Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation Blooms: Remember Difficulty: Easy Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.. Accessibility: Key
Trang 1Chapter 14 Integrated Marketing Communications
Multiple Choice Questions
1 Which of the following is NOT true about integrated marketing communications (IMC)?
A The goal is to make sure all advertising campaigns send the same message
IMC goes beyond just advertising It deals with all communication disciplines such as
advertising, sales promotion, personal selling, public relationship etc
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
2 The firm from which an integrated marketing communications (IMC) message originates iscalled a:
In the context of the communication process, the sender refers to a firm from which an
integrated marketing communications (IMC) message originates; the sender must be clearly identified to the intended audience
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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
3 Which of the following refers to an agent or intermediary with which the sender works to develop the marketing communication?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
4 The person who reads, hears, or sees and processes the information contained in the IMC message or advertisement is referred to as the:
Trang 3Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
5 The process of converting a sender's ideas into a message, which could be verbal, visual, orboth is called:
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
6 A medium—print, broadcast, the Internet—that carries messages is called:
Trang 4Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
7 The process by which the receiver interprets the sender's message is called:
Decoding refers to the process by which the receiver interprets the sender's message
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
8 Any interference that stems from competing messages, a lack of clarity in the message, or aflaw in the medium is called:
Noise is any interference that stems from competing messages, a lack of clarity in the
message, or a flaw in the medium, and it poses a problem for all communication channels
Trang 5Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
9 Which of the following allows a receiver to communicate with the sender and thereby informs the sender whether the message was received and interpreted properly?
E The feedback loop
The feedback loop allows the receiver to communicate with the sender and thereby informs the sender whether the message was received and decoded properly Feedback can take many forms: a customer's purchase of the item, a complaint or compliment, the redemption of a coupon or rebate, and so forth
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-02 The Communication Process
10 Which of the following is true about communication with customers?
consistent for every single customer in the market
C Customers' knowledge and attitudes toward the brand will impact their message decoding.
customer groups
Consumer perceive the messages they receive differently depending on their level of
knowledge and attitudes toward the brand
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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-01 Outline the process that firms use to communicate with consumers.
Topic: 14-03 How Consumers Perceive Communication
11 Which of the following is a paid form of communication from an identifiable source, delivered through a communication channel, and designed to persuade the receiver to take some action, now or in the future?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-14 Advertising
12 A two-way flow of communication between a buyer and a seller that is designed to
influence the buyer's purchase decision is called:
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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-15 Personal Selling
13 A clothing line chooses a sports star to endorse its products It pays a fee to a broadcastingchannel to air the endorsement The aim of airing the endorsement is to persuade customers tobuy its products This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Trang 8Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-15 Personal Selling
15 A company that manufactures computers wants to project its products' advantages It uses broadcasting media to reach customers It pays a fee to a broadcasting channel to feature its product The aim of the company is to persuade customers to buy its computers Which of the following is being exemplified in this scenario?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-14 Advertising
16 A company manufactures laundry detergent The company relies on door-to-door
salespeople who provide information and services that save the customers time and effort This is an example of:
Trang 9Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-15 Personal Selling
17 Mary starts a beauty salon She conducts a door-to-door survey to gauge the number of people who use beauty care products She compiles a list and then uses the Internet to send messages to all these people to let them know about the services offered at her beauty salon This is an example of:
be targeted to the appropriate audience
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
18 Which of the following refers to a targeted form of communication distributed to a
prospective customer's mailbox or inbox?
be targeted to the appropriate audience
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Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
19 Jeff started a pet care centre First, he compiled a list of people in his neighbourhood who had pets, and then he used the Internet to send messages to all these people to let them know
of the services he was offering This is an example of:
be targeted to the appropriate audience
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
20 A company manufactures and sells high-end furniture It compiles a list of all the products
it offers and then mails the list to all its customers Customers can select what they want and then order the product This is an example of:
Trang 11Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
21 A company selling exclusive handcrafted gift items compiles a list of products it offers and mails the list to all its customers Customers can use the list to order the product of their choice This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
22 A company claims its weight-reduction drug causes a weight loss of 10 kilograms in sevendays with no exercise The company creates 30-minute infomercials explaining the benefit of this drug The infomercial provides a mail address for interested customers This is an
Trang 12Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
23 A company dealing in anti-aging creams has created a 30-minute infomercial explaining the benefits of the cream It also provides a toll-free number for interested customers This is
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
24 Which of the following refers to TV commercials or infomercials with a strong call to action?
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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
25 A company making greeting cards sets up stalls in different malls during the Christmas season The employees working at the stalls take orders for personalized cards and the product
is delivered to customers at their residence This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
26 An institution that provides educational counselling to students sets up stalls in a shoppingmall to provide expert counselling based on students' educational backgrounds and
preferences This is an example of:
Trang 14Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-17 Direct Marketing
27 Which of the following refers to a commercial activity in which businesses and charities form a partnership to market an image, product, or service for their mutual benefit?
Cause-related marketing refers to commercial activity in which businesses and charities form
a partnership to market an image, product, or service for their mutual benefit It is a type of promotional campaign
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
28 A company that manufactures office stationery launches a campaign to fund the education
of needy children A small percentage of customer billing is used to contribute to this fund This is an example of:
Cause-related marketing refers to commercial activity in which businesses and charities form
a partnership to market an image, product, or service for their mutual benefit It is a type of promotional campaign
Trang 15Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
29 A company manufacturing beauty products, in order to advertise itself better, sponsors an event called the Genie Awards, which is organized by the Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
30 A company that prints and sells guides to historical monuments has launched a campaign
to preserve local and national monuments from desecration and neglect This is an example of:
Cause-related marketing refers to commercial activity in which businesses and charities form
a partnership to market an image, product, or service for their mutual benefit It is a type of promotional campaign
Trang 16Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
31 A company that manufactures motorcycles decides to host a rock concert The aim of the company is to associate itself with music that reflects passion and energy This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
32 When corporations support various activities (financially or otherwise), usually in the cultural or sports and entertainment sectors, it is called:
Trang 17Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-06 Explain the six tools of integrated marketing communications campaigns.
Topic: 14-18 Public Relations
33 Which of the following is designed to get consumers to draw the product into the supply chain by demanding retailers carry it?
Generally, when advertising to consumers, the objective is a pull strategy in which the goal is
to get consumers to pull the product into the supply chain by demanding retailers carry it
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
34 A company that manufactures hockey equipment uses the medium of television to
advertise and promote its products Which of the following strategies best describes the company's distribution channel strategy?
Generally, when advertising to consumers, the objective is a pull strategy in which the goal is
to get consumers to pull the product into the supply chain by demanding retailers carry it
Trang 18Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
35 Mandy sets up a restaurant that serves homemade delicacies She uses the local TV network to heavily advertise and promote her restaurant Which of the following strategies best describes Mandy's distribution channel strategy?
Generally, when advertising to consumers, the objective is a pull strategy in which the goal is
to get consumers to pull the product into the supply chain by demanding retailers carry it
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
36 Subway develops an advertising campaign during a show that teenagers watch In this example, teenagers consider as:
Trang 19Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-05 Identify Target Audience
37 Cossacks is a computer manufacturing company To boost sales, it offers discounts on computers to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes Which of the following strategies best describes Cossacks's distribution channel strategy?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
38 Kell International manufactures air conditioners It offers subsidies on the air conditioners
to encourage retailers to sell higher volumes Which of the following strategies best describes Kell's distribution channel strategy?
Trang 20Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
39 Which of the following strategies is designed to increase demand by focusing on
wholesalers, distributors, or salespeople, who entice the customers, via distribution channels,
to buy the product?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-06 Set Objectives
40 Which of the following is an IMC budgeting method that determines the cost required to undertake specific tasks to accomplish communication objectives?
B Objective-and-task method
The objective-and-task method determines the budget required to undertake specific tasks to accomplish communication objectives To use this method, marketers first establish a set of communication objectives, and then determine which media best reach the target market and how much it will cost to run the number and types of communications necessary to achieve the objectives
Trang 21Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-07 Determine Budget
41 Which of the following refers to the method of determining a communications budget in which the firm's share of the communication expenses is in line with its market share?
C Competitive parity method
Competitive parity method is a method of determining a communications budget in which the firm's share of the communication expenses is in line with its market share
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-07 Determine Budget
42 Which of the following refers to the method of determining a communications budget that
is based on a fixed proportion of forecast sales?
A Percentage-of-sales method
Percentage-of-sales method refers to a method of determining a communications budget that
is based on a fixed percentage of forecasted sales
Trang 22Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-07 Determine Budget
43 Which of the following refers to a method of determining a communications budget based
on what is left over after other operating costs have been covered?
E Affordable budgeting method
Affordable budgeting method refers to a method of determining a communications budget based on what is left over after other operating costs have been covered
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-02 List the steps in planning an integrated marketing communication campaign.
Topic: 14-07 Determine Budget
44 Which of the following best describes the strategy of differentiating a product by
communicating its distinctive attributes?
Unique selling proposition (USP) refers to a strategy of differentiating a product by
communicating its unique attributes It often becomes the common theme or slogan in the entire advertising campaign
Trang 23Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
45 Which of the following helps consumers make purchase decisions by offering factual information and strong arguments built around relevant issues that encourage consumers to evaluate the brand favourably on the basis of the key benefits it provides?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
46 YuM Pizza, in a one-of-its kind initiative, introduces a new range of pizzas made of whole-grain dough with exotic herbal spice toppings This is an example of:
Unique selling proposition (USP) refers to a strategy of differentiating a product by
communicating its unique attributes It often becomes the common theme or slogan in the entire advertising campaign
Trang 24Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
47 A company that deals in breakfast cereals advertises that its products contain all the essential nutrients necessary for the proper growth and development of children This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
48 FedEx, with its slogan "When your package absolutely, positively has to get there overnight," promises to deliver goods overnight for its customers This is an example of:
Unique selling proposition (USP) refers to a strategy of differentiating a product by
communicating its unique attributes It often becomes the common theme or slogan in the entire advertising campaign
Trang 25Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
49 A company that manufactures cars advertises the safety features in the car, the mileage, speed, and the added accessories available with the car This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
50 A company that manufactures jeans promotes the idea of "youthful individuality." The products stand for originality, self-confidence, and elegance This is an example of:
Trang 26Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
51 A newly opened educational institution plans to purchase airtime on the local television network to advertise the institution It has also bought space in the newspaper for a print ad This is an example of:
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
52 If a marketer wants to target local customers for a time sensitive product, which medium he/she should select for an ad?
Trang 27Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
53 A company specializes in technical gadgets for home security Its advertisements focus on the fear of threat and the potential dangers that loved ones might face in case a home is left unguarded This is an example of:
between the consumer and the brand
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
54 Mike opens a new leisure goods store and buys airtime on TV to advertise the store He also buys space in the newspaper to run an attractive print ad This is an example of:
Trang 28Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
55 Which of the following aim to satisfy consumers' desires rather than their utilitarian needs?
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-03 Describe what appeals advertisers use to get customers' attention.
Topic: 14-08 Convey Message
56 Which of the following refers to the process of evaluating and selecting the media
combination that will deliver a clear, consistent, compelling message to the intended
Trang 29Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
57 Which of the following refers to the combination of the media used and the frequency of advertising in each medium?
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
58 Which of the following refers to the actual purchase of airtime or print pages?
Trang 30Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
59 Which of the following refers to channels that include national newspapers, magazines, radio, and television, and is ideal for reaching large numbers of anonymous audience
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
60 CanadianBusiness and HelloCanada are national magazines of Canada They are
Trang 31Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
61 An exclusive travel magazine chooses to cater only to the needs of those travelers who arehitchhikers This is an example of:
specialty magazines such as Skateboarder or CosmoGirl all provide examples of niche media.
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Difficult
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
62 Which of the following refers to channels that are focused and generally used to reach narrower segments, often with unique demographic characteristics or interests?
Trang 32Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: Easy
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
63 CBC Television, CTV, and Global are national TV channels in Canada They are examplesof:
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
64 Cradles is a company that publishes exclusive and distinct magazines catering to the end luxury market This is an example of:
Trang 33Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
65 A company manufactures bikes Its advertising schedule runs steadily throughout the year.Which of the following best describes the bike manufacturing company's advertising
a steady level of persuasive or reminder advertising
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
66 A bakery advertises throughout the year It boosts its advertising expenditures during Christmas for maximum promotion of its products Which of the following best describes the bakery's advertising schedule?
A pulsing advertising schedule combines the continuous and flighting schedules by
maintaining a base level of advertising but increasing advertising intensity during certain periods
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Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
67 A company specializes in winter clothing It advertises heavily in the winter and then stops advertising once the season ends Which of the following best describes the advertising schedule adopted in the given scenario?
products whose demand fluctuates, such as tennis racquets, which manufacturers may
advertise heavily in the months leading up to and during the summer
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: Moderate
Learning Objective: 14-04 Identify how firms determine which media to use.
Topic: 14-09 Evaluate and Select Media
68 Which of the following advertising schedules runs steadily throughout the year and therefore is suited to products and services that are consumed continually at relatively steady rates?