food poisoning is caused by bacteria only

... term referring to two lung diseases: chronic bronchitis and emphysema, is charac-terized by an airflow limitation that is not fully reversi-ble The airflow limitation is usually both progressive ... epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pathogenesis Fishman ’s Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders McGraw-Hill Inc., New YorkFishman AP, Elias JA, Fishman JA, Grippi MA, Kaiser LR, Senior RM 1998, 1:659-681. 41 ... average inter-alveolar distance, was estimated by the mean linear intercept (Lm) analysis The Lm was determined by light microscopy at a total magnification of 100×, whereby 24 random photomicro-scopic

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 11:22

... of Food Poisoning Various Kinds of Food Poisoning The Articles of FoodMost Commonly Connected with Food Poisoning II SENSITIZATION TO PROTEIN FOODS 9 III POISONOUS PLANTS AND ANIMALS 13 Poisonous ... VARIOUS KINDS OF FOOD POISONING Cases of poisoning by articles of food may be distinguished as: (1) those caused by some injurious constituent in the food itself, and (2) those caused by a peculiar ... outbreaks of food poisoning Meat in particular has been implicated so often that the term meat poisoning is used about as commonly as the term food poisoning ingeneral discussions of this subject

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 20:20

... circulating levels of visfatin have been observed in many inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes [5–7] Visfatin is secreted by neutrophils ... release of visfatin may be caused either by cell lysis or by cell death [36,37] However, it has been demonstrated in adipocytes and Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells that visfatin is actively ... regulates visfatin gene expression at the transcriptional level To determine whether visfatin is a direct PPARc target gene, the human visfatin promoter was examined by bio-informatic analysis Three

Ngày tải lên: 06/03/2014, 22:21

... Parkinson’s diseases [6] In the heart, autophagy may protect against apoptosis activated by ischemic injury [7], and its chronic perturbation is causative in a genetic form of heart disease [8] ... punctae This result was surprising, as the upregulation of autophagy by starvation has been reported in vivo [19], in isolated primary cells [33], and in other cell lines [52] [14,20] This discrepancy ... autophagy) is a highly regulated process by which the cell degrades portions of its cytoplasm and is distinct from chaperone-mediated autophagy and microauto-phagy [1] The autophagic process consists

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 09:20

... The multisubunit enzyme ATP synthase (complex V of the OXPHOS system) is present in the membranes of eubacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts It synthesizes ATP by means of a rotary mechanism coupled ... a-F1-ATPase mRNA Acknowledgements This work has been supported by grants from the Spanish ministry of science and technology (BMC2001-1525) and from the FIS of the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ... generated by the electron transport chain [4] The mitochondrial ATP synthase of animals contains 16 subunits and is responsible for the synthesis of the majority of cellular ATP, thereby playing

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... tra ch ea m us c br le ea s he t ar t ut C br n te st is ki dn ey liv er AR S9 Fig Analysis of tissue distribution of AR45 by RT-PCR analysis of human RNA First-strand cDNA from the indicated ... which is absent in AR45, has been documented by several studies [40–42] The hormone-dependent interaction between this region and the LBD of the AR is essential for activity Its disruption by introducing ... arises from the existence of variant forms of steroid receptors The estrogen receptor (ER) probably belongs to the most diversified family Two isoforms, ERa and ERb, exist, and have different tissue

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 16:20

... zeaxanthin is catalysed by violaxanthin de-epoxidase (VDE) and the reverse reaction of violaxanthin formation from zeaxanthin is catalysed by another enzyme, zeaxanthin epoxidase VDE has been isolated ... observed D I S C U S S I O N This paper is the first work where VDE has been isolated from a monocotyledonous plant The action and properties of this enzyme are the same as VDE isolated previously from ... native thylakoid membranes is discussed Keywords: xanthophyll cycle; de-epoxidation; liposomes; violaxanthin; zeaxanthin Xanthophyll cycle is a photoprotective mechanism wide-spread in nature

Ngày tải lên: 08/03/2014, 10:20

... serum (C), and DNA isolated from floating and attached cells was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis Total proteins isolated from cells in (B) or from cells in (C) were analyzed by immuno-blotting ... determined by the Trypan blue exclusion assay (B) DNA isolated from VOSO 4 -treated HaCaT floating and attached cells was ana-lyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis (C) Total proteins isolated from ... onco-protein synthesis and⁄ or stability, abrogated repression of c-fos oncoprotein, thereby resulting in gene expres-sion [47] As TGF-b1 is an inducer of epithelial cell apoptosis [48], it is tempting

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 02:20

... metabolism, PCSK9 is highly expressed in the liver and intestine, two tissues important in cholesterol homeostasis [4] It is also found in circulation [5–7] PCSK9, like its family members, is synthesized ... phosphorylation, this phosphorylation is carried out by a GCK-like kinase [consensus site SXE ⁄ S(p)] Discussion PCSK9 undergoes several post-translational modifications; while in the ER it is glycosylated ... has not been characterized by existing crystal structure studies [15], and although this site is not conserved in the mouse or rat (KASWVQ and KASWVHQ, respectively), it is 100% conserved among

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 06:20

... primary metabolism [23] All the evidence from this work indicates that the desABCD cluster is expressed as a polycistronic transcript Expression of the four genes is coordinately regulated by iron limitation, ... biosynthesis of desferrioxamine B in S pilosus indica-ted that the first step in the desferrioxamine biosynthe-sis is the decarboxylation of lysine by a lysine decarboxylase encoded by the desA ... pathway in which cadaverine formed by lysine decarboxylation is subsequently hydroxylated to N-hydroxycadaverine by the protein encoded by desB (Fig 1) which is later Fig 5 S coelicolor A3(2)

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 11:20

... and Sp1 regulation by CDK inhibitors (Eur. J. Biochem. 270) 4817 UCN01 is caused by overlapping effects. However, this increase in Rb expression is lower than that caused by UCN-01, when similar ... mechanisms may explain the increase in the total amount of Rb upon CDK inhibition. Rb expression may be enhanced by a negative effect caused by the hyperphosphorylated form, by a positive effect caused ... the increased level of total Rb protein is caused by two mechanisms On the one hand, there is an increase in transcription, as shown by the luciferase experiments and in the

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 23:20

... [12,28] However, until a detailed kinetic analysis is made we cannot exclude a third hypothesis that the endproduct of proteolysis is stabilized by dimethylsulfoxide in a concentration-dependent ... identified by WO2 western blot analysis (Fig 1C) Further identification of the anti-FLAG-immunoreactive CTFs was made by coelectrophoresis with gamma and epsilon standards Co-electrophoresis obviates ... that two-step purified MC99-3FLAG is an appropriate substrate to study tissue-derived c-secretase activity that is inhibited by a specific c-secretase inhibitor and is detergent concentration-sensitive

Ngày tải lên: 16/03/2014, 23:20

... shock This is independent of the phosphorylation state of hDlg, is prevented by preincubating the cell with the caspase inhibitor z-VAD and is part of the apoptotic process triggered by cellular ... apoptosis of HeLa (Fig S3) trig-gered by hyperosmolarity and also in CaCo-2 cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts However, the mechanism by which there is a different degree of apoptosis, and ... cleavage is caspase dependent Phosphorylation by p38c does not modulate hDlg proteolysis To determine whether hDlg degradation induced by osmotic stress was dependent on phosphorylation by p38c,

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... enterohepatic tissues, LRH-1 is involved in cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis by regulating several essential genes in the reverse cholesterol transport and bile acid synthesis pathways [4–7] ... addition, the activity of LRH-1 is modulated by post-translational modification The transcriptional activity of LRH-1 is stimulated by phosphorylation following 4b-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) ... Belanger L (2004) The fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF) gene is essential to embryogenesis and cholesterol homeostasis and is regulated by a DR4 element J Biol Chem 279, 21206–21216 Luo Y, Liang

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 06:20

... mechanism allowing the production of NO even in conditions in which isolated forms of NOS could be rapidly degraded by calpain This protection is mediated by HSP90, on the basis of a dual mechanism: ... Degradation of NOS isozymes by calpain binding capacity of calpain The physiological relevance of this novel property of HSP90 is also discussed Results Degradation of NOS isozymes in Ca2+ loaded ... obviously the isolated proteins are degraded by the protease On the basis of these observations, we can explain not only the protective effect exerted by HSP90 on the digestion of NOS isozymes, but

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 07:20

... mice, the only phenotype was osteopetrosis, which is caused by defects in osteoclast function [40] These cells are highly sensitive to the Src inhibitor PP1, undergoing massive apoptosis upon exposure ... suggest that this same mechanism may contribute to the regulation of S5a by b-catenin A role for S5a in apoptosis? In this study, we have shown that a subunit of the proteasome is under the direct ... cells (data not shown) S5a expression is regulated by Src activity We next examined whether the S5a mRNA level is affected by the inhibition of Src activity by PP1 S5a mRNA levels decreased after

Ngày tải lên: 23/03/2014, 09:20

... the tissues producing it. In response to tissue injury, such as hepatic and renal injury, the inactive single-chain HGF is converted to a two-chain form exclusively in the injured tissue. This ... exclusively in the injured tissue. This conversion is mediated by ser- ine protease activity, which is induced in the injured tissue [28]. The two-chain form is required for the bio- logical activity ... TMPRSS13. Proteolytic activation of pro-HGF by TMPRSS13 Pro-HGF is proteolytically activated by matriptase and hepsin, and the protease activity is inhibited by HAI-1 [9,10,18]. Therefore, we examined...

Ngày tải lên: 15/02/2014, 01:20

... investigations that include analysis of pancreatic islet cells. The H-PGDS TG mouse is a novel obesity model with which to investigate the mechanism of adipogene- sis. As is the case for obese people ... et al. (2001) The mechanisms by which both heterozygous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) deficiency and PPARgamma agonist improve insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 276, 41245–41254. 38 ... molecular mecha- nisms underlying adipogenesis may lead to the devel- opment of strategies for reducing the prevalence of obesity. Adipogenesis is a complex process accompanied by various changes...

Ngày tải lên: 16/02/2014, 09:20

... followed by Strep-tag II was isolated by BamHI digestion and inserted into the BamHI site of pmGFP–calpain 7. To construct pCMV3xFLAG–IST1 and pGEX–IST1, an IST1 cDNA fragment was amplified by PCR, ... autolysis. Therefore, it is premature to draw conclusions regarding the mechanism of the enhancing effects of IST1 on mGFP–calpain 7–Strep autolysis in vitro. Both mGFP–calpain 7 and IST1 have ... FLAG–IST1 did not enhance the autolysis of mGFP–calpain 7 in cultured cells. On the other hand, overexpression of FLAG– IST1 DMIM1,2 suppressed the autolysis. This observation might be explained by...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 04:20

... K m values is exclu- sively displayed by the tetramer forms, and low- efficiency kinetics with high K m values is displayed by the dimer forms. These observations strengthen the previous hypothesis that ... K m is the Michaelis constant and K 0.5 is the substrate concentration where v = 0.5 V max . When n = 1, there is no co-operativity, and K 0.5 = K m . Acknowledgements This work was supported by ... behaviour after dilution to 6 lgÆmL )1 indicate that dissociation of the tetramer to the dimer is a slowly progressing process. This is supported by the kinetic behaviour of the recombinant enzyme...

Ngày tải lên: 18/02/2014, 12:20