advances in erbium doped fiber amplifiers

... hệ thống thông tin quang có ưu điểm vượt trội so với thông tin cáp kim loại như suy hao truyền dẫn thấp, dung lượng truyền cao, ít bị ảnh hưởng của nhiễu điện từ và hoạt động tin cậy hơn.Tuy nhiên, ... khuếch đại quang trong hệ thống thông tin quang là: Khuếch đại công suất (booster) để tăng công suất quang vào đường truyền. Khuếch đại trên tuyến (in line) để thay thế các bộ lặp quang - điện ... đại quang sợi pha tạp đất hiếm Er 3+ (EDFA)Khuếch đại quang sợi pha tạp đất hiếm Er 3+ ( Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier - EDFA ) là phương pháp khuếch đại quang trực tiếp trên đường truyền mà không

Ngày tải lên: 10/03/2023, 14:05

... Paclitaxel-eluting stent have similar clinical efficacy • Differences in late loss may not be clinically significant • Although infrequent, late stent thrombosis remains a key concern • Innovations in ... a closer look!I’m not sure if he is seeing it! Trang 18Late loss (mm) in-stent late loss in-segment late loss Trang 19Late loss (mm) in-stent late loss in-segment late loss Trang 20Late Loss: ... Ribozyme Batimastat Prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors Halofuginone C-proteinase inhibitors Probucol BCP671 VEGF Estradiols NO donors EPC antibodies Biorest Advanced coatings Many agents have multiple actions

Ngày tải lên: 26/01/2013, 11:02

... Trang 1Advances in Biochemical Engineering/ Biotechnology, Vol 70 Managing Editor: Th Scheper © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 John M Woodley The Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, ... Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK Enzyme technology has been a recognised part of bioprocess engineering since its inception in the 1950s and 1960s In ... became the first in a valuable series of Enzyme Engineering meetings held under the Trang 3auspices of the Engineering Foundation (now United Engineering Foundation) These biannual meetings, which

Ngày tải lên: 23/10/2013, 17:20

... process, making it relational, by definition • Relationship marketing is a dominant paradigm of marketing practice (Dwyer, Schurr and Oh 1987; Morgan and Hunt 1994) – It emerged in the B2B ... theory….Whole Network…Software tools (e.g UCINET and KRACKplot) • Contemporary marketing researchers tend to examine specific marketing outcomes related to influence in social networks – Psychometric ... Restructuring •Business Unit Identity •Inertia of Social Structure •Manager Beliefs The socio-cognitive perspective inserts cognition into the structural perspective, to better explain outcomes

Ngày tải lên: 24/10/2013, 20:15

... has to be transmitted in the network, as proposed in this work Another advantage observed in this work is the integration of Diffserv as being the integrator in QoS mapping, since it is applied ... Vg meeting R8 The radius of the destination area is selected randomly and satisfies the rules explained in Step 1 For each node in the group, it randomly selects a point in the group destination ... are also introduced in this paper: the Topology Independent Policy that creates replicas according to an exponentially de- creasing probability (creating more replicas at the beginning of the

Ngày tải lên: 10/12/2013, 14:15

... Distributed Processing of Continuously Moving Queries on Moving Objects in a Mobile System Ling Liu Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery DBDC: Density Based Distributed Clustering Eshref Januzaj, ... tional origins and information systems engineering aspects have received scant attention The development within the GRID community of the W3C-inspired OGSA indicates a willingness to move in a direction ... Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com Berlin Heidelberg Trang 6The 9th International Conference on Extending Database Technology, EDBT 2004, was held in Heraklion, Crete, Greece, during March

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... and enabling a single linear access of the upper-level index for anyquery point In addition, to avoid rollback operations in the lower-level index, we try to maintain each grid cell in a size ... sorted according to the x-dimension since the grid cell is flat Given a query point shown in the figure, nine objects are broken into two lists, with one containing to and the other containing to The ... watermark. Trang 20Fig 1 Data and Index Organization Using the Interleaving Techniquefor broadcasting along with the data objects [8] By first examining the index information on air, a mobile client

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... approaches in query processing for moving object trajectories In VLDB, 2000. S Prabhakar, Y Xia, D V Kalashnikov, W G Aref, and S E Hambrusch Query indexing and velocity constrained indexing: Scalable ... other indexing structures and algorithms for handling moving object positions are suggested in the literature [17,15,9,2,4,18] There are two main points where our work departs from this line of ... queries in [10] This is a low level definition In contrast, our definition of moving queries is at end-user level, which includes the notion of a focal object Second, the work done in [10] indexes

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... example, in a movie database, we may be interested in discovering clusters of directors or actors, which in turn could help in improving the classification of movie tuples Given the joint distribution ... the clusters All remaining tuples of the data set are placed in one of the clusters such that, at each step, the increase in the entropy of the resulting clustering is minimized For the experiments, ... distribution that value induces on the values in à For some is the fraction of the tuples in T that contain and also contain value Also, for some is the fraction of tuples in T that contain the value Table

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... preserving data mining of multi-dimensional data Previous work for privacy preserving data mining uses a perturbation approach which reconstructs data distributions in order to perform the mining ... implicit assumption of treatmin-ing each dimension independently In many cases, a lot of relevant information for data mining al-gorithms such as classification is hidden in the inter-attribute correlations ... following information is maintained about each group of records For each attribute we maintain the sum of corresponding values The corresponding value is given by We denote the corresponding first-order

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:15

... bisimilarity of nodes Depending on the application, the index definition scheme can be used to define special indexes (e.g 1–Index, A(k)–Index, D(k)–Index [22], F&B–Index) where k is the maximum ... dimensionality, an intrinsic problem in skyline queries, we propose a novel sampling scheme that allows to get an early impression of the skyline for subsequent query refinement. 1 Introduction In times ... defined subset of paths starting at the root APEX [6] is constructed by utilizing Trang 10data mining algorithms to summarize paths that appear frequently in the queryworkload The Index Definition

Ngày tải lên: 14/12/2013, 15:16

... February, 2011 Printed in India A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org Advances in Optical Amplifiers, ... growth mode Ustinov (2003) Spontaneously growing QDs are said to be self-assembling SK growth has been investigated intensively for InAs on GaAs, InP on GaInP, and Ge on Si structures Ustinov (2003) ... scattering processes have been used for amplification in fibres: stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) Brillouin amplification, which provides gain within a very...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... saturation output power depends inversely on the optical confinement factor, the single pass gain can be maintained by reducing this coefficient or by increasing the amplifier length This process ... heating (CH) are at the origin of the fast dynamics of the SOAs They change the carrier distribution in the conduction band The main nonlinear effects involved in the SOAs, having for origin carriers ... active region In the linear operating regime, the SOA output polarization remains nearly independent of the input power However, within the saturation regime, a self-induced nonlinear rotation...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... converters based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifiers operating in the 52 Advances in Optical Amplifiers counter propagating mode, Proceedings of IEE Optoelectronics, ... applying this formalism in a nonlinear equation, separating the dc- from the perturbingequation terms and neglecting all higher order perturbing terms, two distinct linear equations are obtained: ... respective MZI arms, enabling again for their individual tuning of their power levels prior injected into the SOAs However, the two control signals are now coinciding in time, whereas an additional...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... Domain Multiplexing systems (OTDM), result in severe modulation of gain bearing majority carriers leading to undesirable cross talk in case multiple channels are introduced into the SOA (Inoue, ... traveling wave amplifiers has pointed out that the most dominant source of FWM in SOAs is the creation of gain and index gratings through the periodic modulation of the injected carriers in the ... Forwarding Chip in InP for All-Optical Label Switching," in A Frequency Domain Systems Theory Perspective for Semiconductor Optical Amplifier - Mach Zehnder Interferometer Circuitry in Routing and...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... Dienes et al., 1996), including the real part of the instantaneous nonlinear Kerr effect as a single nonlinear index n2 and by adding the two-photon absorption (TPA) term we obtain the MNLSE for the ... signal is obtained It also improved the conversion efficiency In this scheme A Wiberg used HNLF instead of SOA, as we know the FWM in SOA has the following advantages against in HNLF: a In order to ... 118 Advances in Optical Amplifiers injected into SOA Many researchers also investigated what will happen if they inject three signals (two of them are pump signals, another is probe signal) into...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... such as GaAs/AlGaAs, InP/InGaAs, InP/InGaAsP and InP/InAlGaAs Such amplifiers are often used in telecommunication systems in the form of fiber- pigtailed components, operating at signal wavelengths ... heating (CH), spectral-hole burning (SHB) and their dispersions, including the recovery times in an SOA (Hong et al., 1996) We also considered the gain spectrum (as shown in Fig 1) The gain in ... after sending signal (b) with chirp (c) through filter plotted in (d) Dashed lines in (a), (b) and (c) indicate the time positions of the input three pulses 160 Advances in Optical Amplifiers...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... the index-gain coupling is canceled out In order to benefit from the enhancement of the gain and index gratings by the index-gain coupling, Xue et al (2008) analyze an architecture including an ... Sahin, A.; Yan, L; Yu, C.; Willner, A (2006) In- line chromatic dispersion 14 178 Advances in Optical Amplifiers Advances in Optical Amplifiers monitoring using optically-added phase-modulated in- band ... we study the in uence on the shape and spectrum of input signal 170 Advances in Optical Amplifiers Advances in Optical Amplifiers pulses in a semiconductor optical amplifier in theory In our study,...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... performance gains are achieved by running increasing numbers of moderate speed circuits in parallel A bottleneck is now emerging in the interconnection network As interconnection is increasingly performed ... individual fiber spools and field installed fiber spans Figure summarises many of the leading reports into signal degradation with increasing number of SOAs Data points are included for a pioneering ... variables may be approximated by one linear gain term Glinear = g ( τsI/eV – N0 ) A general expression for gain G may thus be defined in terms of a linear gain Glinear, photon density P and a photon...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20

... designed for surrounding light feedback, formed a lens in the optical fiber tip, and coupled the fiber 232 Advances in Optical Amplifiers containing the FBG to the SOA, thus constructing a “negative ... an intensity varying in response to a variation in the intensity of that input light Characteristically, the intensity variation of the spontaneous emission lights are 236 Advances in Optical Amplifiers ... a non-inverting amplifier, since the output is in phase with the input In addition, the non-inverting amplifier of the electronics is provided a voltage gain of not lower than 1, the gain is...

Ngày tải lên: 19/06/2014, 23:20