controversies in globalization and the environment

... radionuclides in foods These methodsinclude techniques and principles that measure the disintegration rates of radio-nuclides and the types of radiation emanating from radioactive samples Determin-ing the ... motion, the determination of Avogadro’s number, and the “counting” of atoms [1] In 1897 the theory of “indivisible” atoms was put to rest with the discovery of the electron, the first ofthe subatomic ... ionizing radiation interactions and thebiological consequences of radiation interactions (i.e., the effects of radioactivity on individual plants and animals), including information on the effects

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... vitamin C in the diet, and depending on the cooking process, losses in the vitamin content are quite different For example, boiling can reduce the vitamin C content in about 15% and baking can induce ... Concentrations in Food and the EnvironmentThe free radicals formed during irradiation can react with nutrients and other components of the food, mainly inducing oxidation of metals and ions, oxidation and ... this technology fall within their operating mandates Among the main activities of the IAEA is the encouragement of peaceful uses of nuclear energy The FAO, on the other hand, must guarantee a global

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stim-ulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of theecological systems and natural resources to the Nation; and to ... determine the economic and environmental consequencesof implementing multidisciplinary and integrated biological-cultural methods,and (3) develop methods for collecting and interpreting data obtained ... by the publication of Silent Spring [8] in 1962 and other emerging evidence concerning the environmental impacts of highly persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons such asDDT, Dieldrin, Aldrin, and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... fruits and vegetables to protect them against diseases, improve handling and visual... (Aeschynomene virginica) in rice and soybean crops in Arkansas and the neighboring rice-producing ... introduced into South Africa between 1987 and 1989, and in about 8 years the disease became widespread in the province and the tree density declined by at least 80% in rust-established sites. The number ... bin-drench or in- line application Bio-Save is a line... are the primary reason for the inconsistency and unpredictability of biocontrol systems Understanding these interactions at the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... over 90% of insecticide quantity, and many ac-tive ingredients used in the 1960s continued to be widely used in the 1990s.The use of other new, low-rate insecticides, including abamectin (an antibiotic),diflubenzuron ... 1982 to the late 1990s Corninsecticide quantity declined from 30 million lb a.i in 1982 to less than 21 million lb a.i in the 1990s The decline in insecticide use reflects the changes in the compounds ... treatments andingredients applied per acre increased and an increasing proportion oftreatments were made after planting rather than before or at planting.2.2 Insecticides In the 1950s, insecticides

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... It is recognized that increasing the dose level and/or prolonging and peating the exposure to a risk agent would result in increasing severity of thetoxicological response and/or number of affected ... of the enforcement efforts The other regards the setting of standardsthat are adequate for the protection of health, including the health of those whomay be more sensitive, such as infants and ... is the predominant form of ChE in human plasma.With respect to being an endpoint for risk assessment, one opinion is that ChEinhibition in the blood (i.e., plasma and RBC) is an indicator and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... understanding anddealing with the complexities in nature by sorting out and defining underlyingprinciples These can serve as starting points or steps in the assessment of chemi-cal processing important ... evaluating environmental characteristics of candidatepesticides [10] The benchmark approach and other early developments in screen-ing or predicting environmental behavior, including modeling, ... formal-ized in the new field called environmental chemodynamics, which may be gener-ally defined as [11,12] The subject dealing with the transport of chemicals (intra and interphase) in the environment, the

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... may varydepending on the sample type and the purpose of the analysis In the United This chapter was not prepared on behalf of the California Department of Food and Agriculture and therefore does ... of the method, to discard the maining homogenized samples except for a small portion, which is often stored depending on the organization’s internal protocol and the status of the final sults In ... temperature, and soluble in organic solvents,and they contain elements distinguishable from background interferences Mostcolums used in earlier MRMs (PAM-I) The use of wide-bore columns allowsthe introduction

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... application In manyinstances the industry is initiating research to include these products for use on a variety of minor crops in addition to the more lucrative major crop markets In other cases, industry, ... applications of insecticides andfungicides are generally used to maintain the quality that the U.S consumer isused to and expects in the marketplace and to meet the marketing standards ofthe Agricultural ... other pests The insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis was introduced into corn, cotton, and pota-toes in 1995 and 1996 and offers an effective way of controlling lepidopterouspests with minimum

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... arthropods in the Bulletin of the WHO [23] Following Busvine’s initiative, W A Brown pub-lished tables of resistance cases for the WHO and other agencies in the 1950suntil the early 1970s These early ... different in that it remains during the summer only in hops and wild hops, stays close to thecrop, is monophagous and highly fecund, and is the most important pest in hops[30] These conditions are pointed ... failure.Factors used in deciphering a resistance report included the Whalon andMcGaughey definition of resistance [3], several intrinsic and extrinsic factors ofthe test itself [28], and the type of statistic

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Current printing (last digit): PRINTED ... gibberellin, and vitamins are included in the latter group, and their biotic origin and decomposition are examined in relation to claims that humic acids display hormone-like actions The section ... ignore or erase the achievements attained in the development of the many theories on humus By using the term SOM indiscriminately, one wouldn't know whether it is referring to the total soil organic...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... fouling the water supply in the Lake Waco area, the Playa lakes in the high plains, and east Texas Sitting right on top of the recharge zones of the Paluxy, Trinity and Ogallala aquifers, these ... Sumatra and Papua running between the vast expanses of peat deposits, to the rivers, lakes and marshes in central Africa, Scandinavia and the tundras in the arctic region Many of the coastal plain ... during the years, has set the stage for the development of the concepts and types of humic substances followed today It triggered in the beginning a flurry of investigations and the ligno-protein theory...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... as the melanoidin pathway or Maillard's reaction Sugar and amino acid form the starting points, instead of lignin or phenol and quinone, as is the case in the lignoprotein and phenol-protein theories, ... Thiamin, riboflavin, nicotinic acid or niacin, vitamin B,, biotin and pantothenic acid are examples of vitamin B This B complex also includes aminobenzoic acid and inositol Since these vitamins are produced ... lignin, protein, and cuticular material are detected in the humic acid structures by the authors The ligno-protein theory envisages lignin units entering into reactions with amino acids forming the...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... percentages on the composition of these substances and on the role they play in molecular structure He has used them for the determination of molecular weights and formulas, and in distinguishing two ... Unfortunately, the differences in opinion has polarized the scientific community, resulting in a division into two groups, with one group firmly believing in and the other highly critical about the existence ... on lignin monomer units have been proposed by Flaig (1967) and Steelink (1985) Flaig has studied the disintegration of lignin into the simpler monomers, and their further disintegration into smaller...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... cm-') In the group frequency region, the principal bands may be assigned to vibration units that consist of only two atoms to a molecule In the fingerprint region, single bond stretching and bending ... similar in structure may absorb similarly in the group frequency region, but will show differences in absorption in the fingerprint region Notwithstanding the many arguments on the usefulness of infrared ... Steelink (1964 )and Steelink and Tollin (1967)were perhaps the first who tried to apply ESR methods to show paramagnetism in humic acids owing to the presence of semiquinones and hydroxy-quinones...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... role in the decomposition of rocks and minerals (Sprengel, 1826) Since then, conflicting arguments have been presented as to the effectiveness ofthese acids in rock and mineral weathering Mainly ... pairs to the metal ion The latter is usually a metal in the series of transition metals The ligand, therefore, fits the definition of a Lewis base and the metal is then the Lewis acid The compound ... other interpretations are presented in the literature, and the stability constant is, for example, understood by other scientists to provide an index of the affinity of the cation for the ligand...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... the perpetual movement of organic carbon from the air into the soil and back into the air It is nature's way of cleaning the environment by recycling organic waste (Tan, 2000) In principle, the ... penetration, and may cause damage to plant roots The effect of humic acid as discussed above by interacting with the expanding clay is noted in mollisols to reduce the extent of shrinking and swelling ... negatively charged, they are carrying, in other words, excess electrons On the other hand, the quinoid or quinone units in a humic molecule are usually assumed to be phenol structures in the oxidized...

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 12:21

... including α particles and neutrons Their effects in the upper atmosphere lead to nuclear interactions with nitrogen and oxygen atoms and molecules resulting in the production of 14C and 7Be and ... to the nuclear energy industry in the transport of fuel rods and the reprocessing and disposal of spent fuel rods In many instances spent uranium fuel rods are allowed to sit in interim cooling ... plants during photosynthesis As herbivores and omnivores ingest plants for food, the 14C is carried throughout the food chain, ultimately labeling all living things on the surface of the planet...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... of 137Cs in the vicinity of the point of release Predicted situation 24 hours from the beginning of the release The point of the release is the site of the Chernobyl nuclear power plant The source ... point in h FIGURE 3.2 Example of the maps of 137Cs ground deposition in the vicinity of the point of release as a function of the time from the beginning of release The point of release is the ... released from the solid matrix and escape from the mineral grain into the pore space These radon atoms are then transported by diffusion and advection, and are either decayed or released to the atmosphere...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... the aquifers feeding their waters into the analyzed river as well as the soil types in the river basins and their drainage area are important factors in the levels of uranium in dissolution in ... correlated with the increase in the gradient of salinity due to the mixture of fresh- and saltwater In this case, and because of the low concentrations of 226Ra in the marine environment, the 226Ra concentration ... imaginary, but it is true that the major part of the atmosphere resides in the troposphere, and the relevant processes and changes governing the weather take place in it The troposphere and stratosphere...

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20