balancing user effort and translation error

... ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 TAXES, USER CHARGES AND THE PUBLIC FINANCE OF COLLEGE EDUCATION ... finance) and tuition (user charge finance) in the state financing of higher education. State universities across U.S. states are very different among themselves especially in terms of user charges, ... user charges, public finances, and qualities. In this study, we consider only the State Regime in which the state government decides the user charge, head tax, and expenditure, taking the minimum

Ngày tải lên: 30/03/2014, 01:20

... to authenticate users and allow users to log or block users logged into the system Suppose that there are management and user and password processing components for each user We have ... parameters: username, password and button Besides, the software requirements of this dialog are: A text box allows you to type user name: allows the user to enter registered user name Each user ... generating test case from GUI and software requirements for specific examples, and support tool. After researching and testing, in Conclusion, we give some comments and summarize on automatically

Ngày tải lên: 12/04/2014, 15:43

... autoimmunity: implications in pathophysiology and translation to human disease d'Hennezel et al d'Hennezel et al Journal of Translational Medicine 2010, 8:113 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/8/1/113 ... and peripheral CD4+ T cells in humans and mice, and arise during normal thymic lymphocyte development T reg cells are characterized by the constitutive expression of the IL-2Ra chain (CD25) and ... Treg defect, and in turn, mark the transition to d’Hennezel et al Journal of Translational Medicine 2010, 8:113 http://www.translational-medicine.com/content/8/1/113 overt autoimmunity; and 2) the

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 16:20

... treated for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hrs with TNFa (100 u/mL) and/or IFNg (200 u/mL), and in cultured HUVEC (bottom panels) treated for 0,4,8,12, and 24 hrs with TNFa (100 u/mL) and/or IFNg (200 u/mL) ... Biologics, Inc., Portland, OR, and grown in Medium 200 containing 1% or 2% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Cascade Biologics, Inc., Portland, OR) For the experiments detailed below, both HAEC and HUVEC at 2nd ... Quantification of F11R mRNA in HAEC and HUVEC by real-time PCR HAEC and HUVEC endothelial cells were grown to con-fluence and treated with cytokines at various times and doses The treated cells were

Ngày tải lên: 18/06/2014, 19:20

... sequences Foreman and Carphone, coded at 10 frame/s (fps), and the CIF sequence Paris, coded at 30 fps of 100 and 300 frames were considered for the QCIF and employing a uniform bit error model, was ... the packet error rate The scheme was optimized for 10% packet error rate and tested for various packet error rates of slice groups enables the application of less powerful RS codes, and thus, ... as “high,” “medium,” and “low” 1 The term neighboring refers to both the spatial and the temporal do-mains Thus, slices from the current and the previous frames are used for error concealment.

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2014, 23:20

... used to train the translation model can be used to increase the coverage of statistical machine translation by adding translations of pre- viously unseen words and phrases. If the translation of ... of automatic evaluation of translation quality, and show that the current standard evaluation methodology cannot be guaranteed to correlate with human judgments of translation quality. Whereas ... machine translation group and allowed us to form a coherent whole. He has been a wonderful collaborator and I value the time that I had to work with him. v • I owe much to the other outstanding

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... machine translation, detailing the extent of the problem and the behavior of current systems. The chapter discusses how paraphrases can be used to expand the translation options available to a translation ... paraphrasing: multiple translations, comparable corpora, and monolingual corpora Sources for multiple translations include different translations... definition of paraphrases By and large most current ... a number of efforts have examined sentential paraphrases or large paraphrasing templates (Ravichandran and Hovy, 20 02; Barzilay and Lee, 20 03; Pang et al., 20 03; Dolan and Brockett,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... from i, and the lengths l and m ofthe English and foreign sentences trans-Table 2.1: The IBM Models define translation model probabilities in terms of a number of parameters, including translation, ... phrase translation probability, a reverse phrase translation probability,lexical translation probability, a reverse lexical translation probability, a word penalty, a phrase penalty, and a distortion ... expanded to phrases Phrase-based statistical machinetranslation (Och and Ney, 2002; Koehn et al., 2003) uses larger segments of humantranslated text By increasing the size of the basic unit of translation,

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... alignment quality, word sense and context – and show... to generate French and Spanish paraphrases While the main focus of this thesis is on the generation of lexical and phrasal paraphrases, ... and the questions that are presented to judges when they evaluate translation quality We adapted these... Most 3 = Much 2 = Little 1 = None Fluency How do you judge the fluency of this translation? ... Incomprehensible Figure 4. 1: In machine translation evaluation the following scales are used by judges to assign adequacy and fluency scores to each translation tuted into the original context

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... use a trigram language model and thus only caredabout the two words preceding e1, which we denote w−2 and w−1, and the twowords following e1, which we denote w+1 and w+2 We then choose the bestparaphrase ... languagemodeling toolkit (Clarkson and Rosenfeld, 1997) nur, which were aligned with the original phrases concentrate on, turn to, and other than in some loose translations) Including instances ... controlling for word sense, and integrating a language model Summary results are given in Tables 4.7 and 4.8 Table 4.6 gives a set of example paraphrases extracted from the gold standard ments Even without

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... introduce translations of unknown words and phrases is to expand the phrase table. After adding the translations for words and phrases they may be used by the decoder when it searches for the best translation ... variation in translation, and by presenting a method for targeted manual evaluation. 95 [...]... unambiguous and occur in the fixed order (Levenshtein, 1 966 ) In translation, on the other hand, there ... parsers for Maltese, ruling out Lin and Pantel’s method. There are not ready sources of multiple translations into Maltese, ruling out Barzilay and McKeown’s and Pang et al.’s techniques. It is

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... by examining the weight assigned to it in minimum error rate train-ing (MERT), and by repeating the experiments summarized in Tables 7.6 and 7.7 anddropping the paraphrase probability feature function ... the search for the besttranslation when paraphrases are integrated experi-In the next chapter we review the contributions of this thesis to paraphrasing andtranslation, and discuss future directions ... togive the translation model additional information which it can use to choose the besttranslation If a paraphrase had a very low probability, then it may not be a goodchoice to use its translations

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... machine translation The tablesshow example translations produced by the baseline system and by the paraphrasesystem when their translation models are trained on various sized parallel corpora.The translation ... thirteen years ago 0.917Trang 17to the candidates themselves to the candidates themselves 0.778Trang 18wake up to this situation wake up 0.278Trang 19Example TranslationsThis Appendix gives a number ... 20,000, 40,000,80,000, 160,000 and 320,000 sentence pairs (as described in Section 7.1) In addition to the MT output we provide the source sentences and reference translations The bold text is

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 17:20

... two parts: B' and B" The black and white boxes correspond to the B' and B" parts of the gene, respectively S and F represent the split and fusion event hypotheses of the B' and B" parts ... transcription and translation datasets Figure 2 Unrooted maximum likelihood (ML) phylogenetic trees obtained from the transcription and translation datasets (a) Transcription; (b) translation The ... resulting from the transcription and translation datasets (hereafter referred to as the 'transcription tree' and the 'translation tree') are shown in Figure 2a and 2b, respec-tively The same topologies

Ngày tải lên: 09/08/2014, 20:21

... and translation in a lentiviral vector Alper Yilmaz 1,5 , Soledad Fernandez 3,4 , Michael D Lairmore 1,2,4,5 and Kathleen Boris-Lawrie* 1,2,4,5 Address: 1 Center for Retrovirus Research and ... contain SNV PCE and the CMV IE transcriptional enhancer and are designated U3-Luc, PCE-Luc, and IE-U3- Luc and IE-PCE-Luc, respectively. The vectors were transfected into 293 cells and two days ... annealed and ligated a the XhoI site in each vector and then NdeI- SpeI fragment that contains SNV U3RU5-Luc and SNV RU5-Luc from pSNVRU5luc and pSNVluc [17] was inserted to create PCE-Luc and U3-Luc,

Ngày tải lên: 13/08/2014, 09:21

... particular, we and others failed to detect a RPA or a SSB homolog in Pyrob- aculum aerophilum [28,29] and this study) and a Cdc6/Orc1 homolog in Methanopyrus kandleri ([30,31] and this study). ... are heteromultimeric proteins), including RFC (RFC-s and RFC-l), primase (PriS and PriL), the PolD holoenzyme (DP1 and DP2), and Topo VI (A and B subunits). We did not detect any obvious trend ... encoding NudF and TFS co-localize with those encoding PCNA and PriL in Methanosarcinales, and with those encoding PCNA and Gins15 in Methanobacteriales (Fig- ure 2b). Remarkably, in M. kandleri, which

Ngày tải lên: 14/08/2014, 08:21

... exchange experience and expertise regarding translation curricula in Poland and abroad, the Department of Translation Theory and Practice, part of the Chair of English Language and Applied Linguistics ... COMPUTER-ASSISTED TRANSLATION AND LOCALIZATION: A PROJECT BASED APPROACH F IORENZA MILETO AND LUIGI MUZII Introduction Tell me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Let me do and I understand. ... institutions within Poland and across Europe. The contributions talk about the challenges and solutions in a translation and interpreting classroom by combining theory and practice, hence allowing

Ngày tải lên: 16/09/2014, 23:11

... coverage of statistical machine translation by adding translations of pre-viously unseen words and phrases If the translation of a word was not learned, but a translation of a synonymous word ... machine translation,detailing the extent of the problem and the behavior of current systems Thechapter discusses how paraphrases can be used to expand the translation optionsavailable to a translation ... statistical translationwhen paraphrases are included It decribes the data used to train the paraphraseand translation models, the baseline translation system, the feature functionsused in the baseline and

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2014, 17:00

... 0.3µA standby  Industrial, 90nm  242µA/MHz, 0.2µA standby  Automotive & Industrial, 90nm  600µA/MHz, 1.5µA standby  Automotive & Industrial, 65nm  500µA/MHz, 35µA deep standby Trang ... Trang 1Capacitive Touch Based User Interfaces and Hardware-based SolutionsTrang 2Renesas Technology & Solution PortfolioTrang 3Microcontroller and Microprocessor Line-up44 DMIPS, True ... Tracking counts vs timeTouch…Analog to Digital ‘Counts’ Trang 25 Control, Status, and Error Management Measurement and Sequencing/Scanning  Noise Countermeasure  Data transfer Status decoder Timing

Ngày tải lên: 22/06/2015, 14:04

... 0.285 4 Clip and turn collar 0.223 5 Crease collar 0.381 6 Top stitch collar 7 Run stitch (R/s) collar band 0.291 8 Crease collar band 0.317 9 Insert collar in neck band 0.799 10 Turn and crease ... 4A> ,,?-,.CD7+  [...].. .LINE BALANCING AND PRODUCTION there are 3 rules for balancing • • • have at least ½ hour of wip for each operation Solve ... OPERATION STANDARD ALLOWED MINUTES OF EACH Step 2 Operational breakdown and setting the Target... report The inventory levels by operation Production boards Stop watch Calculator Line balancing

Ngày tải lên: 26/07/2015, 23:34