As far as their hormone levels are 2 , when men and women are in love, they are more similar to each other 3 at any other time.. resist adding resist to add resist from adding resist
Trang 1WORD FORMATION
1 I am looking to leave in order to find a new job, REGARDLESS of whether Mr Perkins offers me more money or not
regard
2 It was a SEEMINGLY minor accident but tragically, one of the two drivers died
seem
3 Most of the activities we did on the course were MEANINGLESS and irrelevant I think it is very WASTEFUL to spend money on these things
mean
waste
4 The best way to solve this dispute is to find a neutral, DISINTERESTED third party and follow his or her suggestions
interest
5 To join the police, there is normally both an age and a HEIGHT REQUIREMENT
high
require
6 You have been IMMEASURABLY important to the success of this company I don't know what I would have done without you
measure
7 His performance in the match today BELIES his reputation as a great player
lie
1 The survey showed many young offenders had had difficult UPBRINGINGS
bring
2 Despite the STRIKING similarities between the two paintings, the court decided the artist was not guilty of making a FRAUDULENT copy
strike
fraud
3 You should dress INFORMALLY for the party No tuxedo required!
formal
4 The stray dog spent his days following tourists hoping to BEFRIEND one of them
friend
5 Severe OVERCROWDING problems in the country's prisons persuaded the government to invest more money in its prison (RE)BUILDING programme
crowd
build
6 The child's INABILITY to hear his mother calling was blamed on a slight hearing DISABILITY which was eventually solved using a REVOLUTIONARY new technique from Norway
ability
ability
revolution
1 The SURVIVABILITY of any manned mission to the planets will be increased if a secure fuel supply can be found beforehand
survival
2 His behaviour in his father's presence caused his DISINHERITANCE and his sister ended up
INHERITING the whole family fortune
inherit
inherit
3 Most of the engine's problems are due to DISUSE The car has been parked here for nearly a year
use
4 You can't help but DISBELIEVE the government when different ministers are giving out
CONTRADICTORY statements about policy
belief
contradict
Trang 25 As he took more and more drugs to counter the disease, he became INCREASINGLY incoherent and confusing
increase
6 If you would only ACKNOWLEDGE the role of your father in the success of your company, there wouldn't be so much bad blood between you
know
1 Why don't you demand a bigger say in the running of the company? Your UNQUESTIONING
acceptance of every decision is UNDOUBTEDLY harming the health of the business
question
doubt
2 Journalists are often criticised for their INVASIVE style of journalism which doesn't respect the PRIVACY of especially celebrities
invade
private
3 Hard drugs have had a very DESTRUCTIVE effect on this community
destroy
4 The best actor Oscar went to John Garaint for his role as the UNFORGETTABLY cruel mobster in
"Tough Streets"
forget
5 The REALISATION that his mother was ill forced the suspect to give himself up to the police
realise
6 Many natural remedies are BENEFICIAL to patients but often doctors are unaware of the
BOUNDLESS possibilities offered by alternative medicines
benefit
bound
1 That sign on the truck means that it is carrying EXPLOSIVE materials
explode
2 Due to INFLATION , house prices in this area have become totally UNAFFORDABLE We may
to look somewhere cheaper
inflate
afford
3 It says here at the end of your CV that you can give us three REFERENCES from your old job
refer
4 The MODERNIZATION of the factory will be a very COSTLY exercise but vital for the
employment situation in this town
modern
cost
5 Are you sure the MILOMETER is working properly on this truck? It must have done more than twenty thousand
mile
6 That was a very SATISFYING meal: very TASTY and filling!
satisfy
taste
NOTE: not SATISFACTORY which has a meaning of "just about good enough, but nothing special."
7 This country house was the scene where the INFAMOUS murderer Collins was finally arrested
fame
1 After the cup final, the TRIUMPHANT team BUSSED back to the hotel parading the cup as they went
triumph
bus
2 If you want to be a professional PIANIST , you have to practice every day
piano
3 ORDINARILY , I wouldn't spend so much money on a hat but it just suits me perfectly
ordinary
Trang 34 The SINGER gave an EXTRAORDINARY performance and the audience gave him a
STANDING ovation for more than five minutes
song
ordinary
stand
5 Is this mark on my skirt NOTICEABLE or not? I should more careful drinking coffee!
notice
6 Far from being a drunkard, my father is actually a perfect example of SOBRIETY
sober
7 Jiminez has a sprained knee and is very DOUBTFUL for the finals
doubt
1 Walk on for about half a mile and when you see the CLEARANCE in the forest
clear
2 I don't know why I rang you so late I just had this UNBELIEVABLE COMPULSION to speak to you
believe
compel
3 REGARDLESS of how you feel about it, this company has to go ahead with the redundancy plan
regard
4 The boy was punished for an UNWILLINGNESS to apologise to the two boys
willing
5 Anthony is a quiet, BOOKISH type You will always find him reading or studying something
book
6 This plane is also fitted with the latest ground AVOIDANCE radar and a totally
COMPUTERIZED take-off and landing system
avoid
computer
7 These solar batteries will work not only when the sun is shining but as long as there is any
DAYLIGHT
day
1 You need to take three of these red pills DAILY
day
2 He is being very MYSTERIOUS about his whereabouts last night
mystery
3 It is his DISHONESTY which I find so INCOMPREHENSIBLE He is normally such a truthful boy!
honest
comprehend
4 If you look on the other side of the cup, you will find a small ENGRAVING with the name of the original manufacturer
engrave
5 Reports on the invasion are still very unclear, as are the IMPLICATIONS of what this will prompt the government to do
imply
6 The next time you are in a dark place in the countryside at night, look up at the night sky and wonder at the INNUMERABLE stars set out in the heavens before you
number
7 This new law will not only affect cinemas in the United States but could have DRAMATICALLY significant effects on the film industry WORLDWIDE
drama
world
8 As he was walking home late last night, Mr Jones saw a strange SPHERICAL shape in the sky and rang the police immediately
sphere
Trang 41 Rabbits are often seen as SYMBOLIC figures at Easter, representing rebirth and springtime.
symbol
2 Harry should have checked the DEPTH of the swimming pool before allowing his children in There could have been an accident
deep
3 The rocks appear to be stationary but in the high winds that whip across this desert landscape, they are in reality moving IMPERCEPTIBLY
perceive
4 You may laugh Inspector, but it is not WHOLLY apparent to us why you should suspect anyone in this room of having carried out this murder
whole
5 So many asteroids finish their days by crashing into Jupiter due to its huge GRAVITATIONAL pull
gravity
6 The criminal act of numerous factories dumping waste into the area's rivers has led to
DANGEROUSLY high TOXICITY levels
dangerous
toxic
7 Given the small LIKELIHOOD of fire in this part of the building, one fire EXTINGUISHER should suffice
likely
extinguish
8 The final vote was 128 for, 173 against with 21 ABSTENTIONS The government has been humiliated
by this defeat
abstain
1 We decided to increase our advertising spend as we think that may be a very EFFECTIVE strategy
effect
2 I read an interesting book which spoke about how you can MAXIMISE your brain's potential by taking an hour's siesta every day
maximum
3 Steven has lived in Miami all his life so 15 degrees is COMPARATIVELY cool for him
compare
4 The family intervened when they realised Harry was becoming a HABITUAL drinker
habit
5 The team coach pulled Jones off at halftime seeing as he was utterly failing to keep to his
DESIGNATED position
design
6 I spent a hot, SLEEPLESS night due to the humidity and went to work exhausted
sleep
7 It's become INCREASINGLY clear that you don't want to continue working here You can collect your things and leave on Friday
increase
8 Be sure to check that you have all your BELONGINGS with you before leaving the train
belong
1 Caffeine may improve ALERTNESS in the short term, but it has other negative effects too
alert
2 Despite four cars crashing around him, Pete was lucky and his car emerged UNAFFECTED from the other side of the accident
affect
3 We spent a fortune in the restaurant last night on their EXECUTIVE menu It was good, but not that good!
execute
4 Matilda found it hard to overcome the powerful sense of DISORIENTATION she felt on waking for the first time in the new house
orientate
Trang 55 Children under 12 ACCOMPANIED by an adult can enter for free.
company
6 It was a dour, PASSIONLESS performance by the team in the final and they left town humiliated and without the trophy
passion
7 New managers can sometimes discipline employees UNNECESSARILY in an attempt to appear tough
necessary
8 Our local newspaper is often full of stories that are hardly NEWSWORTHY , but they need to fill the pages somehow
news
1 The scenery of Suffolk was the inspiration for the painter John Constable
picture
2 When Edward VIII abdicated in 1936, his was his brother, George VI
success
3 Margaret didn't understand the of the letter, thinking it a joke
imply
4 Your uncle seems a very man when it comes to talking about the sea
knowledge
5 My grandfather died owing money to a large number of
credit
6 The Presidents incompetence during the recession only his party's resolve to get rid of him
quick
7 So was she that it was difficult to ever get really angry at her
charisma
8 After climbing all day, we were rewarded with a view at the top
breath
1 Your dog is intelligent You should try and get him on TV!
ordinary
2 The damage to the car after the accident was and repairs cost a fortune
consider
3 The latest Impressionist exhibition is a wonderful spectacle
colour
4 My son was very accused of cheating at school I will help to prove his innocence
reason
5 Scientists now understand how much nutritional there is in a coconut
good
6 There is an collection of Egyptian relics at the British Museum in London
rival
7 She bribed a politician in an attempt to her career
far
8 as I am to speaking in public, I'll make this as short as possible
custom
1 Unless you your mistakes, you'll never succeed in making up for them
knowledge
2 I've made some decisions this year, but all in all, I've done well
question
3 Though he didn't win the race, he finished a third
credit
4 The weather is so in the British Isles that it's difficult to know what to wear
change
5 I don't doubt the of this new gadget, but we simply don't have the money to buy it
effect
Trang 66 The of Jeremy in this department has been a disaster He'll need to be replaced.
lead
7 The teacher was furious that Emma had again turned in work
standard
8 After his shocking , Nigel managed to find a new job and get his finances back in order
bankrupt
1 Many actors move into becoming for television after they finish their acting careers
narrate
2 After getting a heart last November, Mike felt like a new man
plant
3 The rate of company failures is having a disastrous effect on unemployment
quick
4 Thanks to costs, everyone is expected to agree to a pay freeze for this year
balloon
5 The dog found the cat in his bed and walked off feeling as though he'd been
wit
6 Living in poverty and , the family struggled to make ends meet
deprive
7 The many dance movies of the 1980s, such as Dirty Dancing and Flashdance, helped to dancing
popular
8 After the book club was , it became much more popular
structure
Men and women are often considered to be completely at odds with each other, in terms (1) their
attitudes and behaviour. Not so when they are in love, new research has discovered. As far as their hormone levels are
(2) , when men and women are in love, they are more similar to each other (3) at any other time.
It has (4) been known that love can (5) havoc with hormone levels. For example the
hormone cortisol, (6) is known for its calming effect on the body, dips dramatically when one person is
attracted to (7) , putting the lovestruck on a par with sufferers of obsessive compulsive disorder.
But a new study has found that the hormone testosterone, commonly associated with male aggression, also falls when
he is in love. In women, it's quite the (8) Testosterone levels, which (9) to be lower among
females, rise towards (10) of the male.
Donatella Marazziti of the University of Pisa, Italy, (11) this down to nature attempting to eliminate the
differences between the sexes. (12) doing so, they can concentrate fully (13) reproduction.
This suggestion seems to be supported by the fact that (14) couples in a long (15)
relationship, nor participants in the study who were single at the time of the experiment, exhibited such changes.
Trang 8It was so hot in the restaurant that, after half an hour, we were all starting to _ .
wilt
fade
shrivel
weed
I'm sure I was invited to join the committee as the _ woman.
token
representative
coupon
sample
Bob couldn't a moustache to the photo of his Headmaster in the newspaper.
resist adding
resist to add
resist from adding
resist for adding
_ with being so busy both at work and at home, she became increasingly tired and badtempered How
Where
Which
What
I take great exception _ the implication that I was not telling the truth.
to
against
from
with
No offence intended _ I think you haven't understood the problem correctly.
if
when
Trang 9but
The Do-gooders
The people who changed the morals of English society.
In the last decades of the 18th century, the losers seriously outnumbered the winners. Those who were fortunate enough to occupy the upper levels of society, celebrated their good fortune by living a hedonistic life of gambling, parties and alcohol. It was their moral right, they felt, to exploit the weak and the poor. Few of them thought their lives should change, even fewer believed it could.
But the decisive turning point for moral reform was the French revolution. John Bowlder, a popular moralist of the time, blamed the destruction of French society on a moral crisis. Edmund Burke, a Whig statesman agreed. 'When your fountain is choked up and polluted,' he wrote, 'the stream will not run long or clear.' If the English society did not reform, ruin would surely follow.
Englishmen were deeply afraid that the immorality of France would invade England. Taking advantage of this, Burke was able to gain considerable support by insisting that the French did not have the moral qualifications to be a civilised nation. He pronounced 'Better this island should be sunk to the bottom of the sea that than it should not be a country
of religion and morals.'
Sobering though these messages were, the aristocracy of the time was open to such reforms, not least due to fear. France's attempt to destroy their nobility did much to encourage the upper classes to examine and reevaluate their own behaviour. Added to this was the arrival of French noble émigrés to British shores. As these people were dependant on the charity of the British aristocracy, it became paramount to amend morals and suppress all vices in order to uphold the state.
Whether the vices of the rich and titled stopped or were merely cloaked is open to question. But it is clear that by the turn of the century, a more circumspect society had emerged. Styles of dress became more moderate, and the former adornments of swords, buckles and powdered hair were no longer seen. There was a profusion of moral didactic literature available. Public hangings ceased and riots became much rarer.
Trang 10Medicine was still a profession reserved for the rich, and access to knowledge was impossible for the common man. The Lancet shone a bright light on the questionable practices undertaken in medicine and particularly in surgery, and finally led to improved standards of care.
How though did changes at the top affect the people at the bottom of the societal hierarchy? Not all reformers
concerned themselves which changes at the authoritative and governmental levels. Others concentrated on improving the lives and morals of the poor. In the midst of the industrial revolution, the poorest in society were in dire straits. Many lived in slums and sanitation was poor. Noone wanted the responsibility of improvement.
Could local authorities impose such measures today? Probably not. Even so, the legacy of the moral reform of the late 1800s and 1900s lives on today. Because of it, the British have come to expect a system which is competent, fair to all and free from corruption. Nowadays everyone has a right to a home, access to education, and protection at work and in hospital. This is all down to the men and women who did not just observe society's ills from a distance, but who dared to take steps to change it.
Paragraphs
A But a moral makeover was on the horizon, and one of the first people to promote it was William Wilberforce, better
known for his efforts in abolishing the slave trade. Writing to a friend, Lord Muncaster, he stated that 'the universal corruption and profligacy of the times taking its rise amongst the rich and luxurious has now spread its destructive poison through the whole body of the people.'
B But one woman, Octavia Hill, was willing to step up to the mark. Hill, despite serious opposition by the men who still
dominated English society, succeeded in opening a number of housing facilities for the poor. But, recognising the weaknesses of a charitydependent culture, Hill enforced high moral standards, strict measures in hygiene and
cleanliness upon her tenants, and, in order to promote a culture of industry, made them work for any financial handouts.
C At first, moralists did not look for some tangible end to moral behaviour. They concerned themselves with the spiritual
salvation of the rich and titled members of society, believing that the moral tone set by the higher ranks would influence the lower orders. For example, Samuel Parr, preaching at London's St Paul's Cathedral, said 'If the rich man abandons himself to sloth and all the vices which sloth generates, he corrupts by his example. He permits his immediate
attendants to be, like him, idle and profligate.'
D In time, the fervour for improved morals strayed beyond personal behaviour and towards a new governance. People
called for a tightening of existing laws which had formerly been enforced only laxly. Gambling, duelling, swearing, prostitution, pornography and adultery laws were more strictly upheld to the extent that several fashionable ladies were fined fifty pounds each for gambling in a private residence.
E So far, however, circumspection in the upper classes had done little to improve the lives of those in the lower classes.
But that was to change. Against a backdrop of the moral high ground, faults in the system started to stand out. One by one, people started to question the morality of those in authority.
F The attitudes of the upper classes became increasingly critical during the latter part of the eighteenth century. In
1768, the Lord of the Treasury was perfectly at ease to introduce his mistress to the Queen, but a generation later, such behaviour would have been unacceptable. Such attitudes are also seen in the diaries of Samuel Pepys, who, in 1793