis 113

promontorium 366

propofol 406

proprioception 130, 218, 302, 614

prostaglandin 137, 142

– E1(PGE1) 401

prostate cancer 978

proteoglycan 44, 96, 97, 106, 767

proteolytic matrix destruction 104

prothrombin time (PT) 403

proton (1H)-spectroscopy 239

protoplasm 112

provocative discography 284, 551, 637

– indications 271

pseudarthrosis 79, 565, 566, 750, 909

pseudo-Las`egue sign 220, 223

pseudo-meningocele 1106

psoas 53

– abscess 1112

– muscle 351, 355

psychogenic back pain score 187

Psychological General Well-Being Index (PGWBI) 1132

PT, see prothrombin time

pulmonary

– artery pressure (PAP) 398

– care 419

– disease 382

– edema 384

– embolism (PE) 380, 1113

pulse oximeter 1100

quality of life 1130

Queckenstedt’s sign 1008

questionnaire

– availability 1124

– pain assessment 1125

– validity 1124

radial nerve palsy 219

radicular

– claudication 519

– leg pain 488, 505

– pain 156, 204, 222, 436

– syndrome 204, 491

radiculopathy 208, 261, 293, 309, 310, 320, 332, 437, 483,

488, 494, 519, 1087

– C5 464

– – spondylotic 431

– cervical 461, 464, 465

– EMG recordings 330

– herniated disc 484

– magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 439 – manipulative therapy 447

– radiography 439 radiograph 255 – cervical spine 229 – lateral bending 229 – lumbar spine 228 – oblique 441 – thoracic spine 228 – whole spine 229 railway spine 28 rear-end collision 834 receiver operating characteristics (ROC) 181 recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) 402 recreational activity 616

rectus abdominus 53 recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) – lesion 1096

– palsy 464 referred pain 156, 204 reflex deficit 299 regression analysis 184 rehabilitation

– aftercare period 614 – biopsychosocial model 606 – home exercise program 609 – physical training 614 – preoperative assessment 608 – preventive strategy 604 – program 605

– protocol 608 – psychosocial obstacles 617 – rehabilitative strategy 604 – treatment strategy 604 – work-related obstacles 617 relaxation training 594 Relton Hall frame 1094 renal cell tumor 992 repetitive motion 163 rEPO, see recombinant erythropoietin residual paraplegia 381

respiratory failure 385 retraction frame 565 retractor system 910 retrograde ejaculation 358, 1114 retrolisthesis 541

return to work 614 reversed angle technique 228 revised cardiac risk index 378 rFVIIa 404

rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 376, 1041 – history 1045

– imaging studies 1045 – injection studies 1048 – non-operative treatment 1048 – operative treatment 1048 – physical findings 1045 – Ranawat classification 1044 – surgical techniques 1050 Rhomberg test 211, 438 rib

– cage deformity 648 – expander 707 rib-vertebral angle (RVA) 635 rigid collar 853

Ringer’s lactate solution 399 Risser sign 9, 632, 633, 776, 781 Robinson-Smith technique 449, 452 ROC, see receiver operating characteristics Roland & Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ) 1128

Romanus lesion 255

Romberg’s test 302, 673

Roos test 217

Rossolimo sign 300

rotational fracture dislocation 886

rotatory atlantoaxial instability 854

roundback 774, 777

RVA, see rib-vertebral angle

sacral

– agenesis 799

– dome osteotomy 754

– sulcus 280

– tumor 957

– vertical line 627

sacrococcygeal fistula 814

sacroiliac joint 48, 220, 253

– block 280, 284

– imaging 248

– scintigraphy 1066

– syndrome 548

– – non-inflammatory 281

sacroiliitis 1065, 1066

safe triangle 263

sagittal

– balance 769

– plane deformity 693

– thoracic modifier (STM) 627

saline or balanced solution 399

salvage Gallie procedure 1104

SAPHO 237

sarcopenia 113

sarcoplasm 112

SB-Charit´e prosthesis 566

Scheuermann’s disease 14, 275, 765

– bracing 780

– casting 780

– correction 785

– fusion 785

– non-operative treatment 779

– posterior release 785

Schmorl’s node 14, 43, 771, 791

Schober test 213, 1062

Schwann cell damage 485

schwannoma 1000

SCI, see spinal cord injury

sciatic pain 156

sciatica 3, 15, 18, 164, 184, 188, 262, 270, 481, 483, 738, 931

– chemical irritation 485

– natural history 494

sclerosis 110

sclerotome 207, 436

SCM, see split cord malformation

scoliosis 1, 8, 175, 320, 382, 383, 394, 397, 401, 422

– back pain 718

– complications

– – neurological injury 651

– – surgery 651

– congenital 693

– – classification 695

– – curve progression 700

– – history 696

– – imaging studies 698

– – non-operative treatment 700

– – operative treatment 701

– curve assessment 630

– degenerative 713

– – classification 716

– – curve progression 719

– – decompression 724

– – history 717 – – imaging studies 720 – – operative treatment 723 – etiology 679

– idiopathic 377, 623, 697, 779, 957 – – complication rate 1089 – – adolescent 638 – – assessment of physical maturity 630 – – classification 626

– – complication rate 1089 – – etiology 625

– – genetic factors 625 – – history 627 – – imaging studies 632 – – infantile 637 – – injection studies 637 – – intraoperative neuromonitoring 641 – – juvenile 638

– – neurological assessment 630 – – neurophysiologic evaluation 637 – – non-operative options 639 – – operative treatment 641 – – surgical approach 642 – – surgical decision-making 647 – – treatment 637

– infantile 637 – lumbar 717 – natural history 638 – neuromuscular 663 – – bone grafting 685 – – bracing 678 – – classification 667 – – history 669 – – imaging studies 675 – – medical assessment 673 – – non-operative treatment 677 – – operative treatment 678 – – sacral and pelvic fixation 682 – – spinal cord monitoring 688 – – spinal fixation 682 – pathogenesis 9 – surgery 13, 398, 410 – thoracic 719 – thoracolumbar 719 – treatment 9, 13 Scoliosis Research Society Questionnaire 1132 Scotch cast 846

screw – fixation 79 – – anterior atlantoaxial 362, 858 – – anterior odontoid 857 – – atlantoaxial pedicle 362 – – Galveston technique 368 – – iliac 366

– – lateral mass 363, 457 – – lower cervical spine pedicle 364 – – lumbar spine pedicle 364 – – Magerl technique 363 – – MW sacropelvic 368 – – of the occiput 361 – – pedicle 458, 561 – – posterior atlantoaxial transarticular 361 – – posterior atlantoaxial transaxial 860 – – Roy-Camille method 364

– – sacral 366 – – thoracic spine pedicle 365 – – translaminar 562, 565 – trajectory

– – convergent 71 – – extrapedicular 73

– transarticular 73, 84

– translaminar 73, 84

screw-rod fixation system 562, 868

segment moyen 887

segmental

– distraction 77

– hypermobility 542

– instability 544

– – temporary stabilization 552

– kyphosis 84

– motion 79, 570

– – preservation 80

SEH, see spinal epidural hematoma

selective

– nerve root block (SNRB) 283, 490, 721

– – complications 265

– – indications 262

– – pain reduction 265

– serotonin reuptake inhibitor 143

sensorimotor integration 302

SEP, see somatosensory evoked potential

septic sacroiliitis 1065, 1066

sequestrectomy 498, 502

seroma 239

serotonin (5-HT) 132

serratus muscle 347

SF-36 564, 639, 915

Sharpey’s fibers 1065

shear force 887

shoulder

– depression test 217

– pain 431

shuttle walking test 520

SIDH, see syndrome of inappropriate secretion of

antidiuretic hormone

silhouette radiograph 635

skeletal

– dysplasia 777

– metastasis, see there

– muscle, age-related changes 112

– scintigraphy 898

skin stigmata 697

slipped apophysis 496 491

slow twitch 48

SMA, see spinal muscular atrophy

smoking 187

SMT, see spinal manipulative therapy

SNRB, see selective nerve root block

sodium valproate 801

soft

– collar 845

– herniation 432

somatosensory

– cortex 134

– evoked potential (SSEP) 326, 391, 444, 523, 637, 1095

– – recording 407

spastic

– diplegia 673

– paresis 306

spasticity 463

spectroscopy 239

spina

– bifida 696, 737, 814

– – aperta 802

– – cystica 802

– – occulta 211, 798, 802, 1104

– luxata 12, 22

spinal cord

– anatomy 5

– anomalies, risk factors 801

– blood flow (SCBF) 401 – blood supply 434 – compression 220, 249, 419, 457, 463, 776, 980, 1110 – – differential diagnosis 311

– – magnetic resonance imaging 441 – decompression 462, 782, 849, 904 – deformation 489

– disease 255 – distraction 832 – edema 985 – embryological development 800 – hyperexcitability 833

– injury (SCI) 304, 330, 384, 832, 848, 871, 885, 1106 – – non-operative treatment 899

– – steroid treatment 849, 899 – – traumatic 297

– ischemia 434, 652 – lesion 29, 250 – malformations 797 – – classification 802 – – diagnostic tests 815 – – treatment 815 – monitoring 405, 688 – signal intensity 442 – somatotopic organization 294, 320 – syndrome 304

– tumor, intrinsic resection 1012 – glial changes 137

spine/spinal – age-related changes 111 – anatomy 4

– angiography 963 – artery syndrome 419 – arthrodesis 555, 679 – balance 650 – canal 440 – – narrowing 513 – – size 434 – – stenosis 246, 332, 463, 513 – – trefoil shape 515 – claudication 203, 204, 517 – column, resection 705 – cord, see there – decompression 531 – deformity 27, 210, 222, 382, 419, 666, 687, 1058 – disorder 545

– – acute 155 – – bowl and bladder disorder 303 – – central (CNS) nervous system 295 – – chronic 155

– – classification 155, 167, 295 – – economic costs 159 – – epidemiology 153 – – etiology 155 – – flag system 165, 203 – – history 1

– – imaging 184 – – MR imaging 229 – – neurological assessment 298 – – neurological deficit 291 – – non-specific 155, 203 – – non-traumatic 291, 295 – – operative procedure 175 – – outcome of common surgical procedures 182 – – pain 204

– – peripheral nervous system (PNS) 295 – – physical examination 211

– – risk factors 153, 165, 167 – – specific 155, 203 – – subacute 155

– – traumatic 293

– dysraphism 797

– – history 812

– – in utero treatment 816

– – surgery 816

– epidural hematoma (SEH) 381

– extension 54

– fixation 682

– flexion 54

– fracture 27, 830

– – complications 917

– – CT diagnosis 243

– – lumbar 918

– – thoracic 918

– functional unit 42, 93

– fusion 529, 554, 568, 570, 702

– – allograft 450

– – biology 555, 571

– – bone grafts 556

– – instrumented 560

– – motion preservation 566

– – non-instrumented 559

– – osteoconduction 555

– – osteogenesis 555

– – osteoinduction 555

– hemisyndrome 304

– hemorrhage 295

– hypersensitivity 833

– imaging, see there

– infection, see there

– injection 261, 551

– – contraindications 281

– – rationale 262

– injury 27, 892

– – Denis classification 888

– – traumatic 384

– instability 57, 58, 546, 887

– instrumentation 67, 69, 84, 560, 563, 573, 636, 641

– ischemia 312

– kinematics 54, 62

– ligament 6, 47, 61, 111

– lipoma 806

– loading 58, 62

– manipulative therapy (SMT) 447, 465, 592

– metastasis, see there

– motion segment 55

– muscle 52

– muscular atrophy (SMA) 666

– osteoarthritis 93

– pain, see there

– pathology, flag system 588

– physiology 4

– principal functions 41

– rehabilitation 606

– shock 304, 325, 384, 833, 836, 894

– stability 52, 887

– stabilization 67

– stenosis, see there

– surgery, see there

– thoracic 41

– trauma 563, 929

– – imaging studies 895

– tuberculosis 9, 22, 350

– tumor, see there

– whole spine radiographs 229

splenic injury 1100

split

– cord malformation (SCM) 809

– notochord syndrome 809

spondylarthritis 715

spondylectomy 970, 993 spondyloarthropathy (SPA) 1057, 1067 spondylodesis 67, 69, 78, 79, 175 spondylodiscitis

– after discography 1111 – aseptic 1075

spondylolisthesis 3, 46, 75, 162, 175, 358, 441, 515, 516, 528,

541, 545, 715, 733, 734 – acquired 757 – acute pain 745 – classification 735 – degenerative 738, 745, 1043 – developmental 754, 757 – high-grade 747 – history 736 – imaging 739 – interbody fusion 750 – isthmic 748 – low-grade 746 – lumbosacral 743 – non-operative treatment 745 – of the axis 860, 872 – operative treatment 747 – pathogenesis 735 – postsurgical 745 – sacral dome osteotomy 754 – slip reduction 750 – surgery 14, 752 – traumatic 871 spondylolysis 162, 175, 733 – block 276, 279, 283 – decompression 748 – fusion 748 – repair 748 spondylophytes 3 spondyloptosis 739, 756 – vertebrectomy 754 spondylosis 93, 715 – cervical radiculopathy 431 spondylotic

– pain 437 – syndrome 436, 438, 465 spoon test 303

SPORT trial 503 Spurling’s test 217, 437 SSEP, see somatosensory evoked potential stabilization of the subaxial cervical spine 1051 stabilizing exercise 613

standard – limited laminotomy 501 – radiograph 227

Staphylococcus – aureus 393 – – methicillin-resistant 394

– epidermidis 393 static loading 58 stem cell, oncogenic mutation 956 stenosis 21, 110, 111, 262, 293, 327, 515, 531, 1043, 1102 – cardinal symptoms 519

– complications 1089 – computed tomography 522 – CT myelography 522 – diagnosis 520 – foraminal 1108 – instrumented fusion 529 – laminectomy 526 – lumbar 520 – magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 522 – natural history 525

– neurogenic claudication 519

– of the carotid artery 379

– of the spinal canal 246, 513

– physical findings 520

– surgical decompression 528

sterilization 8

sternocleidomastoid muscle 339

sternocostal junction 346

sternotomy 990

stiffness 48, 71, 76

STM, see sagittal thoracic modifier

strength endurance 614

strengthening exercise 592, 612

stress

– profilometry 44

– shielding 74, 75, 79

stroke 1091

strut-grafting 910

subacute pain 126

subarachnoid hemorrhage 1005

subaxial injury

– classification 865

– vertebral 864

subcutaneous rod 707

substance P 136

sulfasalazine 1068

superficial infection 1111

superior

– laryngeal nerve 341

– – lesion 1096

– mesenteric artery syndrome 1113

suppression 237

surgery 4

– airway assessment 376

– airway control 391

– analgesia 421

– anesthesia 389, 411

– anterior lumbar retroperitoneal approach 355

– anterior medial approach 337

– anterior-lateral retroperitoneal approach to the lumbar

spine 353

– antibiotic prophylaxis 393

– blood preserving techniques 400

– body temperature 399

– cell salvage 402

– comorbidities 417

– end of anesthesia 409

– endotracheal intubation 391

– high-risk patients 373

– indications 185

– local anesthetic 422

– lumbar disc herniation 482

– maintenance of anesthesia 396

– muscle detachment 605

– organ-specific assessment 385

– outcome 179

– – biological and demographic variables 186

– – measures 179, 192

– – predictors 183

– – psychological factors 187

– patient

– – assessment 374, 385

– – expectations 183

– – positioning 337, 394

– posterior approach

– – to the cervical spine 342

– – to the thoracolumbar spine 358

– postoperative

– – extubation 418

– – infections 393

– – pain management 409

– – rehabilitation 603 – – ventilation 418 – preanesthetic evaluation 373 – predictors of outcome 192 – prescreening tools 179 – reoperation 530 – screw insertion 361 – successful outcome 180 – thromboembolic disease 420 Swedish lumbar spine study 569 sympathectomy syndrome 358 symphysis 356

syndesmophytes 1065 syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 384

synfix 77 SynFrame 910 syringomyelia 635, 636, 669, 673, 803, 999 Tachosil 1098, 1099

tachycardia 384 – perioperative 418 tarsal tunnel syndrome 293 TCP, see tricalcium phosphate TDA, see total disc arthroplasty TDH, see thoracic disc herniation tear-drop

– fracture 831 – injury 869 technetium-99m bone scan 961 TEE, see transesophageal echocardiography telomere 953

tendinopathy 1062 tendon reflex 218 tendon-tap reflex 325 tenotomy 13 tension band 78 test-retest reliability 1135 tethered cord 211, 629, 635, 1093 – cutaneous markers 813 – syndrome 799, 806, 811, 812 – – diagnostic tests 815 – – neurological findings 802 – – surgery 817

– – treatment 815 tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis 137 tetraparesis 444

tetraplegia 293, 297, 851 TGF-q 106

thalamus 134 thecal sac 527 thiopental 406 thoracic – curve 648 – disc herniation (TDH) 502 – discography 274

– hypokyphosis 645 – kyphosis 213, 645, 768, 775, 776, 942 – lordosis 640

– outlet syndrome (TOS) 217, 293, 333 – spine 41, 228

– – injury 883 – – surgery 419 thoracolumbar – fascia 360 – fracture 883, 907 – neurological examination 892 – non-operative treatment 899 – posterior stabilization 912 – treatment guidelines 912

– injury 895

– orthosis (TLO) 722

– spinal injury

– history 893

– operative treatment 903

– transition 885

thoracolumbosacral orthosis (TLSO) 722

thoraco-lumbotomy 643

thoraco-phrenico-lumbotomy 728

– left-sided 350

– surgical anatomy 352

thoracoplasty 647

thoracoscopy 649, 911

thoracotomy 345, 377, 643, 988

– complications 1098

– right-sided 346

– surgical anatomy 348

thorax trauma 909

three-joint complex 93, 542

thrombectomy 1100

thrombocytes

– abnormalities 626

– metallophilic 626

thrombocytopenia 404

thyroid tumor 992

tight filum terminale 807

titanium mesh cage 1036

TIVA, see total intravenous anesthesia

TKA, see total knee arthroplasty

TLIF, see transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion

TLO, see thoracolumbar orthosis

TLS, see translaminar screw

TLSO, see thoracolumbosacral orthosis

TMS, see transcranial magnetic stimulation

TNF-[ , see tumor necrosis factor [

TOF, see train-of-four

Tokuhashi scoring system 984

tonsillectomy 853

torticollis 1006, 1024

TOS, see thoracic outlet syndrome

total

– disc arthroplasty (TDA) 455, 466, 566, 567, 571

– – ProDisc-L 568

– intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) 396

– joint replacement 568

– knee arthroplasty (TKA) 80

tracheotomy 418, 1100

traction table 11, 12, 29

train-of-four (TOF) 400

tramadol 142

tranexamic acid 403

transarticular screw 73, 84

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 319, 328

transduction 129

transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) 398

transforaminal

– lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) 75, 563

– procedure 75

– steroid injection 447

transient receptor potential (TRP) channel 129

transitional vertebrae 541

translaminar screw (TLS) 68, 73, 84

– fixation 562

translation motion 545

transmission 130

transpedicular reduction osteotomy 725

transpharyngeal stereotactic needle biopsy 964

transverse

– abdominus 53

– alar ligament disruption 857

– incision 339 – myelitis 498 trauma 56 traumatic – fracture at the thoracolumbar junction 883 – spondylolisthesis 830

– – of the axis 860 – sympathectomy 384 Traver’s case 25 tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 557 Trömner sign 300

trophic hormone 92 trunk

– imbalance 213 – muscle 48 T-score 929 tuberculin skin test 1025 tuberculosis 9, 11, 13, 22, 350, 765, 1023, 1025, 1027, 1029, 1036

– gibbosity 12 tumor 295, 327 – adjuvant therapy 967, 973 – back pain 957

– benign 965 – biology 953, 973 – biopsy 964 – capsule 1014, 1016 – cervical 1006 – classification 973 – compression fracture 959 – curetage 968

– cyst 1003 – en-bloc resection 968, 970 – endovascular embolization 992 – excessive bleeding 1108 – genetic studies 998 – histology 956 – imaging studies 958 – intradural 997 – – cytology 1009 – – imaging studies 1007 – – non-surgical treatment 1009 – – surgical treatment 1009 – intradural-extramedullary 999 – – surgical techniques 1010 – intradural-intramedullary 1002 – intralesional resection 968, 969 – intramedullary 1005

– intraoperative neuromonitoring 329 – local recurrences 973

– malignant 966 – musculoskeletal 953 – necrosis 959 – non-operative treatment 967 – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs 967 – of the central nervous system 997 – of the cervical spine 988 – of the foramen magnum 1006 – of the lumbar spine 992 – of the mediastinum 978 – of the retroperitoneum 978 – of the sacrum 970 – of the thoracic spine 988 – operative treatment 968 – poor-prognosis type 956 – reconstruction of the spine 970 – resection 988

– sacral 957 – spinal angiography 963 – spinal stabilization 988

– staging 964, 986

– technetium scan 961

– treatment 973

Tumor necrosis factor [ (TNF- [ ) 105, 106, 1061, 1068

– exogenous 486

– inhibitor 1048

ulnar nerve

– lesion 310

– palsy 219

– syndrome 444

ultrasonography 247

umbilicus 356

Unterberger’s stepping test 302

upper limb tension test (ULTT) 438

ureteral injury 1103

urinary

– bladder

– – dysfunction 1114

– – injury 1103

– tract infection 1114

uroflowmetry 491

vagal nerve 294

VAI, see vertebral artery insufficiency

Valsalva maneuver 217, 438

vanilloid receptor 129

variable screw system (VSP) 562

VAS, see Visual Analogue Scale

vascular

– compression theory 517, 531

– prosthesis 1091

vascularization, age-related changes 102

VBCF, see vertebral body compression fracture

venous

– congestion 517

– laceration 1102

– thromboembolism 380

VEPTR, see vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib

Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) 1127

vertebra/vertebral 1

– angioma 987

– ankylosing 111

– artery

– – injury 1103

– – insufficiency (VAI) 842

– body 43, 61

– – age-related changes 110, 114

– – biomechanical function 42

– – compression fracture (VBCF) 925, 942

– – height 931

– – metastases 979

– – reconstruction 988

– – screw 642

– body compression fracture (VBCF)

– – bracing 936

– – cement reinforcement 939

– – operative treatment 937

– – restoration of lordosis 939

– – treatment 936

– – vertebroplasty 938

– column alteration 1065

– compression fracture 111 – fracture 898, 926, 1043 – – history 930

– geometry 43 – kyphosis 1059 – osteomyelitis 1021, 1025 – spine injury

– – classification 887 vertebrectomy 78, 687, 754, 970 – posterior transpedicular 990 – posterolateral 992

vertebrobasilar insufficiency 1045 vertebroplasty 938, 960, 987 – local cement leakage 940 vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) 648 vertobrectomy 681

vessel – laceration 1096 – ligation 1107 vibration 218 videofluoroscopy 545 Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) 208, 915, 916, 1126 von Hippel-Lindau disease 998, 1003

von Willebrand’s disease 404 VSP, see variable screw system WAD, see whiplash-associated disorder Waddell sign 221

waistline asymmetry 627, 629 wake-up test (WUT) 390, 395,408 Wallenburg’s syndrome 842 wear and tear 539

wedge – compression fracture 885 – osteotomy 725

– vertebra 695, 708 whiplash

– injury 28, 827, 871 – syndrome 157, 167 whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) 157, 208, 827, 833, 871 – classification 836

– radiograph 252 – treatment 844 WHO Quality of Life instruments 1130 wide-dynamic range (WDR) neuron 131 windshield wiper effect 368

windswept deformity 672 winking owl sign 959 work conditioning program 594 workers’ compensation 189 wound

– erysipelas 1111 – healing 605 – infection 652, 1110 – persistent drainage 1112 WUT, see wake-up test xanthochromia 1009 X-ray 8

zygapophyseal joint, see also facet joint 41

The Editors

Norbert Boos was born in Germany in 1960 and is a Swiss citizen He studied at

the University of Saarland, Germany, and the University of Basle, Switzerland He

then received an international training as an orthopedic and spinal surgeon in

Germany, Switzerland, the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom Since

1997 he has been Head of Spinal Surgery at the Orthopaedic University Hospital

Balgrist, University of Zürich, Switzerland He received his venia legendi at the

University of Zürich in 1999 and was promoted to Titular Professor in 2005

Nor-bert Boos has a long track record in clinical and basic spinal research He has

published over 100 articles and book chapters in many areas of spinal disorders

and has won numerous prestigious awards in the fields of spinal surgery and

research In 2002, he received a Master’s degree in Business Administration from

the University of Zürich and has developed a keen interest in health-care

eco-nomics as well as health-care technology assessment and transfer He is a

found-ing member of AO Spine, a Deputy Editor of the European Spine Journal, and a

board member of EuroSpine, the Spine Society of Europe.

Max Aebi was born in Switzerland in 1948 and is a Swiss/Canadian dual citizen.

He studied at the University of Bern, became a board certified General and

Orthopedic Surgeon (FMH and FRCSC), and did his spine fellowship training in

Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom From 1992 to 2002, he held

the positions of Professor and Chair, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, and

Orthopaedic Surgeon-in-Chief, McGill University Health Center; and Adjunct

Professor of Oncology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal,

Canada In 1999, he received an AMP diploma from INSEAD, Fontainebleau, and

in 2002 was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Universit´e de la

M´editerra-n´ee, Marseilles, France Since 2002, Max Aebi has been Professor and Co-Chair of

the MEM Research Center, University of Bern, and Chief of Staff, Department of

Orthopaedic Surgery, Hirslanden-Salem Hospital, Bern, Switzerland Max Aebi

is Co-Founder and Past Chairman of AO Spine, a member of the European

Aca-damy of Science, and the Founder and Editor-in-Chief of the European Spine

Journal, the highest rated scientific journal in musculoskeletal medicine in

Europe.

The Medical Illustrator

Alain Blank is a scientific illustrator and graphic designer He founded his

agency for visual communication, Blankvisual, in 2001 after having acquired a vast experience as a freelance and scientific illustrator for many international agencies and companies The specialities of illustration, photography, video, computer animation and interaction design are all part of his and Blankvisual’s repertoire Currently he is developing interactive e-learning programs on the locomotor apparatus for the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Zürich The

DVD Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus (Biomedia SA), for which Alain Blank

supplied the anatomical illustrations, has been honored with Prix Möbius Inter-national and Worlddidac awards Alain Blank is also regularly invited to lecture

on visual communication and scientific visualization at the Zürich University of the Arts.

www.blankvisual.ch