Understanding and Using English Grammar

15.7: USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION _ Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the simple formthe infinitive form without to or the ing form the present participle of a verb.. Eg: [r]

CHAPTER 15

Nguyễn Minh Giang 1656110037

Trần Thị Như Huỳnh 1656110057 Nguyễn Thục Quân 1656110093

Mini game

Choose the correct answer :

1 She go to the market buy something

a for b in order to c in order that

3 He is very drive car a

a young enough to b enough young to c young enough for

a young enough to

4 The box is heavy for Bob to lift (impossible) b

a so b too c very

b.too

15.3 Using infinitives with too and

enough 15.4

Passive and past

forms of

infinitives and

gerunds

15.5 Using gerunds

or passive infinitives following need

15.6 Using a possessive to modify a

gerund 15.7

Using verbs of

perception

15.8 Using the simple form after let and help

15.9 Using causative verbs : make, have, get

15.1 Infinitive of Purpose : In Order To _ In order to is used to express purpose or goals It answers the

question “Why?”

In order is not necessary for this meaning, so it ofen is omitted

Eg:

He bought some flowers to give to his wife

_ A common expression with infinitives of purpose is

IT+ TAKES+TIME/EFFORT+TO INF

Eg:

It took Justin over five hours to finish the race

_ (In order) to, not for with a verb is used to express purpose

Eg:

Alex turned on the TV to watch his favorite gameshow

For can be used to express purpose, but it is a preposition and is followed by a noun object, For is commonly used with nouns to express

individual purpose:

Eg:

I stopped by at his office for a chat about our marketing strategy.)

NOTE :

In order to = so as to = to + verb : express purpose

_ We sometimes say in order (not) to or we can say so as (not) to

Eg:

They spoke quietly so as not to wake the children

_ In order and so as can be used before a to-infinitive for emphasis

in more formal styles

Exercise 2:

3 bread and coffee

4 buy some groceries

5 have my annual checkup

6 a smallpox inoculation

7 stay in good physical shape

8 exercise and recreation

9 buy gas

10 gas

Structure Explainations Adjectives Examples

by infinitives in this pattern:

S + BE + ADJ +

TO INF

_ Adjectives used in this pattern usually describe a person’s feelings, emotion or attitudes

Afraid Relieved

Ashamed SadFortunate

WillingGladHappyEager Lucky

_ My daughter is happy to watch almost anything on TV

_ My son was proud to get

an award for his first

student films

15.2 : ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY INNFINITIVES

IT+BE+ADJ+TO INF

_ These adjectives are often followed

by infinitives in this pattern.

_ Of + an object often follows

adjectives such as

nice, good, and polite

Dangerous Irresponsible Difficult Necessary

Easy Nice

Embarrassing Pleasant

Expensive Possible

Fun Rude

Good Safe

Important Simple

Impossible Wrong

It’s fun to read the classified ads It’s important

to read the newspaper every day.

Exercise 4:

2 careful to lock my doors

3 ready to go home

4 eager to see my relatives again

5 fortunate to have my family

6 ashamed to ask anyone for a loan

7 determined to succeed

8 hesitant to accept it

9 delighted to accept the invitation

10 shocked to learn that he had actually gotten a job

15.3 : Using Infinitives with Too and Enough

_ We use too when we want to talk about an extreme.

_ The adverb too is often followed by an adjective or adverb and an

infinitive This expression

“ TOO + ADJECTIVE/ADVERD + TO INF ’’

often implies a negative results

Eg:She is too young to have a boyfriend.

_Too … to can express negative results

_Enough mean sufficient, something that is ‘sufficient enough’

_Enough follows an adjective: ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH + TO INF

Eg: I am fast enough to swim.

_Enough precedes a noun : ENOUGH + NOUN + TO INF

Eg: We have enough money to go on vacation.

_ In formal English, it may follow a noun :

NOUN + ENOUGH +TO INF

Eg: We have money enough to go on vacation.

Exercise 7:

3 I don’t want to watch a video It’s too late to start watching a video

4 I don’t want to take a walk It’s too cold to take a walk

5 I don’t understand nuclear physics Nuclear physics is too difficult to understand

6 I can’t read Jenny a story I’m too busy to read Jenny a story

7 My son can’t stay home alone My son is too young to stay home

alone

8 I can’t climb the mountain The mountain is too steep to climb

10 I can walk with the dogs I’m very tired, but I’m not too tired to to walk with the dogs

11 I can carry my suitcase My suitcase is very heavy, but it’s not too heavy for me to carry

12 I can talk to you for a few minutes I’m very busy, but I’m not too busy to talk to you for a few minutes

Infinitive Gerund Passive to be + past participle

Eg: I didn’t expect to be invited

to his party.

being + past participle

Eg: I appreciated being

invited to your home.

Past to have + past participle

Eg: The rain seems to have stopped.

having + past perticiple

Eg: I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet

you.

Past-passive to have been + past participle

Eg: Nadia is fortunate to have

been given a scholarship.

having been + past

_ The event expessed by a past infinitive or past gerund happened before the time of the main verb

_ If the main verb is past, the action of the past infinitive

or gerund happened before a time in the past

Eg: I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king = I met the king in 1995 In 1997, I appreciated having had the opportunity to meet the king in 1995.

_ The past gerund is used to emphasize that the action of the gerund took place before that of the main verb

15.5 : USING GERUNDS OR PASSIVE INFINITIVES

FOLLOWING NEED

_ Need can be followed by the active of passive to – infinitive to

express active or passive meanings, respectively:

Eg: My job requires me to handle many letters from abroad.

_ But active gerunds after these verbs express passive meanings:

Eg:

Your hair needs cutting (It should be cut)

These photos require careful handling (They should be handled

carefully)

_ Usually an infinitive followes need In certain circumstances, a

gerunds may follow need In this case, the gerund carries a passive

meaning Usually the situations involve fixing or improving something For instance,

Eg:

I need to borrow some money.

The house needs painting.

The house needs to be painted.

15.6: USING A POSSESSIVE TO MODIFY A GERUND

_ In formal English, a possessive adjective is uesd to modify a gerund

Eg: Mr.Lee complained about our coming to class late.

_ In informal English, the object form of a pronoun is

frequently used

Eg: Mr.Lee complained about us coming to class late.

_ In very formal English, a possesive noun is uesd to modify a gerund

Eg: Mr.Lee complained about Mary’s coming to class late.

_ The possessive form is often not used in informal English

Eg: Mr.Lee complained about Mary coming to class late.

15.7: USING VERBS OF PERCEPTION

_ Certain verbs of perception are followed by either the

simple form(the infinitive form without to) or the ing form (the

present participle) of a verb.

Eg: I saw my friend run/running down the street.

I heard the rain fall/falling on the roof.

_ Sometimes there is a clear difference between using the simple

form or the ing form The use of the ing form gives the idea that an

activity is already in progress when it is perceived (The saying/giving was in progress when I first heard/saw)

Eg: I saw Mr Read giving something to the boss.

I heard Mr Read saying something to the boss.

_ There is often little difference in meaning between the two

forms but the ing form usually stresses an action in progress The use of the ing form gives the idea that an activity is already in progress when it

is perceived

Forms Examples Meaning

The singing was in progress when i first heard it

I heard the singing from begining to end

It was not in progress when I first heard it

_ Verbs of perception followed by the simple form or the – ing form

See watch observe listen smell

Notice look at hear feel

12 touch

15.8: USING THE SIMPLE FORM AFTER LET AND HELP

Ver

Help _ Help may take the simple form or

the infinitive of another verb as an

object

_ Help: assist smb in doing smt

_ Help uses : (pro)noun + simple

form of a second verb

Let _ Let is followed by a noun or a

pronoun and the simple form of

another verb It doesn’t take an

infinitive

_ Let: permit smt to happen

_ Let uses a (pro)noun+simple form

≠ allow uses a (pro)noun+infinitive

_ I let him borrow my car._ I let them help me

_ We let him enter the pool._ We allowed him to enter the pool

_ She let her car be washed

15.9: USING CAUSATIVE VERBS:

MAKE, HAVE, GET

_ Make, have, get can be used to express the idea that “X” cause “Y” to do something When they are used as causative verbs, their meaning are similar but not identical

_ Forms:

X makes Y do sth ( simple form )

Eg: I made my brother carry my book

X has Y do sth ( simple form )

Eg: I had my brother carry my book.

X gets Y to do sth ( infinitive )

Eg: I got my brother to carry my book.

Eg: Mrs.Lee made her son clean his room ( her son had no choice)

_Note: When using the verbs force and require, we must use to + verb.

Eg: The school requires the students to wear uniforms.

“Require” often implies that there is a rule.

*** HAVE:

_ Have is followed by the simple form of a verb, not an infinitive _ Have gives the idea that “X” request “Y” to do something.

HAVE + PERSON + VERB (base form)

HAVE + THING + PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERB

Eg: I had the plumber repair the leak.

I had my house painted.

*** GET:

_ Get is followed by an infinitive

_ Get gives the idea that “X” persuades/convinces/encourages

“Y” to do something

GET + PERSON + TO + VERB

Eg: The student got the teacher to dismiss class early.

***** Note:

_ The past participle is used after have and get to give a

passive meaning In this case, these is usually little or no

difference in meaning between have and get

Eg: I had/got my watch repaired.

5 write on the chalkboard.

6 (to) move into a new

• Add appropriate forms of these verbs to the sentences

Feel delight fix clean leave

Finish plan go do break

1 I was ……… to hear good news about your scholarship

2 I don’t like the idea of ……… alone

3 The cleaners want to have ……….their work in this

room before they leave

4 I was anxious about …………

5 The car needed………after the accident

6 His attempt at ………the record failed

7 It’s essential ……… ahead in my kind of job

8 They have a machine ………carpets

9 She helps me ………my homework

10 He makes me ………annoyed

THANKS FOR LISTENING