Tài liệu Grammar for everyone part 1 doc

Barbara Dykes Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar ACER Press Grammar Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar Barbara Dykes... First published 2007by ACER Press, a

Barbara Dykes

Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar

ACER Press

Grammar

Practical tools for learning and teaching grammar

Barbara Dykes

First published 2007

by ACER Press, an imprint of

Australian Council for Educational Research Ltd

19 Prospect Hill Road, Camberwell, Victoria, 3124

www.acerpress.com.au

sales@acerpress.edu.au

Text © Barbara Dykes 2007

Design and typography © 2007 ACER Press

This book is copyright All rights reserved Except under the

conditions described in the Copyright Act 1968 of Australia

and subsequent amendments, and any exceptions permitted under the current statutory licence scheme administered by Copyright Agency Limited (www.copyright.com.au), no part

of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or broadcast in any form or by any means, optical, digital, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording

or otherwise, without the written permission of the publisher.

Edited by Ruth Siems

Cover design by mightyworld

Text design by Mason Design

Typeset by Mason Design

Cover illustration by mightyworld

Illustrations by Fiona Katauskas

Printed in Australia by BPA Print Group

National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data: Dykes, Barbara, 1933-

Grammar for everyone: practical tools for learning and teaching grammar.

Bibliography.

Includes index.

ISBN 9780864314789 (pbk.).

1 English language - Grammar - Study and teaching

(Tertiary) 2 English language - Grammar - Problems, exercises, etc I Title.

428.207

Foreword

After four years as Minister for Education, Science and Training,

I now have the responsibility of focusing on Defence These days

my office walls are covered with photos of service men and women and souvenirs from visits to battlefields and bases

But the largest portrait in my Canberra office is still of someone

I have the highest admiration for and who continues to remind me

of what is really important – the late Neville Bonner

Born and raised in extreme poverty, Neville Bonner said the turning point in his life was the advice he received at age 14 from his grandmother, who told him that if he learned to read and write, communicate well and treat other people with decency and courtesy, that it would take him a long way

Neville Bonner went on to become the first Indigenous member

of the Federal Parliament, from where he not only served his country, but helped break down barriers within it

If information is the currency of democracy, how can Austra-lians participate unless they are able to read and write?

In December 2005, I launched the findings of the National Inquiry into the Teaching of Literacy As mentioned in this inquiry, around 8% of Year 3 students and around 11% of Year 5 students are not achieving the minimum National Benchmarks for Reading

It noted the obvious correlation between poor literacy and under-achievement, and consequent adverse affects on individuals and society, including problems with self-esteem, mental health, substance abuse and crime

iv foreword

The inquiry noted the critical importance of teachers But it also concluded that, unfortunately, the systematic support for classroom teachers to build the appropriate skills to teach reading effectively is inadequate

The Australian Council for Educational Research plays an

important role in creating and disseminating knowledge and providing tools that can be used to improve learning Barbara Dykes is to be commended for the outstanding job she has done with this excellent publication

As its name suggests, Grammar for Everyone seeks to provide

practical tools for learning and teaching grammar – for everyone

Grammar for Everyone provides a thorough reference guide

for the different types of word, guidance for correct punctuation, instruction for optimal sentence structure and advice for a correct, clear and persuasive way to speak and write Most importantly,

Grammar for Everyone offers excellent advice for those in a

position to teach others

Australia must be a nation that values learning, has the highest admiration for those who teach and gets behind those who provide knowledge and research that can help students and teachers alike Australia is a wonderful country, with so much to offer We must do everything we can to make sure all Australians can read, write and communicate well, so that they can reach their full potential, take advantage of the many opportunities available to them and fully participate in our society

The Hon Dr Brendan Nelson MP

Part I

Teaching grammar

Grammar – background and history 3 Teaching strategies for the contemporary classroom 8 Practical suggestions 14

Part II

The parts of speech

Introduction 21

1 Nouns 22 Common nouns 22 Proper nouns 23 Collective nouns 25 Abstract nouns 27 Revision of nouns 29 Things we can say about nouns 30 Number 30

I

II

v

Gender 32 Case 34

2 Pronouns 35 Personal pronouns 35 Demonstrative pronouns 38

3 Verbs 41 Finite and non-finite verbs 41 Tense 44 Simple and continuous verbs 45 Auxiliary (helper) verbs 49

4 Adjectives 53 Adjectives formed from nouns and verbs 56 Words that can be used as several parts of speech 56 Adjectives of degree and comparison 58

5 Adverbs 62 Adverbs of time 63 Adverbs of place 63 Adverbs of manner 63 Interrogative adverbs 64 Comparative adverbs 64 Irregular adverbs of comparison 64

6 Articles 68 The indefinite article 69 The definite article 69

7 Prepositions 71

8 Conjunctions 73 Coordinating conjunctions 73 Subordinating conjunctions 73

9 Interjections 75

10 Sentence forms 76 Statements 76 Questions 76

vi contents