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Harness the Powerful New Features of SQL Server 2008 Whether you’re a database administrator or application developer, this in-depth guide is your key to delivering improved data collec

Harness the Powerful New

Features of SQL Server 2008

Whether you’re a database administrator or application developer, this

in-depth guide is your key to delivering improved data collection, storage,

re-porting, and security with SQL Server 2008 Mastering SQL Server 2008 brings

you up to speed on architecture, installation, and confi guration essentials,

before moving to the step-by-step instruction you need for more advanced

topics such as procedural programming, query optimization, how to use spatial

data, SQL Server in the NET world, and more

You’ll master the extensive toolset, explore useful third-party tools, and most

importantly, fi nd out how to choose and use the right SQL Server features for

the specifi c tasks you have

COVERAGE INCLUDES:

• Installing and confi guring SQL Server 2008

• Understanding SQL Server’s place within the Microsoft architecture

• Making data reliably and effi ciently available to your consumers

• Securing your data with SQL Server 2008’s new Transparent Data

Encryption feature

• Integrating XML technology into SQL Server

• Creating index architectures for maximum benefi t and minimum cost

• Exploring new geometry and geography data types for today’s businesses

• Maximizing data warehousing and business intelligence tools

Master the New Features

of SQL Server 2008

Migrate Smoothly from Other Major RDBMS to SQL Server 2008

Discover Practical Tools and Techniques, Whether You’re a Developer or Administrator

Implement and Optimize Security to Protect Your Data Resources

Learn in the Context of Real-World Scenarios and Tasks

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Michael Lee, MCT, MCITP, MCPD, SCJP, has been teaching SQL Server since 1995 Over the last 13 years, Michael has provided training

and consulting services in SQL Server and Enterprise Data Architecture to companies across the U.S and Europe Gentry Bieker, MCT,

MCITP, MCDBA, MCSE, has been a consultant, mentor, and trainer since 1998 He has been architecting, developing, and administering

SQL Server databases since version 6.0

Install, Confi gure, and Manage SQL Server 2008

Optimize, Troubleshoot, and Secure Your Database

Microsoft®

Mastering

Michael Lee

Gentry Bieker

Acquisitions Editor: Agatha Kim

Development Editor: Laurene Sorensen

Technical Editor: Acey Bunch

Production Editor: Christine O’Connor

Copy Editor: Kathy Grider-Carlyle

Production Manager: Tim Tate

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher: Richard Swadley

Vice President and Publisher: Neil Edde

Book Designer: Maureen Forys, Happenstance Type-O-Rama; Judy Fung

Compositor: Jeffrey Lytle, Happenstance Type-O-Rama

Proofreader: Scott Klemp, Word One

Cover Designer: Ryan Sneed

Cover Image: © Pete Gardner / Digital Vision / Getty Images

Copyright © 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-0-470-28904-4

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,

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Dear Reader,

Thank you for choosing Mastering SQL Server 2008 This book is part of a family of

premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching

Sybex was founded in 1976 More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to producing sistently exceptional books With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new standard for the industry From the paper we print on, to the authors we work with, our goal is to bring you the best books available

con-I hope you see all that reflected in these pages con-I’d be very interested to hear your comments and get your feedback on how we’re doing Feel free to let me know what you think about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at nedde@wiley.com, or if you think you’ve found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com Customer feedback is criti-cal to our efforts at Sybex

Best regards,

Neil Edde Vice President and Publisher Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley

To our students, who forced us to continually improve.

Every project of this size is always an intense collaboration This was certainly no exception It all starts with the wonderful team at Sybex This is the seventh project that I have worked on with the Sybex team, and I am always impressed by the work that they do Special thanks to Neil Edde, Pete Gaughan, and Agatha Kim for their magnificent work on managing this pro-cess Thanks also to our editor, Laurene Sorensen, who was able to merge our ideas together and help us to make the technical content actually readable And thanks to the production team

of Christine O’Connor, Kathy Grider-Carlyle, and Scott Klemp Acey Bunch was a spectacular technical editor; an accomplished author in his own right, he provided many insights on the content that proved invaluable and substantially improved the quality of the content Gentry Bieker, my coauthor on this project, was able to really capture the essence of SQL Server in the real world, something with which he has extensive experience The production team at Sybex is superb They were even able to take my hand drawings and turn them into real graphics, a true feat if you have ever seen my handwriting

Finally, on a personal note, my career in training and technology would never have taken off had it not been for a former mentor, Bob Taylor Other colleagues including Jon Hansen, Dale Byrd, Bryan Bechtoldt, Ken Sandlin, and Mike Mansfield have contributed so much to

my career and given me amazing support over the years Additionally, most of this work was written while I was employed at Aristocrat Technologies in Las Vegas, and I need to thank my colleagues and the management there for their support and input And of course, I need to offer special thanks to my family, my wife and son, who always pay the highest price for these proj-ects as I lock myself into the office every weekend to write They have been incredibly support-ive as the process continued week after week, and I could not have done it without them

Most importantly, thanks to you, the reader You are the reason for this project in the first place I hope that you find value in the pages Without you, we would not have had this incred-ible opportunity Your feedback is invaluable and will help make any future projects better and more relevant Good luck in your undertakings with SQL Server 2008 I wish you the best in your endeavors

—Michael Lee

I’m incredibly thankful for the level of support I’ve received from everyone while writing my portion of this book Thanks to Jennifer Hanner for all of the sacrifices she made, and the trips she allowed me to miss in order to complete this book, helping to keep me sane, and encourag-ing me to keep going through the process To Samantha and Joel, my children, who went on many trips and outings without me through during the writing process They made me smile, and reminded me that there is more to life than just a book To Joel: “Yes, I’m finally done with

my chapter!” To Michael Lee, who gave me this fantastic opportunity and introduced me to the process, and has always been patient and understanding in my learning about what it takes to put together a book of this size Thanks to the entire book team: Laurene Sorensen, Acey Bunch, Pete Gaughan, Agatha Kim, and Neil Edde I had an incredible amount of help and support from everyone I’ve encountered at Sybex and Wiley You have all given me a ton of respect for the process that goes into creating a book And to every one of my students (especially the dif-ficult ones), who helped me to make it to where I am today

—Gentry Bieker

About the Authors

Michael Lee (MCT, MCPD, MCITP, SCJP) has spent the last 15 years in technology training and consulting Most of his career has been spent working with companies and helping them ease the transition to new technologies and practices With a degree in Business Finance from the University of Utah, Michael discovered early that he enjoyed the IT aspects of business and built

a career bringing together businesses and IT professionals, helping them understand each other and improve communication

His beginnings in IT were a bit dubious, having worked as an intern with IBM in 1988 on the FAA modernization project (AAS), which has been dubbed one of the greatest project failures

in IT history A lot was learned from that experience, and since then, his focus has been ing together business and technology interests As a former Microsoft Regional Director, he was heavily involved in the rollout of Visual Studio 6.0 in 1997 and has made a career out of melding business and technology into a unified strategic front

bring-Currently, Michael is employed with the Clark County Court System in Las Vegas, Nevada where he still gets a chance to get his hands dirty with all kinds of technology, applying his pas-sion to the public sector When he is not coding, writing, or spending time with family, you can usually find him on his Harley, looking for that next great American Road

Gentry Bieker is a certified trainer, consultant, and mentor who has focused on SQL Server and related technologies for the last decade His experience spans from database design and tuning

to application development and enterprise application integration He has developed numerous presentations, classes, and sessions on SQL Server and many of the other Microsoft technolo-gies that work with SQL Server In addition to SQL Server, he also focuses on SharePoint and Microsoft CRM He has worked with customers in many industries, spanning from health care and insurance to casino gaming and manufacturing

As an energetic and passionate individual, he has found that turning massive amounts

of data into useful information is what gets him up in the morning He’s provided training, mentoring, and consulting services for many companies, large and small, including Microsoft, Unisys, and Kimberly-Clark In his spare time, he enjoys spending time with his children, jump-ing out of perfectly good airplanes, and gaming

Contents at a Glance

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1  •  Overview of Microsoft SQL Server 2008 1

Chapter 2  •  Understanding SQL Server Architecture 35

Chapter 3  •  Databases, Files, and Resource Management 65

Chapter 4  •  Tables and CRUD Operations 89

Chapter 5  •  Procedural Programming 133

Chapter 6  •  Managing Data Integrity 163

Chapter 7  •  SQL Server and XML 189

Chapter 8  •  Managing User Security 223

Chapter 9  •  Data Recovery 253

Chapter 10  •  Monitoring SQL Server Activity 283

Chapter 11  •  Using the SQL Server Agent Service 319

Chapter 12  •  Data Availability and Distribution 349

Chapter 13  •  SQL Server Data Security 389

Chapter 14  •  Indexing Strategies for Query Optimization 415

Chapter 15  •  Transactions and Locking 443

Chapter 16  •  Using the Resource Governor and Policy-Based Management 473

Chapter 17  •  SQL Server and the NET Client 503

Chapter 18  •  SQL Server and the Common Language Runtime 539

Chapter 19  •  Using Spatial Data 569

Chapter 20  •  Service-Oriented Architecture and the Service Broker 595

Chapter 21  •  Full-Text Search Services 623

Appendices 653

Appendix A  •  The Bottom Line 655

Appendix B  •  SQL Server Analysis Services Overview 693

Appendix C  •  SQL Server 2008 Reporting Services 709

Index 723

Introduction xxiii

Chapter 1  •  Overview of Microsoft SQL Server 2008 1

SQL Server in the Enterprise World 1

The Need for an Enterprise System 2

SQL Server Features 3

SQL Server’s Place Within Microsoft Architecture 6

SQL Server Licensing 8

Installing SQL Server 2008 10

Defining an Installation Plan 10

SQL Server 2008 Installation Requirements 16

The SQL Server Installation Process 17

Verifying the Installation 26

The SQL Server Tool Set 28

The Microsoft Client Tools 28

Third-Party Tools and Utilities 32

The Bottom Line 33

Chapter 2  •  Understanding SQL Server Architecture .35

Essential Internals 35

SQL Server Data Storage Architecture 35

The Data Engine 44

SQL Server and Windows 47

The SQL Server System Catalog 48

The System Databases 48

System Tables, Views, and Functions 49

System Stored Procedures 55

Datatyping 57

System-Defined Datatypes 57

User-Defined Datatypes 60

The Bottom Line 63

Chapter 3  •  Databases, Files, and Resource Management .65

Planning a Database 65

Planning for Database Usage 65

Planning for Recovery 66

Capacity Planning 68

xiv | Contents

Creating Databases 69

Creating the Database 70

Manipulating Database Options 75

Managing Databases, Files, and Filegroups 78

Altering a Database 78

Growing and Shrinking Databases and Files 82

Creating Database Snapshots 86

The Bottom Line 88

Chapter 4  •  Tables and CRUD Operations 89

Designing Data Storage 89

Implementing a Normalized Design 90

Denormalization 94

Creating and Dropping SQL Server Tables 96

The Basics of Table Creation 96

Computed Columns in Tables 98

Dropping Tables 100

Table Partitioning 100

Selecting Data from a Table 105

Aggregation and Grouping 106

Joins and Table Correlation 109

Subqueries, Derived, and Temporary Tables 113

Common Table Expressions 118

Modifying Data 122

The INSERT Process 122

The DELETE Process 124

The UPDATE Process 126

The MERGE Process 127

Using the OUTPUT Clause 129

The Bottom Line 130

Chapter 5  •  Procedural Programming 133

Procedural Structures 133

Batches 133

Variables 135

Control-of-Flow Statements 136

Error Management 138

Basic Transaction Processing 142

Stored Procedures 144

Designing Effective Stored Procedures 145

Creating and Executing a Simple Stored Procedure 146

Using Parameters 147

Managing Return Values 151

Understanding Compilation 151

Views 153

Contents | xv

User-Defined Functions 155

Functions Versus Stored Procedures 156

Built-In Functions Revisited 157

Scalar Functions 157

Table-Valued Functions 159

Using Synonyms 161

Why Use Synonyms? 161

Creating a Synonym 161

The Bottom Line 162

Chapter 6  •  Managing Data integrity 163

Understanding Data Integrity Controls 163

Enforcing Data Integrity 164

Data Integrity Categories 164

Working with Constraints 165

Primary Key and Unique Constraints 165

Foreign Key Constraints 168

Default Definitions 172

Check Constraints 174

Working with DML Triggers 175

Understanding Triggers 176

Using AFTER Triggers 179

Using INSTEAD OF Triggers 183

Special Considerations 185

Rule and Default Objects 186

Default Objects 186

Rules 187

The Bottom Line 187

Chapter 7  •  SQL Server and xML 189

Returning XML from SQL Server Using FOR XML 189

Creating XML with RAW Mode Queries 190

Creating XML with AUTO Mode Queries 192

Creating XML with EXPLICIT Mode Queries 195

Creating XML with PATH Mode Queries 198

The xml Datatype 200

Implementing the xml Datatype 201

Shredding XML Data to Relational Output 203

Validating XML with Schemas 205

Using the XML Schema Collection 206

Using Namespaces in Schemas 207

Implementing XQuery 208

Simple XQuery Expressions 208

Structuring Complex XQuery Syntax 209

Creating an XML Structure with XQuery 211

XQuery and Namespaces 212

Other XML Datatype Methods 215

xvi | Contents

XML Indexes 218

The Bottom Line 221

Chapter 8  •  Managing User Security .223

The SQL Server Security Infrastructure 223

SQL Server 2008 Security Architecture 224

Implementing SQL Server Principals and Authentication 231

Implementing Logins 231

Implementing Users 237

Implementing Roles 239

Implementing Permissions in SQL Server 242

Understanding Permission Behavior 243

Setting Permissions 244

Ownership Chains 249

The Bottom Line 250

Chapter 9  •  Data Recovery 253

Transaction Architecture 253

Database Recovery Models 254

The Internals of Transaction Logging 254

How Transaction Logging Is Used 255

Backup and Restore Strategies 257

Recovery Models and Backup Strategy 258

Backup Types 260

Performing Backups 260

Full Backups 261

Backup Devices, Media Sets, and Media Families 261

Differential Backups 263

Transaction Log Backups 264

Partial Backups 264

Creating Backups Using Management Studio 265

Performing Restores 267

Retrieving Backup Metadata 267

Performing a Complete Restore 268

Performing Point in Time Recovery 271

Performing a File or Filegroup Restore 273

Performing Page Restore Operations 275

Using SQL Server Management Studio to Restore a Database 275

Other Issues 277

System Database Recovery 277

Backup Security 279

Backup Performance and Optimization 280

Backup Compression 280

The Bottom Line 281

Contents | xvii

Chapter 10  •  Monitoring SQL Server Activity .283

Using System Monitor 283

Basic Monitoring Concepts 284

Graphs, Logs, and Alerts 286

Selecting Resources and Counters 287

Using SQL Profiler & Trace 290

Designing a Good Trace 290

Selecting Data Columns and Events 291

Evaluating Trace Output 297

Replaying Traces for Performance Analysis 301

DDL Triggers 305

DDL Triggers Versus DML Triggers 306

Trigger Events 307

EVENTDATA and Its Schema 311

Event Notifications 314

Event Notifications Versus DDL Triggers 315

Event Classes 315

Implementing Event Notifications 315

The Bottom Line 317

Chapter 11  •  Using the SQL Server Agent Service 319

SQL Agent and Automation 319

Reducing Administration Overhead 319

The SQL Server Agent Architecture 320

Configuring the SQL Agent Service 323

Creating Jobs 328

Creating Jobs 328

Creating Job Steps 330

Creating Schedules 335

Executing Jobs 336

Creating Alerts 337

Monitoring the Event Log 338

Responding to Performance Alerts 340

Understanding WMI Alerts 340

Creating Operators 341

Operator Types 341

Configuring Operators 342

Associating Operators with Jobs and Alerts 343

Scripting the SQL Agent 344

Understanding the SQL Agent System Stored Procedures 344

Scripting Existing Jobs 345

The Bottom Line 347

xviii | Contents

Chapter 12  •  Data Availability and Distribution 349

Overview of SQL Server Availability and Distribution Options 349

Hardware Considerations 350

SQL Server Features 352

Database Log Shipping 355

Configuring Log Shipping 356

Failing Over in a Log Shipping Scenario 365

Database Mirroring 366

Configuring Database Mirroring 366

Exploring the Mirroring Solution 373

Replication 374

Replication Overview 374

Configuring Replication 376

The Bottom Line 386

Chapter 13  •  SQL Server Data Security 389

Understanding the SQL Server Key Infrastructure 389

The SQL Server Keys 390

Extensible Key Management 399

Backing Up the Keys 400

Using Transparent Data Encryption 401

Creating Keys and Certificates 402

Encrypting Data Using SQL Server 403

Understanding Authenticators 404

Encryption with Passphrases 404

Encryption with Symmetric Keys 405

Encryption with Asymmetric Keys 406

Encryption with Certificates 408

Module Signing 411

The Bottom Line 413

Chapter 14  •  indexing Strategies for Query Optimization 415

Index Architecture 415

Index Basics 416

Data Heaps 418

Clustered Indexes 422

Nonclustered Indexes 424

Planning Clustered and Nonclustered Indexes 426

Creating and Managing Indexes 430

Creating Indexes with SSMS 430

Managing Indexes and Fragmentation with SSMS 432

Creating and Managing Indexes with TSQL 436

Special Index Considerations 439

Covering a Query 439

Logical Operator Processing 440