ethernet networking and data encapsulation

... Understand the main elements of the data communication process • Understand the difference between analog and digital transmission • Explain how data transfer is affected by attenuation, bandwidth and ... TCP/IP and this is being used as the open standard today for all network and communications systems The reasons for this popularity are not hard to find TCP/IP and Ethernet are truly open standards ... is becoming de rigeur on most Ethernet networks and this chapter examines the design and installation issues for fast Ethernet and gigabit Ethernet systems, which go well beyond the traditional...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... message and the rules controlling the data flow and detection and correction of errors are known as the protocol  /TZKXLGIKYZGTJGXJY An interface standard defines the electrical and mechanical ... protocol parameters and commences the data transmission • Framing and synchronization: Defines the start and end of the frame and how the receiver can synchronize to the data stream • Flow control: ... the transmitter to regulate the data flow and ensure no data is lost • Line control: Used with half-duplex links to reverse the roles of transmitter and receiver and begin transmission in the...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... circuit switching and packet switching • Explain the difference between connectionless and connection oriented communication • Explain the difference between a datagram service and a virtual circuit ... transmit data, it sends the data within a packet (or frame), which includes, in its header, the addresses of both the source and the destination. This allows each node to either receive or ignore data ... for transferring data across networks, viz. circuit switching and packet switching. These are illustrated in Figure 2.1 Figure 2.1 Circuit switched and packet switched data 4KZ]UXQOTML[TJGSKTZGRY...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... layer and from there, the data is transmitted to the physical layer on the destination machine. Network architectures (such as Ethernet, ARCnet, Token Ring, and FDDI) encompass the data link and ... responsibilities as error detection and correction methods, flow control methods, and voltage and current standards. However, there are other properties such as the size of the data packet that are important ... information. Functions such as data conversion from EBCDIC to ASCII (or vice versa), use of special graphics or character sets, data compression or expansion, and data encryption or decryption...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... system standards for secure LAN communications /+++=OXKRKYY2'4Y The IEEE802.11 Wireless LAN standard uses the 2.4 GHz band and allows operation to 1 or 2 Mbps The 802.11b standard also ... defining the standards for MANs It has recommended that a system known as distributed queue data bus (DQDB) be utilized as a MAN standard The DQDB network is sponsored by Telecom Australia and defines ... 802.7 broadband TAG The committee is attempting to standardize physical compatibility with FDDI and synchronous optical networks (SONET) It is also investigating single mode fiber and multimode...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... signaling standards and transmission speeds that can be utilized. These include both base band and broadband signaling, and speeds of 1 Mbps and 10 Mbps. The standard is continuing to evolve, and this ... based on the Ethernet standard, which gave this networking standard even more credibility. As a result of this, there are three standards in existence. The first – often-termed Ethernet Version ... based on this standard is still in use. Ethernet Version 2 or ‘Blue Book Ethernet’ is, however, still in use and there is a potential for incompatibility with the IEEE 802.3 standard. Whilst...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... corrupted, and the logic incorporated on the NIC asserts a collision detect signal This causes node 2 to send a jam signal of 32 bits of random data, and then stop transmitting In fact, the standard ... fast Ethernet and 1000 Mbps gigabit Ethernet transmission on both fiber optic and copper cables using the current Trang 960 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Typically most LAN systems ... transmitter and appended to the frame It is the same algorithm used in the 802.4 and 802.5 standard   Trang 4As has already been discussed, there is a difference between an 802.3 network and a Blue...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... sub-layer ran at 1 Gbaud and specifies the 8B/10B coding of the data, data scrambling and the non return to zero – inverted (NRZI) data coding together with the clocking, data and clock extraction ... layer specifies the 4B/5B coding of the data, data scrambling and the non return to zero – inverted (NRZI) data coding together with the clocking, data and clock extraction processes The 4B/5B ... attractiveness by offering a high bandwidth connectivity system to the Ethernet family of devices Gigabit Ethernet is defined by the IEEE 802.3z standard This defines the gigabit Ethernet media access control...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... class A, B and C addresses, and the relationship between class numbers, network ID and host ID • Explain the concept of classless addressing and CIDR • Explain the concept of subnet masks and prefixes ... addresses, subnet masks and default gateways • Understand the principles of routing, the difference between interior and exterior gateway protocols, name some examples of both and explain, in very ... Maximum one-way gigabit Ethernet component delays These calculations give the maximum collision diameter for IEEE 802.3z half-duplex Gigabit Ethernet systems The maximum gigabit Ethernet network diameters...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... the data portion of the Internet datagram, in other words the protocol that resides above IP in the protocol stack and which has passed the datagram on to IP Typical values are 0x0806 for ARP and ... the data portion of the datagram, as the protocols making use of IP, such as ICMP, IGMP, UDP and TCP, all have a checksum in their headers to cover their own header and data To calculate it, the ... flags are DF (don’t fragment) and MF (more fragments) Consider a datagram consisting of an IP header followed by 3500 bytes of data This cannot be transported over an Ethernet network, so it has...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... • Original IP datagram header The IP header of the datagram that led to the generation of this message • Original IP datagram data The first 8 bytes of the data portion of the datagram that ... • Original IP datagram header The IP header of the datagram that led to the generation of this message • Original IP datagram data The first 8 bytes of the data portion of the datagram that ... an IP datagram with the resultant structure indicated in the figure below. The complete IP datagram, in turn, has to depend on the lower network interface layer (for example, Ethernet) and is...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... source and destination /TZKXTKZRG_KXVXUZUIURY   • Data Generated by the sender and echoed back by the echoer. This field is variable in length; its length and ... the gateways (routers)) and the destination node are all operating correctly. The structure of the request and reply are indicated below. Figure 6.39 ICMP echo request and reply The first ... Structure of the time stamp request and reply • Type 13 for time-stamp request and 14 for time-stamp reply message • Originate time-stamp Generated by sender and contains a time value identifying...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... can vary between 0 and 232 –1) and inserts it in the sequence number field It then sets the SYN flag = 1 and transmits the header (no data yet) to the appropriate IP address and port number Assuming ... Trang 2Figure 7.1TCP and UDP within the ARPA model TCP is a connection-oriented protocol and is therefore reliable, although this word is used in a data communications context and not in an everyday ... but does not have to close immediately as Trang 7128 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking it may need to transmit more data This is known as a half-close When the second host is also ready...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Checksum: 16 bits This is the 16-bit one’s complement of the one’s complement sum of a pseudo header of information from the IP header, the UDP header, and the data, ... require parameters The use of ASCII character sequences for commands allows the user to observe and understand the command flow, and aids the debugging process The user can communicate directly ... general this is not advisable FTP commands can be divided into three categories, namely service commands, transfer parameter commands and access control commands There is also a series of reply...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... SYNCH command and appends a data mark octet This induces TCP to send a segment with the URGENT DATA flag set, which reaches the server directly and causes it to read and discard all data until ... will not be read and therefore will have no effect To bypass the normal flow control mechanism, TELNET uses an ‘out of band’ signal Whenever it places a control signal in the data stream, it ... malfunctions and stops reading data from the TCP connection, the operating system buffers will fill up until TCP eventually indicates to the client system a window size of zero, thus preventing further data...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... SMTP, proper authentication with a user name and a password is required. POP3 commands include the following. STAT 156 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking LIST message-number RETR message-number ... transfer begins with a ‘Mail From’ command containing the name of the sender, followed by a ‘Receipt’ command indicating the recipient. A ‘Data’ command is followed by the actual message. ... or learns of notifiable events by monitoring exchanges between managers and agents 154 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Because SNMP does not implement authentication, many vendors...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... hosts file The IP datagram, in turn, is transported by means of a network interface layer frame (e.g Ethernet), which requires, in its header, the MAC, addresses of the source and destination nodes ... protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval] -a Displays all connections and listening ports -e Displays Ethernet statistics ... releasing and reissuing leased IP addresses Figure 9.2 Windows IP configuration It can be invoked from the DOS prompt, or from the Windows ‘run’ command Click the more details tab for an expanded...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... (gigabit) Ethernet (single and multimode) An added advantage of the fast and gigabit Ethernet media converters is that they support full-duplex operation that effectively doubles the available bandwidth ... combination of a transparent and source-routing bridge, and are used to interconnect Ethernet (IEEE802.3) and token ring (IEE802.5) networks It uses source routing of the data frame if it contains ... between a computer and a 10BaseT hub by up to 100 m, or extend a 10Base-FL link between two devices (such as bridges) by up to 2 km Trang 5176 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking • Multi-port...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... gateway translates from one protocol to the other and handles differences in physical signals, data format, and speed. 188 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Since gateways are, per definition, ... 182 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking Figure 10.6 Fast Ethernet hub interconnection 10.6 Switches Ethernet switches are an expansion of the concept of bridging and are, in fact, intelligent ... the Ethernet header (as shown in Fig 10.11) to allow networks to support VLANs and traffic prioritization. Figure 10.11 IEEE 802.1p/Q modified Ethernet header 186 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21

... selected and viewed as requested by a remote user. The original Web browser was fairly unsophisticated and was driven by command line keyboard inputs. Subsequent 194 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking ... digital and the bandwidth between subscriber and ISP is substantially higher. The typical ‘2B + D’ connection offers a 128 kbps bandwidth, and additional channels can be dialed up if more bandwidth ... web 196 Practical TCP/IP and Ethernet Networking 11.8 CGI CGI (common gateway interface) looks like HTML and can accomplish some of the things that Java applets and JavaScript can, but it...

Ngày tải lên: 03/07/2014, 19:21