Tài liệu Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook P1 doc

About the AuthorsBob Bryla is an Oracle 9i and 10g Certified Professional with more than 20 years of experience in database design, database application development, training, and Oracl

Oracle Database

11g DBA Handbook

About the Authors

Bob Bryla is an Oracle 9i and 10g Certified Professional with more than 20 years of experience in

database design, database application development, training, and Oracle database administration

He is the primary Internet database designer and an Oracle DBA at Lands’ End in Dodgeville, Wisconsin

In his spare time, he is a technical editor for a number of Oracle Press and Apress books, in

addition to authoring several certification study guides for Oracle 10g and Oracle 11g He has

also been known to watch science fiction movies and read science fiction novels in his spare time

Kevin Loney, Director of Data Management for a major financial institution, is an internationally

recognized expert in the design, development, administration, and tuning of Oracle databases

An Oracle developer and DBA since 1987, he has implemented large-scale transaction processing systems and data warehouses

He is the author of numerous technical articles and the lead author or coauthor of such

best-selling books as Oracle: The Complete Reference He regularly presents at Oracle user

conferences in North America and Europe, and in 2002 was named Consultant of the Year

by ORACLE Magazine.

About the Technical Editor

Scott Gossett is a Technical Director for Oracle Corporation’s Advanced Technology Solutions

organization specializing in RAC, performance tuning and high availability databases Prior to becoming a technical director, Scott was a Senior Principal Instructor for Oracle Education for over twelve years, primarily teaching Oracle Internals, performance tuning, RAC and database administration classes In addition, Scott is one of the architects and primary authors of the Oracle Certified Masters exam

New York Chicago San Francisco

Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan

New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America.Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher 0-07-159579-1

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-149663-7

All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention ofinfringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps

McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at george_hoare@mcgraw-hill.com or (212) 904-4069

TERMS OF USE

This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and tothe work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to storeand retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivativeworks based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’sprior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms

THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINEDFROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIAHYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDINGBUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors do not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet yourrequirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you

or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom.McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shallMcGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages thatresult from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages Thislimitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise

DOI: 10.1036/0071496637

We hope you enjoy this McGraw-Hill eBook! If you’d like more information about this book, its author, or related books and websites,

please click here.

Professional

Want to learn more?

To the gang at home: I couldn’t have done it without you! And the pizzas.

—B.B.

This page intentionally left blank

Contents at a Glance

PART I

Database Architecture

1 Getting Started with the Oracle Architecture 3

2 Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 49

3 Planning and Managing Tablespaces 61

4 Physical Database Layouts and Storage Management 75

PART II Database Management 5 Developing and Implementing Applications 123

6 Monitoring Space Usage 163

7 Managing Transactions with Undo Tablespaces 207

8 Database Tuning 241

9 Database Security and Auditing 277

PART III High Availability 10 Real Application Clusters 349

11 Backup and Recovery Options 391

12 Using Recovery Manager (RMAN) 417

13 Oracle Data Guard 475

14 Miscellaneous High Availability Features 495

vii

viii Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

PART IV

Networked Oracle

15 Oracle Net 511

16 Managing Large Databases 543

17 Managing Distributed Databases 599

Appendix: Installation and Configuration 635

Index 653

Acknowledgments xix

Introduction xxi

PART I Database Architecture 1 Getting Started with the Oracle Architecture 3

An Overview of Databases and Instances 4

Databases 4

Instances 5

Oracle Logical Storage Structures 6

Tablespaces 6

Blocks 7

Extents 7

Segments 7

Oracle Logical Database Structures 8

Tables 8

Constraints 15

Indexes 17

Views 19

Users and Schemas 21

Profiles 21

Sequences 22

Synonyms 22

PL/SQL 22

External File Access 23

Database Links and Remote Databases 24

Oracle Physical Storage Structures 24

Datafiles 25

Redo Log Files 26

Control Files 26

Archived Log Files 27

Initialization Parameter Files 27

ix

For more information about this title, click here

x Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

Alert and Trace Log Files 28

Backup Files 28

Oracle Managed Files 29

Password Files 29

Multiplexing Database Files 29

Automatic Storage Management 29

Manual Multiplexing 30

Oracle Memory Structures 32

System Global Area 32

Program Global Area 35

Software Code Area 35

Background Processes 35

Backup/Recovery Overview 38

Export/Import 38

Offline Backups 38

Online Backups 39

RMAN 39

Security Capabilities 39

Privileges and Roles 39

Auditing 40

Fine-grained Auditing 40

Virtual Private Database 41

Label Security 41

Real Application Clusters 41

Oracle Streams 42

Oracle Enterprise Manager 42

Oracle Initialization Parameters 43

Basic Initialization Parameters 43

Advanced Initialization Parameters 47

2 Upgrading to Oracle Database 11g 49

Choosing an Upgrade Method 51

Before Upgrading 52

Using the Database Upgrade Assistant 53

Performing a Manual Direct Upgrade 54

Using Export and Import 57

Export and Import Versions to Use 57

Performing the Upgrade 57

Using the Data-Copying Method 58

After Upgrading 59

3 Planning and Managing Tablespaces 61

Tablespace Architecture 62

Tablespace Types 62

Optimal Flexible Architecture 68

Oracle Installation Tablespaces 72

SYSTEM 72

SYSAUX 72

Contents xi

TEMP 72

UNDOTBS1 73

USERS 73

EXAMPLE 73

Segment Segregation 73

4 Physical Database Layouts and Storage Management 75

Traditional Disk Space Storage 76

Resizing Tablespaces and Datafiles 76

Moving Datafiles 92

Moving Online Redo Log Files 94

Moving Control Files 96

Automatic Storage Management 98

ASM Architecture 98

Creating an ASM Instance 99

ASM Instance Components 101

ASM Dynamic Performance Views 103

ASM Filename Formats 103

ASM File Types and Templates 105

Administering ASM Disk Groups 107

PART II Database Management 5 Developing and Implementing Applications 123

Tuning by Design: Best Practices 124

Do As Little As Possible 124

Do It As Simply As Possible 127

Tell the Database What It Needs to Know 129

Maximize the Throughput in the Environment 129

Divide and Conquer Your Data 130

Test Correctly 131

Standard Deliverables 133

Resource Management and Stored Outlines 136

Implementing the Database Resource Manager 136

Implementing Stored Outlines 140

Sizing Database Objects 143

Using Temporary Tables 149

Supporting Tables Based on Abstract Datatypes 150

Using Object Views 151

Security for Abstract Datatypes 154

Indexing Abstract Datatype Attributes 156

Quiescing and Suspending the Database 157

Supporting Iterative Development 158

Iterative Column Definitions 159

Forcing Cursor Sharing 159

Managing Package Development 160

Generating Diagrams 160

xii Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

Space Requirements 160

Tuning Goals 161

Security Requirements 161

Data Requirements 161

Version Requirements 161

Execution Plans 161

Acceptance Test Procedures 162

The Testing Environment 162

6 Monitoring Space Usage 163

Common Space Management Problems 164

Running Out of Free Space in a Tablespace 165

Insufficient Space for Temporary Segments 165

Too Much or Too Little Undo Space Allocated 165

Fragmented Tablespaces and Segments 166

Oracle Segments, Extents, and Blocks 166

Data Blocks 167

Extents 169

Segments 170

Data Dictionary Views and Dynamic Performance Views 171

DBA_TABLESPACES 171

DBA_SEGMENTS 172

DBA_EXTENTS 172

DBA_FREE_SPACE 173

DBA_LMT_FREE_SPACE 173

DBA_THRESHOLDS 173

DBA_OUTSTANDING_ALERTS 174

DBA_ALERT_HISTORY 174

V$ALERT_TYPES 174

V$UNDOSTAT 175

V$OBJECT_USAGE 175

V$SORT_SEGMENT 175

V$TEMPSEG_USAGE 175

Space Management Methodologies 175

Locally Managed Tablespaces 176

Using OMF to Manage Space 177

Bigfile Tablespaces 178

Automatic Storage Management 179

Undo Management Considerations 181

SYSAUX Monitoring and Usage 182

Archived Redo Log File Management 184

Built-in Space Management Tools 184

Segment Advisor 185

Undo Advisor and the Automatic Workload Repository 187

Index Usage 189

Space Usage Warning Levels 190

Resumable Space Allocation 192

Managing Alert and Trace Files with ADR 195

OS Space Management 197

Contents xiii

Space Management Scripts 197

Segments That Cannot Allocate Additional Extents 197

Used and Free Space by Tablespace and Datafile 198

Automating and Streamlining the Notification Process 199

Using DBMS_SCHEDULER 199

OEM Job Control and Monitoring 200

7 Managing Transactions with Undo Tablespaces 207

Transaction Basics 208

Undo Basics 209

Rollback 209

Read Consistency 209

Database Recovery 210

Flashback Operations 210

Managing Undo Tablespaces 210

Creating Undo Tablespaces 210

Undo Tablespace Dynamic Performance Views 216

Undo Tablespace Initialization Parameters 216

Multiple Undo Tablespaces 217

Sizing and Monitoring the Undo Tablespace 220

Read Consistency vs Successful DML 222

Flashback Features 223

Flashback Query 223

DBMS_FLASHBACK 225

Flashback Transaction Backout 227

Flashback Table 227

Flashback Version Query 232

Flashback Transaction Query 234

Flashback Data Archive 236

Flashback and LOBs 239

Migrating to Automatic Undo Management 239

8 Database Tuning 241

Tuning Application Design 243

Effective Table Design 243

Distribution of CPU Requirements 244

Effective Application Design 245

Tuning SQL 247

Impact of Order on Load Rates 248

Additional Indexing Options 249

Generating Explain Plans 250

Tuning Memory Usage 252

Specifying the Size of the SGA 255

Using the Cost-Based Optimizer 256

Implications of the COMPUTE STATISTICS Option 257

Tuning Data Access 257

Locally Managed Tablespaces 257

Identifying Chained Rows 258

Increasing the Oracle Block Size 259

xiv Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

Using Index-Organized Tables 260

Tuning Issues for Index-Organized Tables 261

Tuning Data Manipulation 262

Bulk Inserts: Using the SQL*Loader Direct Path Option 262

Bulk Data Moves: Using External Tables 263

Bulk Inserts: Common Traps and Successful Tricks 264

Bulk Deletes: The truncate Command 265

Using Partitions 266

Tuning Physical Storage 267

Using Raw Devices 267

Using Automatic Storage Management 267

Reducing Network Traffic 268

Replication of Data Using Materialized Views 268

Using Remote Procedure Calls 270

Using the Automatic Workload Repository 270

Managing Snapshots 271

Managing Baselines 271

Generating AWR Reports 272

Running the Automatic Database Diagnostic Monitor Reports 272

Using the Automatic SQL Tuning Advisor 272

Tuning Solutions 275

9 Database Security and Auditing 277

Non-Database Security 279

Database Authentication Methods 279

Database Authentication 280

Database Administrator Authentication 280

Operating System Authentication 283

Network Authentication 284

3-Tier Authentication 286

Client-Side Authentication 286

Oracle Identity Management 286

User Accounts 288

Database Authorization Methods 292

Profile Management 292

System Privileges 299

Object Privileges 302

Creating, Assigning, and Maintaining Roles 306

Using a VPD to Implement Application Security Policies 313

Auditing 331

Auditing Locations 331

Statement Auditing 332

Privilege Auditing 336

Schema Object Auditing 337

Fine-Grained Auditing 338

Auditing-Related Data Dictionary Views 339

Protecting the Audit Trail 340

Enabling Enhanced Auditing 340

Contents xv

Data Encryption Techniques 342

DBMS_CRYPTO Package 342

Transparent Data Encryption 342

PART III High Availability 10 Real Application Clusters 349

Overview of Real Application Clusters 350

Hardware Configuration 351

Software Configuration 351

Network Configuration 351

Disk Storage 352

Installation and Setup 353

Operating System Configuration 354

Software Installation 360

RAC Characteristics 378

Server Parameter File Characteristics 379

RAC-related Initialization Parameters 380

Dynamic Performance Views 380

RAC Maintenance 382

Starting Up a RAC 382

Redo Logs in a RAC Environment 383

Undo Tablespaces in a RAC Environment 383

Failover Scenarios and TAF 383

RAC Node Failure Scenario 385

Tuning a RAC Node 389

Tablespace Management 390

11 Backup and Recovery Options 391

Capabilities 392

Logical Backups 392

Physical Backups 393

Offline Backups 393

Online Backups 394

Using Data Pump Export and Import 395

Creating a Directory 395

Data Pump Export Options 396

Starting a Data Pump Export Job 399

Data Pump Import Options 403

Starting a Data Pump Import Job 406

Comparing Data Pump Export/Import to Export/Import 410

Implementing Offline Backups 411

Implementing Online Backups 411

Integration of Backup Procedures 414

Integration of Logical and Physical Backups 415

Integration of Database and Operating System Backups 416

xvi Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

12 Using Recovery Manager (RMAN) 417

RMAN Features and Components 418

RMAN Components 419

RMAN vs Traditional Backup Methods 420

Backup Types 421

Overview of RMAN Commands and Options 423

Frequently Used Commands 423

Setting Up a Repository 423

Registering a Database 428

Persisting RMAN Settings 428

Initialization Parameters 432

Data Dictionary and Dynamic Performance Views 433

Backup Operations 434

Full Database Backups 435

Tablespace 439

Datafiles 442

Image Copies 442

Control File, SPFILE Backup 444

Archived Redo Logs 444

Incremental Backups 445

Incrementally Updated Backups 447

Incremental Backup Block Change Tracking 450

Backup Compression 451

Using a Flash Recovery Area 452

Validating Backups 453

Recovery Operations 455

Block Media Recovery 455

Restoring a Control File 456

Restoring a Tablespace 456

Restoring a Datafile 459

Restoring an Entire Database 461

Validating Restore Operations 464

Point in Time Recovery 465

Data Recovery Advisor 465

Miscellaneous Operations 470

Cataloging Other Backups 470

Catalog Maintenance 471

REPORT and LIST 472

13 Oracle Data Guard 475

Data Guard Architecture 476

Physical vs Logical Standby Databases 477

Data Protection Modes 477

LOG_ARCHIVE_DEST_n Parameter Attributes 478

Creating the Standby Database Configuration 479

Preparing the Primary Database 480

Creating Logical Standby Databases 484

Using Real-Time Apply 486

Managing Gaps in Archive Log Sequences 486

Managing Roles—Switchovers and Failovers 487

Switchovers 487

Contents xvii

Switchovers to Physical Standby Databases 487

Switchovers to Logical Standby Databases 489

Failovers to Physical Standby Databases 490

Failovers to Logical Standby Databases 490

Administering the Databases 491

Startup and Shutdown of Physical Standby Databases 491

Opening Physical Standby Databases in Read-Only Mode 491

Managing Datafiles in Data Guard Environments 492

Performing DDL on a Logical Standby Database 492

14 Miscellaneous High Availability Features 495

Recovering Dropped Tables Using Flashback Drop 496

The Flashback Database Command 498

Using LogMiner 500

How LogMiner Works 500

Extracting the Data Dictionary 501

Analyzing One or More Redo Log Files 502

LogMiner Features Introduced in Oracle Database 10g 504

LogMiner Features Introduced in Oracle Database 11g 505

Online Object Reorganization 506

Creating Indexes Online 506

Rebuilding Indexes Online 506

Coalescing Indexes Online 506

Rebuilding Index-Organized Tables Online 506

Redefining Tables Online 507

PART IV Networked Oracle 15 Oracle Net 511

Overview of Oracle Net 512

Connect Descriptors 515

Net Service Names 516

Replacing tnsnames.ora with Oracle Internet Directory 517

Listeners 517

Using the Oracle Net Configuration Assistant 520

Configuring the Listener 521

Using the Oracle Net Manager 525

Starting the Listener Server Process 527

Controlling the Listener Server Process 528

The Oracle Connection Manager 531

Using Connection Manager 531

Directory Naming with Oracle Internet Directory 534

Using Easy Connect Naming 537

Using Database Links 538

Tuning Oracle Net 540

Limiting Resource Usage 541

Debugging Connection Problems 541

16 Managing Large Databases 543

Creating Tablespaces in a VLDB Environment 545

Bigfile Tablespace Basics 545

xviii Oracle Database 11g DBA Handbook

Creating and Modifying Bigfile Tablespaces 546

Bigfile Tablespace ROWID Format 546

DBMS_ROWID and Bigfile Tablespaces 547

Using DBVERIFY with Bigfile Tablespaces 550

Bigfile Tablespace Initialization Parameter Considerations 551

Bigfile Tablespace Data Dictionary Changes 552

Advanced Oracle Table Types 552

Index-Organized Tables 553

Global Temporary Tables 553

External Tables 555

Partitioned Tables 557

Materialized Views 589

Using Bitmap Indexes 589

Understanding Bitmap Indexes 589

Using Bitmap Indexes 590

Using Bitmap Join Indexes 590

Oracle Data Pump 591

Data Pump Export 592

Data Pump Import 592

Using Transportable Tablespaces 593

17 Managing Distributed Databases 599

Remote Queries 601

Remote Data Manipulation: Two-Phase Commit 602

Dynamic Data Replication 603

Managing Distributed Data 604

The Infrastructure: Enforcing Location Transparency 604

Managing Database Links 609

Managing Database Triggers 610

Managing Materialized Views 612

Using DBMS_MVIEW and DBMS_ADVISOR 616

What Kind of Refreshes Can Be Performed? 625

Using Materialized Views to Alter Query Execution Paths 629

Managing Distributed Transactions 630

Resolving In-Doubt Transactions 631

Commit Point Strength 631

Monitoring Distributed Databases 632

Tuning Distributed Databases 632

Appendix: Installation and Configuration 635

Software Installation 636

Overview of Licensing and Installation Options 637

Using OUI to Install the Oracle Software 638

Using the DBCA to Create a Database 638

Manually Creating a Database 649

Index 653