voyages in english - writing and grammar - student's book 3

1.3 Question Words 1.4 Commands 1.5 Exclamations 1.6 Kinds of Sentences 1.7 Subjects 1.8 Predicates 1.9 Combining Subjects and Predicates 1.10 Combining Sentences 1.11 Run-on Sentences

1.3 Question Words

1.4 Commands 1.5 Exclamations

1.6 Kinds of Sentences

1.7 Subjects 1.8 Predicates 1.9 Combining Subjects and Predicates 1.10 Combining Sentences

1.11 Run-on Sentences

Sentence Review

Sentence Challenge

1.1 Sentences

The pretzels were hard and salty

My friends and | liked the pretzels

The bag of pretzels is now empty

To find the subject, ask yourself who or what is doing something

or being some way? To find the predicate, ask what is the subject

doing or how is the subject being? To find a sentence, make sure

there is a subject and a predicate

Which of these word groups are sentences?

A The tall apple trees

B The apple tastes good

C My sister picked apples

D Were left in the bowl You are right if you said that B and C are sentences

Each one expresses a complete thought Each has

a subject and a predicate

A and D are not sentences They do not express

complete thoughts A doesn’t have a predicate

D doesn't have a subject

EXERCISE 1 Tell which of these word groups are sentences Tell which are not sentences

1 Our class enjoyed its visit to the zoo

2 A huge gray elephant

3 Eating food from a bucket

2 © Section 1.1

5 The lion was chewing a bone

6 We couldn’t count the leopard’s spots

7 The giraffe's long legs

8 The keeper fed the seals

9 Swimming under the water

10 | liked the monkeys best

11 We enjoyed the striped zebras

12 Were swinging from branch to branch

EXERCISE 2 Match each group of words in Col

with a group of words in Column B to make a sente:

1 At the circus, clowns galloped around the

2 Eight brown horses wore funny costume

3 Several acrobats raised its trunk

4 A baby elephant Đôi walked on their hat

EXERCISE 3 These groups of words are

not sentences Add subjects or predicates

to make them sentences

1 went to the zoo last week

2 saw a tall giraffe

3 some children

4 counted the penguins on the rocks

5 gave the seals food

6 dove into the water after the food a

8 workers at the zoo Imagine you are at the 2

9 roared and walked back and forth 200 Choose three of

11 laughed at the monkeys sentence about each

1.2 Statements and Questions

Some sentences tell things A telling sentence is called a statement A statement ends with a period (.)

There are many animals in the zoo

The lions are sleeping under a tree

Some sentences ask things

question A question ends with a question mark (?)

Do you like to go to the zoo?

What do the lions eat?

EXERCISE 1 Match each question in Column A with an

answer in Column B Then rewrite them Add question marks

at the end of questions Add periods at the end of statements

1 What is your favorite animal | go there in the summer

2 When do you go to the zoo | like snakes the best

3 Where do you see snakes Only the zookeeper feeds them

4 Who feeds the animals | see them at the reptile house ao

EXERCISE 2 Rewrite the sentences Add periods at the end of statements Add question marks at the end of questions

1 Many people work at a zoo

2 What does a zoo veterinarian do

3 Veterinarians take care of sick animals

4 Do zookeepers feed the animals

5 They feed the animals and clean the cages

6 How do volunteers help at a zoo

7 Some volunteers lead tour groups through the zoo

8 Would you like to be a zookeeper

1 How many uses can be used to make kitty litter

2 Many people enjoy peanut butter

3 Alot of food are there for peanuts?

4 Peanut shells Sip contains peanuts

EXERCISE 4 Write an answer for each

question Make sure your answer is a

complete sentence Begin with My or I as shown after each question Put a period

at the end of each sentence

EXAMPLE Do you like corn on the cob? (|)

| like corn on the cob

1 How old are you? (I)

2 Do you have any brothers or sisters? (I)

3 What is your favorite sport or activity? (My)

4 What is your favorite kind of ice cream? (My)

5 Do you like baseball? (|) -.3%

7 How do you get to school? (I)

8 What is your favorite holiday? (My)

EXERCISE 5 Write a question for each

answer Make sure your question is a complete sentence eput eat question APPLY IT NOW

with What do you Put a question mark Write four sentences

1 | eat apples for snacks about these things

2: | but my.books in.my backpacl statements or questions

3 | have pencils and paper in my desk 1 your favorite TV show

4 | do my homework after school 2 a good book you've read

3 a food you like

4 a food you dislike

Find the third ques

Sentences * 5

1.3 Question Words

Who is the president of the United States?

What did the president say in the speech?

When was the president elected?

Where does the president live?

Why is a president elected for four years?

How do we elect a president?

EXERCISE 1 Read each statement Complete the question

after each statement Use who, what, when, where, why,

or how

1 The president lives in the White House

lives in the White House?

2 The White House is located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue

is the White House located?

3 The first wedding at the White House was in 1812

was the first wedding held in the White House?

4 Central heating was installed in the White House in 1835

was installed in the White House in 1835?

5 The White House needed to be repaired because it was in bad condition

did the White House need to be repaired?

6 By fixing only the inside of the building, workmen

around 1950 kept its original look

did workmen keep its original look?

7 George Washington chose where the White House

would be built

chose where the White House would

be built?

8 The White House burned down in 1814

—— didthe White House burn down?

6 * Section 1.3George Washington

EXERCISE 2 Complete the questions with question words

Then match the questions in Column A with the answers in

Column B

1, — — year Was the White a Theodore Roosevelt named

House named? the White House

2 _ named the White b You can write your member

3 is it called the c Itis called the White House

to visit the White House?

EXERCISE 3 Write a question for each statement

Begin with the word or words given in parentheses

Put a question mark at the end of each question EXAMPLE The Vice President lives at Number One

Observatory Circle (Where does) T6 Hee, |

1 The president and the Cabinet meet in the Cabinet Room (Where do)

2 John Adams and Abigail Adams were the first residents of the

White House (Who)

3 The White House was first called the President's House (What was)

4, First Lady Abigail Fillmore started a library in the

White House in 1850 (When did)

5 Presidents entertain important guests by APPLY IT NOW

holding state dinners (How do) Think of a famous place,

6 Theodore Roosevelt hung moose heads in the such as the George

State Dining Room (What did) Washington Memorial, the

Z Theodore Roosevelt built the West Wing (Who) statue of Liberty, or the National Ai

8 The Oval Office was built in 1909 (When was) ˆ Museum, Wo

9 The president's staff works in the West Wing (Who) you like to know about

10 President Franklin D Roosevelt named his that place? Write four

Scottish terrier Fala, a Scottish word (What did) | questions Use who, what,

where, when, why, or how

[ T ut With an adult, research your famous place online

Sentences s* 7

1.4 Commands

©

8

Directions for playing a game are examples of commands

Take your turn

Select a card

Roll the number cube

Go to the next green square

When you give a command, it is polite to use

a person's name and please

Please do your homework, Katy

Open the window, please

Please have a seat right there

Follow me, please

Which of these sentences are commands?

A Have some juice, Gilly

B He finished the song

C Unwrap your gift

D Please blow out the candles

E Are we going to play games?

You are right if you said that A, C, and D are commands

They tell someone what to do Sentence B is a statement

Sentence E is a question

EXERCISE 1 Tell which of these sentences are commands }

1 | want to make bananas on a stick

2 Do you have the recipe?

3 Please hand it to me, Brad

Section 1.4

4 | need a banana, a flat stick, honey, and granola

5 First, peel the banana

6 Then cut it in half

7 Next, | need to put each half on a stick

8 Finally, roll the banana in honey and granola

9 Yum! It tastes good

10 Please give me a piece

EXERCISE 2 Change each sentence into a command

EXAMPLE You can learn how fast water evaporates from a fruit

Learn how fast water evaporates from a fruit

1 You need to get three apples, a balance scale, and some weights

2 You have to leave one apple whole

3 You should peel one apple

4 You have to cut the third apple into slices

5 You should leave the three apples out

on the table

6 You need to weigh the apples every day

for a week

Z You will find out how much water evaporates

8 You can try the experiment with other kinds

of fruit

EXERCISE 3 Write two commands for

each of these scenes Remember to start

each sentence with a capital letter and end

it with a period

1 You are the owner of a pet store Tell a

customer how to care for a pet

2 You are an art teacher Tell the class how to APPLY IT NOW

draw a house

Think of a game you

3 You are a crossing guard Tell the younger like to play Write four

children how to cross the street safely directions for playing the

game Use commands

Grammar

in Action “ Find a command on this pag Sentences * 9

1.5 Exclamations

What a lovely butterfly that is!

How noisy the parrots are!

Those tangled vines look like snakes!

An exclamation ends with an exclamation point (!)

Which of these sentences are exclamations?

A What lives in the rain forest

B Mammals such as monkeys and jaguars live there

C How amazing this rain forest is

D Wow, I'd love to live there

E Name two animals that live in the rain forest

You are right if you said that sentences C and D are exclamations

Each shows strong feeling Sentence A is a question Sentence B

is a statement Sentence E is a command

EXERCISE 1 What emotions do these exclamations express?

More than one answer may be correct

1 Wow, many plants and animals live in rain forests!

2 How beautiful the butterflies are!

3 Oh no, rain forests are disappearing rapidly!

4 Yikes, every second we lose an area the size of two football fields!

5 Great, many groups are trying to save the rain forests!

6 What important work they do!

7 How strange some rain forest animals are!

8 Gosh, rain forests are really hot and humid places!

10 © Section 1.5

EXERCISE 2 Tell which sentences need exclamation points

Tell what punctuation marks the other sentences need

1 What a magical place the rain forest is

2 Please stay on the path

3 Kapok trees can grow 150 feet tall

4 Oh, snakes really scare me

5 Did you see that butterfly flutter

6 How colorful the flowers are

7 Can you hear the chirping birds

8 We must save the rain forest

9 Hurry, it’s starting to rain

10 Do you have an extra umbrella

11 Ouch, | tripped on a root

12 Please help me up

13 Wow, | don’t ever want to leave the rain forest

14 We have to visit the rain forest again soon

Toucan

EXERCISE 3 Change these statements to exclamations Use

the word How or What to begin each sentence Use the correct

punctuation mark at the end of each sentence

EXAMPLE This bird is colorful

How colorful this bird is!

What a colorful bird this is!

2 The lizard is fierce ¬ Think of three thi

ink of three things

3 Sophia quickly ran down the path that caused you to have

5 This is an old tree a statement describing

6 That monkey looks happy the situation and an

exclamation for your

2 This part of the forest is dark Faacton

8 These flowers have large petals Example:

| aced the math test

I'm so happy!

Sentences * 11

1.6 Kinds of Sentences

What are the four kinds of sentences? aa Let’s review them

KIND OF SENTENCE WHAT IT DOES END MARK

Statement Tells something Period (.)

Question Asks something Question mark (?) Cocoa beans come

Exclamation Expresses a strong or a sudden feeling Exclamation point (!)

Each of these four sentences is a different kind

of sentence Can you name what kind each is?

A Do you like cake

B Chocolate comes from cocoa beans

C Mix the batter

D What a delicious cake you made

Youre right if you said sentence A is a question It asks

something Sentence B is a statement It tells about something (chocolate) Sentence C is a command It tells what to do Sentence

D is an exclamation It expresses a strong emotion (joy)

EXERCISE 1 Tell what kind each of the following sentences is

1 Do you like to cook?

2 | sometimes help my parents in the kitchen

3 What kinds of things do you do?

4 Karen, help me mix the dough

5 How wonderful the bread tastes!

6 Wash the dishes, James

2 Don't eat all the bread

8 Mom's bread is better than store bread

Cacao tree

12 ¢ Section 1.6

EXERCISE 2 Tell what kind each of the following sentences is Tell what

punctuation mark is needed at the end

of each sentence

1 | like to make cookies

2 Do we have chocolate chips

3 We have all the ingredients

4 What hard work stirring the dough is

5 Don’t touch the hot stove

6 When will the cookies be done

# How good the cookies smell

8 Please share the cookies with your sister

EXERCISE 3 Change each sentence to make it into

a statement, a question, a command, or an exclamation

1, The banana bread is in the oven

R LÊN UY adult, find a pancake recipe online

6 Put away the clean dishes

Write four sentences,

one of each type Use the correct punctuation

to end each sentence

Sentences * 13

The swim team practices Tuesday

In the first sentence, Mr Liu is the simple subject and also the complete subject In the second sentence, team is the simple subject The swim team is the complete subject because The and swim tell more about team

What is the complete subject in each of these sentences?

A The boy did the breaststroke

B Water splashed

C The excited students cheered loudly

D Our team’s swimmers won the meet

If you said The boy, Water, The excited

students, and Our team’s swimmers, you

are correct

What is the simple subject of each of those sentences? If you said

boy, water, students, and swimmers, you are correct Each subject

names a person or a thing

EXERCISE 1 Tell what the complete subject is

in each sentence

1 The swim team practiced every day

2 Sarub wanted to join the team

3 The coach watched Sarub in the pool

4 The determined boy finished his last lap

5 Other swimmers patted him on the back

6 The team members welcomed him

2 Athletes need to train for meets

8 The crowd roared for our team

9 Our team won!

10 A win always feels good

EXERCISE 2 Tell what the complete subject is in each sentence Then tell what the simple subject is

1 My brother swims every day

2 Luke belongs to the swim team

3 The coach chose my brother for the team

4 The team practices in the morning

5 The swimmers can swim very fast

6 Meets take place every month

Z The best swimmers go to the meets

8 Many spectators watch the meets

9 The people cheer the swimmers along

10 All the winners receive a lot of applause

EXERCISE 3 Finish each sentence with

a complete subject

EXAMPLE My friend clapped for the

other team

led the cheer

finished in first place

was too close to call

swam two laps of the pool

sentences that describe

what you see Underline the complete subjects

Example: The children paddle

in the shallow pool

Sentences * 15

1.8 Predicates

A sentence has a subject and a predicate

In the first sentence, cleaned is the simple

predicate In the second sentence, folded

is the simple predicate

What is the complete predicate in each

of these sentences?

A Mom dusted the shelves

B Dad and Joseph washed the dishes

C Maggie put her toys away

D The house looked nice

If you said dusted the shelves, washed the dishes, put her toys away, and looked

nice, you are correct

What is the simple predicate of each Ẳ é

of these sentences? You are correct if you said dusted, washed, put, and looked These

words tell what the subjects are or do EXERCISE 1 Tell what the complete predicate is

in each sentence

1 Luis helps at home

2 His dad gives him a list of chores

3 Luis’s sister has jobs too

16 © Section 1.8

She makes the beds

he vacuum cleaner broke

Mom fixed it

Luis dusts the furniture

He finds coins under the couch sometimes

he house smells of lemons

he family cleans every week

EXERCISE 2 Tell what the complete predicate is in

each sentence Then tell what the simple predicate is

EXERCISE 3 Finish each

sentence with a complete predicate

Luis's sister cleans her room every week

Mom vacuums the rugs

Luis sweeps the floor

he house looks wonderful

he children wash the car with their dad

on the weekend

Dad mows the lawn

All the family members work in the garden

he neighbors talk to the family

Many vegetables grow in the garden

he family picks tomatoes in August

complete predicates

Example: | wash windows

Sentences * 17

My tabby cat sits in the sun My tabby cat purrs softly

These sentences give information about the same subject—My tabby cat The predicates, however, are different—sits in the

sun and purrs softly The two sentences can be made into one

sentence by using the subject only once and combining the two predicates with the word and

My tabby cat sits in the sun and purrs softly

You can also combine two sentences when they have different

subjects but the same predicate

My tabby cat plays with string My kitten plays with string

These sentences have the same predicate—plays with string They

have different subjects, however—My tabby cat and My kitten

They can be combined by connecting the two subjects with and

and by using the predicate only once ene

My tabby cat and my kitten play with string

EXERCISE 1 Combine the predicates to make one sentence

1 The dogs barked The dogs howled

2 The doctor petted Rex The doctor spoke quietly

3 Rex looked sick Rex rested his head on his paws

4 The dog looked out of its cage The dog barked at the cat

5 The vet examined Rex The vet gave him a shot

6 Rex barked Rex put his head down

18 © Section 1.9

EXERCISE 2 Combine the subjects to make one sentence

1 Rex was sick Sparky was sick

2 Mom took Rex to the vet | took Rex to the vet

3 Two dogs were in the waiting room Two cats were

in the waiting room

4 A boy held a big cage A girl held a big cage

5 Dr Smith gave Rex a treat | gave Rex a treat

6 The vet looked at Rex The vet's assistant looked at Rex

7 The medicine helped Rex Rest helped Rex

8 The vet checked on Rex | checked on Rex

9 His treats pleased Rex His new toy pleased Rex

10 The vet felt happy about Rex | felt happy

about Rex

EXERCISE 3 Write complete sentences

with these compound subjects

1 Veterinarians and vets’ assistants

2 Animal shelters and rescue groups

3 Cats and dogs

5 Gerbils and hamsters : Use some of the words

below to help you write two sentences Each sentence should have two subjects or two

6 Canaries and parrots

EXERCISE 4 Write complete sentences

with these compound predicates

1, _ examine animals and give Subjects:

2 — — feed the animals and clean parrot canary

3 — — walk and feed the dog every day growl oan

4a Jumped onto the chair and fell asleep act ay

5, flew to its perch and chirped chatter fly

6 ran to the door and barked perch chirp

Sentences * 19

Two sentences: Father read softly

The children listened

Compound sentence: Father read softly, and the

children listened

Two sentences: Jim passes the library

Amy doesn't pass it

Compound sentence: Jim passes the library, but

Amy doesn't pass it

What two sentences were combined to make this compound sentence?

I'll study music, or maybe I'll play ball instead

The first word in the second part of the compound sentence

does not begin with a capital letter unless it is / or the name of a

person or place For example, in the compound sentence above,

maybe does not start with a capital letter

EXERCISE 1 Match each sentence in Column A with a

related sentence in Column B to make a compound sentence

1 Nonfiction books have a people today still like to tell

2 Biographies are stories b fiction books are made up

of people's lives, and c they are nonfiction books

3 Adventure stories have lots d the action is often scary

of action, and

4 Folktales are old, but

20 © Section 1.10

EXERCISE 2 Combine each pair of short sentences with a

comma and the word and or but to form a compound sentence

1 This book has many pages | read it in a week

2 Alex read Super Fudge The funny story about two brothers

made him laugh

3 The mystery was exciting Jenny couldn't stop reading it

Katie likes horses She would enjoy The Black Stallion

Rosa likes reading mysteries Cam Jansen is one of her

favorite characters

6 Charlotte's Web is a classic | haven't read it yet

2 The character Charlotte is a spider She helps a pig

8 Beverly Cleary created the funny character Ramona | haven't read

any books with Ramona

9 | saw a book with the funny title How to Eat Fried Worms | wanted

0 read it

10 Ina series of novels, Pippi Longstocking lives

with a horse and a monkey She doesn't live with

ier parents

EXERCISE 3 Complete the following to make

compound sentences Remember to include and,

but, or or

1 | might read a mystery,

2 The novel was long,

3 The story was interesting, Z

4 The biography was about Jackie Robinson,

5 | saw a film of the story,

6 | found an exciting adventure book,

7# | have a book of folktales, ‘ APPLY IT NOW

8 The library has a section of fiction books, Think about a book you

have read Write four

short sentences about that

10 The library is my favorite place, z Ki rii ni

compound sentence

9 Writers come to the library,

Sentences © 21

1.11 Run-on Sentences

Run-on sentences sometimes happen because two complete

sentences are separated with only a comma

Run-on sentence: It rained, | wanted to play outside

Compound sentence: It rained, but | wanted to play outside

Which sentence is a run-on?

A The sun came out, and | went outside

B I have a raincoat, it is yellow

C My umbrella is large It keeps me dry

You are right if you said B Sentence B has two complete sentences run together and joined by only a comma

Sentence A is two sentences linked together with

a comma followed by the word and Sentence A

is correct because both the comma and the word and are included

C is correct because there are two separate sentences that have proper punctuation Each sentence ends with a period

EXERCISE 1 Tell whether each sentence is a run-on

or a correctly combined sentence

1 Rain clouds rolled in, the sky turned dark

2 The teacher looked out the window, she frowned

3 The children must stay inside for recess, and they are sad

4 There is more to do outside, it is more fun

5 Most students play kickball, but some play basketball

6 It’s not raining hard, we have raincoats

22 © Section 1.11

Z You will get wet, you might catch cold

8 It will be sunny tomorrow, and we will go outside

9 | like sunny days best, Eric likes rainy days

10 Eric likes cold days, and he doesn’t like warm days

EXERCISE 2 Rewrite these run-on sentences

Add and, but, or or to make compound sentences

1 The day was hot, we decided to go to the beach

2 The beach was crowded, some people were sitting

under umbrellas

3 We wore hats, we put on sunscreen

4 The water was cold, we still went swimming

5 We played catch in the water, we played tag

6 The lifeguard watched the swimmers, we felt safe

# We enjoyed the water, we had a great time at

the beach

8 We were tired, we were happy with our day

EXERCISE 3 Rewrite the run-on sentences

in Exercise 1 as compound sentences

EXERCISE 4 Choose one group of

run-on sentences Then rewrite them

as compound sentences

A The thunder clapped loudly, it shook the (

house, the little boy began to cry, his mom APPLY IT NOW

said it was only a storm, he didn’t like the

dark, she turned on a lamp, the boy fell asleep,

the light kept his brother awake

Think about what you

did this morning Write

four sentences without

B There was a big storm, the lights went out, any punctuation or

trees had fallen, they had brought down connectors Exchange

the electrical wires, Dad made a fire in the papers with a partner

fireplace, we played cards near the fire We Then add correct

expected the lights to come on soon, they punctuation and

didn’t come on until morning connectors to make the

sentences complete

Sentences * 23

Sentence Review

4D Tell which of these word

groups are sentences Tell

which are not sentences

1 Swimming with fins

2 A snorkel lets divers breathe

3 The snorkel sticks up out of

the water

4 a cool way to see fish

5 Snorkeling is easy to learn

®) Rewrite the sentences

Add a period or a question mark to the end of each

sentence

6 Ana likes to dance

7 Her parents are teaching her dances from Guatemala

8 Do you know how to dance

9 When did you learn to dance

10 Square dancing is an

American folk dance

E> Find the question word

in each sentence

11 Who is going to the party?

12 What are you going to wear?

13 Where is Stuart’s house?

14 Why is he having a party?

15 When does it start?

®® Tell whether each

sentence is a statement, a

question, or a command Then

rewrite each sentence Add a

period or a question mark to

the end of each sentence

16 Please go shopping with me

17 | need juice and eggs

18 Where did | put my wallet

19 Bring me my keys

20 Thanks for your help

GE» Rewrite the sentences Add a question mark or an exclamation point to the end

of each sentence

21 Wow, |'m finally tall enough

to ride the roller coaster

22 Do you want to ride with me

23 What an amazing view

24 Hang on tight

25 When does the park close

Xp Tell whether each

sentence is a statement, a

question, a command, or an

exclamation Then tell what

punctuation mark is needed at

the end of each sentence

26 Where is the newspaper

27 Please hand it to me

28 Wow, what a terrific article

29 My mom likes to read the

city news first

30 What a great photo

Tell what the complete subject is in each sentence

Tell what the simple subject is

31 My aunt is a vegetarian

32 A vegetarian is someone

who doesn’t eat meat

33 Sara doesn't eat beef,

poultry, or fish

34 Good food is important

for everyone

35 Sara's diet includes

vegetables and tofu

> Tell what the complete

predicate is in each sentence

Tell what the simple predicate is

36 My parents own a business

37 They make cowboy boots

38 My mom selects the leather

39 My dad creates the designs

for the boots

40 | have several pairs of these

beautiful boots

EE) Combine the subjects

or predicates to make one

43 The bike shop sells bikes

The bike shop repairs bikes

44, My sister took a class

My sister bought some tools

45 We polish our bikes

We decorate our bikes

GED Combine each pair of sentences with a comma and

the word and, but, or or to

form a compound sentence

46 My family went to Colorado

We tried skiing

47 | took a lesson My parents

already knew how to ski

48 | could take the chairlift

up the hill | could use the

tow rope

49 | was nervous The instructor

helped me feel better

50 | finished the lesson | skied

down a hill by myself

QED Tell whether each

sentence is a run-on or a

correctly combined sentence

Rewrite the run-ons to make them correct

51 We bought apples, Grandma

sliced them

52 | walked to the park, | saw

Grandpa

53 | watched him play chess,

and | asked if | could play

54 We went home, Grandma

had an apple pie ready

Go to www.voyagesinenglish.com

for more activifies

Sentences * 25

1.Do you like snow? ¿.AII the kids in my building love snow

3 Most of the adults hate snow 4 Last year we had 24 inches of

snow in one day! s People shoveled snow all day s The city plowed

the streets and salted the sidewalks 7 Then it got really cold!

s Everything froze, and we all stayed inside », What do you think

happened next? 10 In a few days, the sun came out, and most of

the snow melted 1 The storm was a real challenge 12 What a

big adventure we had!

Read the paragraph and answer the questions

1 What kind of sentence is sentence 1?

2 What kind of sentence is sentence 2?

3 Why is sentence 3 a statement?

4 What is the subject in sentence 5?

5 What is the complete predicate in sentence 5?

6 What kind of sentence is sentence 7?

7 What is the punctuation mark in sentence 7 called?

8 What two sentences were combined in sentence 8?

9 Which word is the question word in sentence 9?

10 What is the complete subject in sentence 11?

11 What kind of sentence is sentence 12?

12 What sentence has a compound predicate?

13 What sentences are compound sentences?

15 What is the simple subject in sentence 11?

26 © Sentence Challenge

2.2 Common and Proper Nouns

2.3 Singular and Plural Nouns 2.4 More Plural Nouns

2.5 Irregular Plural Nouns 2.6 Singular Possessive Nouns 2.7 Plural Possessive Nouns

2.8 Irregular Plural Possessive Nouns 2.9 Collective Nouns

2.10 Nouns as Subjects 2.11 Words Used as Nouns and as Verbs

Noun Review

Noun Challenge

27

2.1 Nouns

28

If you were taking a trip, you might see many different people,

places, and things

In the following sentence, can you tell whether each noun names

a person, a place, or a thing?

Arnold bought a ticket to Los Angeles

You are right if you said that Arnold names a person, ticket names

a thing, and Los Angeles names a place

Can you think of other people, places, and things? The words you think of are nouns

EXERCISE 1 Tell whether each noun is a person,

a place, or a thing

1 propeller 5 Hawaii 9 bus driver

2 travel agent 6 Z00 10 statue

¢ Section 2.1

EXERCISE 2 Use the nouns in the box to complete the sentences

principal children Dallas flowers

1 The _ play at the park

2 is a large city

3 We learned to swim at summer

4 He plays a in the school band

5 _is my younger brother

6 The bloomed in the garden

1 Dad cooked his famous chili in the

8 The —

EXERCISE 3 Tell what the nouns are in these sentences The number of nouns in each sentence

is in parentheses

1 Paolo visited New York City (2)

2 The Empire State Building was once

the tallest skyscraper (2)

3 The buildings were tall (1)

4 Mom saw a celebrity and got an autograph (3)

5 A guidebook has sights to see (2)

6 The guide knew cool facts about the city (3)

7 My lunch was a hot dog from a stand (3)

8 A boat moved up the river (2)

9 Margarita found the museum on the map (3)

10 The stores were packed with shoppers (2)

11 There were big crowds on the streets (2)

12 Times Square had many signs and lights (3)

Sử Type your sentences, using a computer

read the announcements over the loudspeaker

Imagine you are going on

a trip Write one sentence for each of the following:

1 Name a person who would

2.2 Common and Proper Nouns

In these two lists, which are common nouns and which are

The nouns in Column A name one member of a group of people,

places, or things They are common nouns

The nouns in Column B name specific people, places, or things

They are proper nouns Many proper nouns have more than one part, such as Elm Street and the Poppy Popcorn Company

Generally, every part of a proper noun begins with a capital letter

EXERCISE 1 Tell whether each of the following nouns is a common noun or a proper noun

1 Benjamin Franklin 9 continent

2 president 10 Mickey Mouse

3 Atlantic Ocean 11 Abraham Lincoln

EXERCISE 2 Name a proper noun for each common noun

EXAMPLE Common Noun Proper Noun

EXERCISE 3 Tell what the nouns are in each

sentence Then tell whether each is a common

noun or a proper noun The number of nouns in

each sentence is in parentheses

1 Many writers create interesting, young characters (2)

2 Ramona Quimby was created by Beverly Cleary (2)

3 Ramona has a sister called Beezus (3)

4 In the book Ramona Quimby, Age 8, the main

character is a third grader (4)

5 The story tells about her life at school and

6 Readers enjoy the funny events in the book (3) APPLY IT NOW

# In Third Grade Baby, a young student has Writelcentoncestwitt

8 Polly Peterson still has her baby teeth (2) questions:

9 Another student teases Polly about her 1 Where do you live? Tell a

2 On what street do you live?

10 But Polly has friends who help (2) Deccrive how imlocks

11 Jenny Meyerhoff is the author of the novel (3) 3 What is the name of

12 The library has many wonderful books and a neighbor? Tell one

neighbor

Nouns ¢ 31

2.3 Singular and Plural Nouns

I have one book, (singular)

Our library has many books (plural) The plural of most nouns is formed by adding -s to the singular

The plural of a noun ending in s, x, z, ch, or sh is formed by adding

-es to the singular

Which of these nouns are plural nouns?

A bushes B frogs C bug

You are right if you said that bushes and frogs are plural nouns

Bushes means more than one bush Frogs means more than one

frog Bug is singular and means one bug

EXERCISE 1 Tell whether each underlined word

is a singular or a plural noun

1 The family went to the ocean

2 They liked visiting beaches

3 The waves were really big

4 Mom read a magazine

5 John built castles in the sand

32 © Section 2.3

6 A gull flew overhead

7 Shells washed up on the shore

8 Lily put them in a box

9 She put the box in her room

10 The box sits by her jar of coins

ay,

EXERCISE 2 Write the plural for each singular noun

EXERCISE 3 Complete each sentence with the singular

or plural of the noun in parentheses

1 The (beach) were filled with people on the weekend

2 Many people were sitting under large (umbrella)

3 There were many (boat) on the water

4 My sister and | played on some _ (rock) near the ocean

5 Our (lunch) were in our cooler

6 We ate our (sandwich) in the picnic area

z Dad bought us tall (glass) of cold

lemonade

8 There was a (lifeguard) near APPLY IT NOW

10 Some (teen) were playing volleyball all the nouns and tell

if they are singular or plural Write an S above

each singular noun and a

P above each plural noun

Example:

Oceans contain salty water

2.4 More Plural Nouns

To make most nouns plural, you only need to add -s or -es to

the singular form of the nouns Some nouns that end in y are

different To form the plural of a noun ending in a consonant followed by y, change the y to iand add -es

What is the correct plural form of the word puppy?

B puppies

C puppyes

If you said B, you are right The word puppy

ends in a consonant followed by y To make puppy plural, change the y to i and add -es

For nouns ending in a vowel and y, you just

add -s, as with other nouns

EXERCISE 1 Find the nouns in each sentence Tell

whether each noun is singular or plural

1 Puppies frequently try to catch their own tails

2 My kitten likes to play with a mouse

3 That bunny has a fluffy tail

34 © Section 2.4

4 Guppies swim in the pond

5 Our ferrets like to sit on the couch

6 The bluebird eats wild blackberries

z Dad told stories about his many animals

8 Jamie called the dog

9 Gerbils play on the wheels in their cages

10 Those canaries sing constantly

11 The parrot with red and blue feathers can talk

12 Toys for the cat are in the boxes

EXERCISE 2 Write the plural for each singular noun

EXAMPLE Singular Plural

Write two sentences using

the plural of these words pastry cherry bakery quality

he page 248 excerp’

2.5 Irregular Plural Nouns

You should memorize these irregular plurals If you forget how to

spell an irregular plural, you can look it up in a dictionary

EXERCISE 1 Tell whether each noun is singular or plural

Some nouns may be both singular and plural

EXERCISE 2 Complete each sentence with the plural of the noun in parentheses

1, The went to the nature center (child)

2 Theyfedthe_— — — (goose)

3 Some animals had sharp _ (tooth)

4 The — pulled a cart (ox) —

5 We saw roaming in a field (deer)

6 The _ were white and woolly (sheep)

Z The center also had reptiles such as (turtle)

8 Black rat snakes are gray and sx_ — — long (foot)

9 Adozen_ —— — shared a cage (mouse)

1O Severa_— — — fed the animals daily (woman)

11 There is a lovely garden with_— — — (butterfly)

12 The center doesn't have any (monkey) 4,

13 There are four nature in our city (center)

14 When | grow up, | want to take care of in my job (animal)

EXERCISE 3 Write the plural for each singular noun

anu _ APPLY IT NOW

Use these words to write a

one-paragraph story about

a make-believe situation

| mouse mice

Nouns ° 37

2.6 Singular Possessive Nouns

| walked to a neighbor's house

Flowers grow in Amy's garden

Neighbor's house means that the house belongs to a neighbor

Amy's garden means that the garden belongs to Amy

You are right if you said Susan’ rake, Susan's hose, and Susans

seeds By adding an apostrophe and s (-') to the noun Susan,

you show that the rake, the hose, and the seeds belong to her

EXERCISE 1 Write the possessive form of these singular nouns

EXERCISE 2 Rewrite each of the following

to show possession

EXAMPLE The farmer owns a field

the farmer's field

1 The gardener planted a flower

2 Mr Shim has a rake

3 The helper found a watering can

4 The bee has a sting

5 A butterfly has colors

6 The rabbit was given a carrot

7 The child has a hoe

8 Gary bought roses

9 Iris grew eggplants

10 The girl has some seeds

EXERCISE 3 Complete each sentence with the

4

oe

possessive form of the noun in parentheses Then tell

what the owner possesses

EXAMPLE Rabbits ate lettuce (Mom)

1 We helped dig — — garden (Peter)

2 | picked my strawberries (grandmother)

3 _ vegetables grew quickly (Derek)

4, The rays beat down (sun)

5 The _ plants grew tall (gardener)

6 Our tomatoes are turning red (uncle)

7 My apples are still green (brother)

8 beanstalks are the tallest (James)

9 lettuce was eaten by rabbits (Sarah)

10 My yard has only flowers (aunt)

11 My — flowers are colorful (sister)

12, | like birdbath (Mr Robinson)