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By addressing voice, Internet, traffic management, and future trends, we feel our readers will beknowledgeable about current and future telecommunications systems.. Advanced intelligent

The CRC Handbook of Modern Telecommunications

Ed Patricia Morreale and Kornel TerplanBoca Raton, CRC Press LLC 2001

MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

THE CRC HANDBOOK

OF

Patricia Morreale Kornel Terplan

E D I T O R S - I N - C H I E F

MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS

THE CRC HANDBOOK

OF

Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.

CRC Press

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials

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© 2001 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S Government works International Standard Book Number 0-8493-3337-7 Library of Congress Card Number 00-062155 Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The CRC handbook of modern telecommunications / editors-in-chief, Patricia Morreale and Kornel Terplan.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-3337-7 (alk paper)

1 Telecommunication Handbooks, manuals, etc I Morreale, Patricia II Terplan, Kornel.

TK5101 C72 2000

The Editors-in-Chief would like to thank all their contributors for their excellent, timely work Specialthanks are due to our Associate Editors, Teresa Piliouras and James Anderson Without their help, wewould not have been able to submit this manuscript on time We thank Mihaela Bucut, our Ph.D student

at Stevens Institute of Technology for her valuable help with voice and data communications

We are particularly grateful to Dawn Mesa, who has supported our editorial work by providingsignificant administrative help from CRC Press We would also like to thank Ramila Saldana, who greatlyassisted the co-editors with the care and attention she provided to many details of the book

Special thanks is due to Felicia Shapiro who particularly managed the production and Steve Menkefor his excellent project editing work

In the preparation of this book, our objective was to provide an advanced understanding of emergingtelecommunications systems, their significance, and the anticipated role these systems will play in thefuture With the help of our talented associated editors and contributors, we believe we have accomplishedthis By addressing voice, Internet, traffic management, and future trends, we feel our readers will beknowledgeable about current and future telecommunications systems

In Section 1, the techniques of voice communication systems are outlined, with attention paid to bothbasic and advanced systems Advanced intelligent networks (AIN) and computer telephony integrated(CTI) are key building blocks for future voice systems Finally, voice over IP, and the anticipated inte-gration of voice and IP data is closely examined The second part of this section concentrates on state-of-the-art solutions for local area networks In addition to data communication capabilities, multimediaattributes of LANs are also addressed

Section 2 provides a detailed explanation of the Internet, including elements of its structure andconsideration of how future services will be handled on the Internet Internet management and securityare discussed A detailed discussion of virtual private networks (VPNs) is provided, as well as presentation

of web design and data warehousing concepts Electronic commerce and Internet protocols are presented

in detail, permitting the reader to understand and select with insight from the available web-basedtechnology choices

Section 3 continues the exploration of advanced telecommunications concepts, focusing on networkmanagement and administration As the services and features provided the network become larger inscale and scope, network management will become even more crucial and important than it is today.Telecommunications network management (TNM) and Telecommunications Information NetworkingArchitecture (TINA) are presented The telecommunications support process is outlined, includingmanagement frameworks and customer network management A detailed consideration of outsourcingoptions, which will become even more frequent, is presented The performance impact of networkmanagement is detailed

Finally, in Section 4, future trends and directions are considered, with a view toward satisfying userneeds in parallel with application trends, which will require system and service integration While weknow the future will hold new products and services, accounting for these services is a challenge, and

an examination of telecommunications tariffing is also provided

We hope our readers find this book an excellent guide to emerging telecommunications trends

Patricia Morreale

Advanced Telecommunications Institute

Stevens Institute of Technology

Hoboken, NJ

Patricia Morreale, Ph.D., is Director of the Advanced Telecommunications Institute (ATI) and an ciate Professor in the School of Applied Sciences and Liberal Arts at Stevens Institute of Technology.Since joining Stevens in 1995, she has established the Multimedia Laboratory at ATI and continued thework of the Interoperable Networks Lab in network management and performance, wireless systemsdesign, and mobile agents

Asso-Dr Morreale holds a B.S from Northwestern University, a M.S from the University of Missouri, and

a Ph.D from the Illinois Institute of Technology, all in Computer Science She holds a patent in thedesign of real-time database systems and has numerous journal and conference publications With Dr.Terplan, she co-authored The Telecommunications Handbook, published by CRC Press

Prior to joining Stevens, she was in industry, working in network management and performance Shehas been a consultant on a number of government and industrial projects

Dr Morreale’s research has been funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF), U.S Navy, U.S.Air Force, Allied Signal, AT&T, Lucent, Panasonic, Bell Atlantic, and the New Jersey Commission onScience and Technology (NJCST) She is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)and a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) She has served asguest editor for IEEE Communications magazine, special issue on active, programmable, and mobile codenetworking In addition, she is an editorial board member of the Journal of Multimedia Tools and Applications (Kluwer Academic)

Kornel Terplan, Ph.D., is a telecommunications expert with more than 25 years of highly successfulmultinational consulting experience His book, Communication Network Management, published byPrentice-Hall (now in its second edition), and his book, Effective Management of Local Area Networks,published by McGraw-Hill (now in its second edition), are viewed as the state-of-the-art compendiumthroughout the community of international corporate users He has provided consulting, training, andproduct development services to over 75 national and multinational corporations on four continents,following a scholarly career that combined some 140 articles, 19 books, and 115 papers with editorialboard services

Over the last 10 years, he has designed five network management-related seminars and given some

55 seminar presentations in 15 countries He received his doctoral degree at the University of Dresdenand completed advanced studies, researched, and lectured at Berkeley, Stanford University, University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

His consulting work concentrates on network management products and services, operations supportsystems for the telecommunications industry, outsourcing, central administration of a very large number ofLANs, strategy of network management integration, implementation of network design and planning guide-lines, products comparison, selection, benchmarking systems, and network management solutions

His most important clients include AT&T, AT&T Solutions, Georgia Pacific Corporation, GTE, WaltDisney World, Boole and Babbage, Salomon Brothers, Kaiser Permanente, BMW, Siemens AG, FranceTelecom, Bank of Ireland, Dresdner Bank, Commerzbank, German Telecom, Unisource, Hungarian Tele-communication Company, Union Bank of Switzerland, Creditanstalt Austria, and the State of Washington.

He is Industry Professor at Brooklyn Polytechnic University and at Stevens Institute of Technology inHoboken, NJ

John Amoss

Lucent Technologies Holundel, New Jersey

James Anderson

Alcatel Richardson, Texas

Hiroshi Kamata

OKI Electric Red Bank, New Jersey

Mihir Parikh

Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York

Endre Sara

Goldman, Sachs & Co.

New York, New York

Endre Szebenyi

Industry Consultant Budapest, Hungary

Kornel Terplan

Industry Consultant and Professor Hackensack, New Jersey

1 Voice and Data Communications Patricia Morreale

1.1 Advanced Intelligent Networks (AIN) Patricia Morreale

4.4 Systems and Service Integration

Patricia Morreale et al ‘‘Voice and Data Communications’’

The CRC Handbook of Modern Telecommunications

Ed Patricia Morreale and Kornel TerplanBoca Raton, CRC Press LLC 2001

Voice and Data Communications1.1 Advanced Intelligent Networks (AIN)

Definition • Overview • Network Evolution • Introduction

of IN • Benefits of INs • Local Number Portability • The Call Model • AIN Releases • AIN Service Creation Examples • Other AIN Services • Acronyms

1.2 Computer Telephone Integrated (CTI)

Abstract • Basic Definitions • A Brief History of CTI • Components and Models • CTI Applications and Trends • Conclusion

1.3 Voice over IP

The Coming Integration of Voice and IP Data • Applications for Voice over IP (VoIP) • A Component-based Overview • Keys to Successful Deployment • Acronyms

1.4 Local Area Networks

as 800 or 900, triggers a request for a specific service A later version of IN called advanced intelligentnetwork (AIN) introduces the idea of a service-independent architecture in which a given part of atelephone number can be interpreted differently by various services depending on factors such as time

of day, caller identity, and type of call AIN makes it easy to add new services without having to installnew phone equipment

1.1.2 Overview

This chapter discusses how the network has evolved from one in which switch-based service logic providesservices to one in which service-independent AIN capabilities allow for service creation and deployment

As the IN evolves, service providers will be faced with many opportunities and challenges While the

IN provides a network capability to meet the ever-changing needs of customers, network intelligence isbecoming increasingly distributed and complicated For example, third-party service providers will beinterconnecting with traditional operating company networks Local number portability (LNP) presentsmany issues that can only be resolved in an IN environment to meet government mandates Also, ascompetition grows with companies offering telephone services previously denied to them, the IN provides

a solution to meet the challenge

1.1.3 Network Evolution

1.1.3.1 Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS)

Prior to the mid-1960s, the service logic (Figure 1.1.1) was hard-wired in switching systems Typically,network operators met with switch vendors, discussed the types of services customers required, negotiatedthe switching features that provided the services, and finally agreed upon a generic release date for featureavailability After this, the network operator planned for the deployment of the generic feature/service

in the switching network fabric

This process was compounded for the network operator with switching systems from multiple vendors

As a result, services were not offered ubiquitously across an operator’s serving area So, a customer inone end of a city, county, or state may not have had the same service offerings as a person in anotherpart of the area

Also, once services were implemented, they were not easily modified to meet individual customer’srequirements Often, the network operator negotiated the change with the switch vendor As a result ofthis process, it took years to plan and implement services This approach to new service deploymentrequired detailed management of calling patterns, and providing new trunk groups to handle callingpatterns As customer calling habits changed — such as longer call lengths, larger calling areas, andmultiple lines in businesses and residences — the demand on network operators increased

1.1.3.2 Stored Program Control (SPC)

In the mid-1960s, stored program control (SPC) switching systems were introduced SPC was a majorstep forward because now service logic was programmable where, in the past, the service logic was hardwired As a result, it was now easier to introduce new services Nevertheless, this service logic conceptwas not modular It became increasingly more complicated to add new services because of the dependencybetween the service and the service-specific logic Essentially, service logic that was used for one service

FIGURE 1.1.1 Plain old telephone service (POTS).

New originating - service logic: New terminating - service logic:

Three-way calling Speed Dialing

Call WaitingCall Forwarding

called party calling party

Switching System Switching

System

could not be used for another As a result, if customers were not served by a SPC switching system, newservices were not available to them.

1.1.3.3 Common Channel Signaling Network (CCSN)

Another aspect of the traditional service offerings was the call setup information — the signaling andcall supervision that took place between switching systems and the actual call When a call was set up, asignal and talk path used the same common trunk from the originating switching system to the termi-nating switching system Often there were multiple offices involved in the routing of a call This processseized the trunks in all of the switching systems involved Hence, if the terminating end was busy, all ofthe trunks were set up unnecessarily

The network took a major leap forward in the mid-1970s with the introduction of the common channelsignaling network (CCSN), or SS7 network for short Signaling system number 7 (SS7) is the protocolthat runs over the CCSN The SS7 network consists of packet data links and packet data switching systemscalled signaling transfer points (STPs)

The SS7 network (Figure 1.1.2) separates the call setup information and talk path from the commontrunks that run between switching systems The call setup information travels outside the common trunkpath over the SS7 network The type of information transferred includes permission for the call setup,whether or not the called party is busy

SS7 technology frees up trunk circuits between switching systems for the actual calls The SS7 networkenabled the introduction of new services, such as caller ID Caller ID provides the calling party’s telephonenumber, which is transmitted over the SS7 network The SS7 network was designed before the IN conceptwas introduced However, telephone operators realized that there were many advantages to implementingand using SS7 network capabilities

1.1.4 Introduction of IN

During the mid-1980s, regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs) began requesting features that metthe following objectives:

• Rapid deployment of services in the network

• Vendor independence and standard interfaces

• Opportunities for non-RBOCs to offer services for increased network usage

Bell Communications Research (Bellcore) responded to this request and developed the concept of

FIGURE 1.1.2 Common channel signaling (CCS).

called party calling party

Switching System

Switching System

Signaling Network

SignalingTransfer Points (STPs)

Introduction of Common Channel Signaling (CCS) for trunk signaling in 1976

- Reduced delay

- Improved reliability - Reduction in fraud- Ability to signal during stable call