ecosystems and human wellbeing policy responses

... facing humankind. Never- theless, legislators and regulators are faced with the task of making decisions regarding safe limits for thousands of chemicals, often on the basis of very limited data and ... factor (i.e., of human origin). Risk assessment and carcinogenesis As already noted, this is the most complicated and least reliable area regard- ing the prediction of risk to human health in ... practice was abandoned. Even data from human industrial exposures usually deal with adult males and may not be applicable to the elderly or to females. Exposure to co-carcinogens and promoters

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... and estuaries Thus, while this chaptertends to focus on water, both as an essential resource for human consumptionand as marine and aquatic ecosystems, this should not detract from anunderstanding ... drinking watersupplies and constitute a direct threat to human health The contamination of fish and shellfish obtained both from the sea (marine organisms) andfreshwater lakes and rivers (aquatic ... and nitrate levels in water developfrom fertilizer runoff from farmlands and from sewage effluent containingdetergents The high phosphate and nitrate levels favor the growth of certainalgae and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... rainwater and solid particles carried in it mechanically.Precipitation thus carries them into the soil and groundwater, and they canreach oceans, lakes, and rivers by runoff and soil erosion and deep ... usually solid and are carbonaceous, metallic oxides, salts, or acidsand their porosity is such that they will absorb other gases and liquids Smog The word is a combination of smoke and fog and is a ... manganese, zinc, and cadmium, as well aspesticides and drugs Oxides of all of these metals, those of copper, tin, andnickel, and brass dust can cause a febrile reaction (fever, joint and muscleaches)

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... and eggs were also contaminated By 1976, nearly 30,000 of Michigan’s best dairy cattle had died or been destroyed, along with thousands of sheep and hogs and millions of chickens Thousands ... humans at greatest risk of toxic exposure are the workers who apply the sprays, and poisoning from dermal and respiratory absorption has occurred as well as from accidental ingestion. Signs and ... soluble and therefore poorly absorbed across the skin or gastrointestinal mucosa. It is extremely toxic to humans when inhaled, however, and 5 g may be fatal. Pulmonary congestion, edema, and hemorrhage

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... with its density, made it popular and useful Well into the 1940s and early 1950s, it was possible to buy lead toys, and kits were available to cast lead soldiers and lead fishing weights An 1885 ... in the mouth and pharynx Intense abdominal pain and vomiting are common Loss of blood and fluid from the gastrointestinal tract results from sloughing of the mucosa in the stool and may lead ... environment Most of it came from chloralkali plants and from pulp and paper mills that used mercurials as antisliming (antialgal) agents and chlorine and alkali as bleaching agents The question of

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... nitro-gen- and sulfur-containing elements (e.g., gasoline and other petroleum-based products) Industrially, the uses of solvents are many and varied They are used in extraction processes in the food and ... supportive, with correction of acidosis and hypoglycemia (5% glucose i.v.) and hemodialysis to remove ethanol and its metabolites Other simple alcohols and glycols produce early effects resem-bling ... lotions, and window-cleaning fluids and is a widely used industrial solvent It is oxidized to acetone and causes acetonemia but not acidosis Its toxicity lies between that of ethanol and methanol,

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... polishing agents ) are used to coat the skins of fruits and vegetables to prevent bruising, drying, or spoilage, and to coat candies and tablets. Defoaming agents ( antifoaming agents, ... dried grains and nuts. Fungicides prevent fungal growth on the surface of some fruits. Humectants ( hydroscopic agents ) retain moisture and prevent drying in some candies and ice cream. ... postulated that artificial colors and flavors, together with “salicylate-like” natural substances (present in apples, oranges, peaches, raisins and many berries, and in cucumbers and tomatoes) contribute

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... lacerations and contusions and a fractured right humerus He was restless and incoherent and required physical restraint His pupils were bilaterally constricted, his heart rate was 55 beats/min, and he ... enzymes and may thus affect the rate of biotrans-formation of other chemicals and drugs Extremely high doses cause neuro-logical signs and symptoms, including numbness of the tongue, lips, and face; ... nerve terminal Signs and symptoms are those of a massive cholinergic discharge and include dizziness and dis-orientation, profuse sweating, profuse diarrhea, constricted pupils, and bradycardia (slowing

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... mouse, rat) and birds and is therefore viewed as a potential human teratogen. Acute effects in animals (including swine and poultry) include renal and hepatic destruction. Both humoral and cel- ... Contamination of bread and cereals has been documented in parts of central Europe (Yugoslavia, Bul- garia, Poland, and Germany) and levels have been detected in human milk, urine, blood, and kidneys. Patulin ... Fusaria and is both potent and common. It inhibits protein and DNA synthesis and is therefore potentially teratogenic and carcinogenic. Acute effects include loss of appetite and vomiting.

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... Mexico and Florida and has reached New York state and probably southern Ontario The bite is painless Local necrosis develops and expands over the next week due to local blood clotting and microthrombosis ... ideal culture medium for bacteria Venoms are injected in some way and can be employed both for defense and for prey capture Humans and animals sometimes accidentally become the victims of envenomation ... estuarine system and over 50,000 in Chesapeake Bay P piscicida and P shumwayae have a strong attraction for live fish and produce complex toxins that affect neural function and can cause numerous

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... and Magnetic ELF Fields Electric and Magnetic Fields and Your Health Publ # H4 6-2 /8 9-1 40E, Min Supply and Services Canada, 1990 Rutkowski, C.A and Del Bigio, M.R., UFOs and ... Chernobyl), and careless handling of nuclear materials. Cesium-137 was discarded in a dump in Brazil and ultimately killed 4 people and con- taminated 249. Until fairly recently, radium was used to hand-paint ... of childhood leukemias and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas near nuclear installations in England and Wales, Br Med J., 309, 501–505, 1994 Bowie, C and Bowie, S.H., Radon and health, Lancet, 1,

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... production and the environment This text is primarily about the relationship between the environment and human health It is undeniable that starvation and malnutrition are the greatest killers of humankind ... occurs in several locations in North America and northern Europe In Australia and New Zealand, sheep are grazed extensively on land that is harsh and inhospitable to cultivation 2 Before the ... species barriers, espe-cially from animals to humans Recently, the Marburg virus and the Ebola virus have emerged as life-threatening infections of humans and are believed to have originated in monkeys

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... overcome and one died on route to hospital. The portal of entry was obviously by inhalation, and the target organs were the brain and the heart. CFCs are CNS depressants, causing narcosis, stupor, and ... workplace; the nature of the solvent and its toxicity; whether respirators were in use and, if so, were they approved for the task; and whether protective gloves and clothing were in use. Because ... Peripheral effects include dry mouth, blurred vision and photophobia, and urinary retention. Treatment is supportive and may include induced emesis and activated charcoal to decontaminate the gastrointestinal

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:22

... CALIFORNIA Retail Consolidation and Produce Buying Practices: A Summary of the Evidence and Potential Industry and Policy Responses Richard J Sexton, Timothy J Richards and Paul M Patterson Giannini ... association between concentration and price Kaufman and Handy studied 616 supermarkets chosen from 28 cities that were selected at random Both firm market share and a four-firm Herfindahl index ... mixed Studies by Kinnucan and Forker for dairy products, Pick, Karrenbrock and Carman for citrus, and Zhang, Fletcher and Carley for peanuts found evidence that retail prices and margins were more

Ngày tải lên: 07/03/2014, 13:20

... MAweb.org) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Human ... Series Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Scenarios, Volume 2 Ecosystems ... Well-being: Human Health Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry No copyright claim...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... cultivated land, dryland range- lands, and coastal and marine systems are now degraded, and the degraded area continues to expand. [4] Changing Land Use and Land Cover Current rates of land cover ... Systems: Wetlands, Rivers, and Lakes • Dryland Systems: Deserts, Semiarid, and Dry Subhumid Rangelands • Forests, Including Woodlands and Tree Plantations • Marine and Coastal Systems • Island Systems • ... PS Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 PAGE iii 11432$ $$FM 10-11-05 14:48:08 PS 18 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends doubled worldwide and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... people and other parts of ecosystems, with the changing human condition serving to both directly and indirectly drive change in ecosystems and with changes in ecosystems causing changes in human well-being. ... condition and trends of ecosystems, ecosystem ser- vices, and human well-being? • What are plausible future changes in ecosystems and their ecosystem services and the consequent changes in human ... ser- vices, and thereby human well-being, requires a full under- standing and wise management of the relationships between human activities, ecosystem change, and well-being over the short, medium, and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... MAweb.org) Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Biodiversity Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Desertification Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Human ... Series Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Current State and Trends, Volume 1 Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Scenarios, Volume 2 Ecosystems ... Well-being: Human Health Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Wetlands and Water Synthesis Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Opportunities and Challenges for Business and Industry No copyright claim...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... arid, and hyperarid (ratio <0.05), but excluding polar areas. Drylands include cultivated lands, scrublands, shrublands, grasslands, savan - nas, semi-deserts, and true deserts. Dryland systems ... scales. Different strategies and interventions can be applied at many points in this framework to enhance human well-being and conserve ecosystems. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: S y n t h ... services. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: S y n t h e s i s 21 Economics and Incentives Economic and financial interventions provide powerful instruments to regulate the use of ecosystem goods and...

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20

... drylands include cultivated lands, scrublands, shrublands, grasslands, semi-deserts, and true deserts. Island Lands isolated by surrounding water, with a high proportion of coast to hinterland ... potential policy choices across sectors and stakeholders. MA_CF-01-25.pmd 7/11/2003, 12:43 PM2 x Ecosystems and Human Well-being: A Framework for Assessment Preface Ecosystems and Human Well-being: ... be- tween people and ecosystems, with the changing human condition serving to both directly and indirectly drive change in ecosystems and with changes in ecosystems causing changes in human well-being....

Ngày tải lên: 17/02/2014, 19:20