Tài liệu GRAMMAR_ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY doc

- To introduce adverb clauses:  Adverb clauses of time: After, As soon as, As, Before, When, While, Until, By the time, since  Adverb clauses of place: Where, Wherever  Adverb clauses

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

There are two groups:

1 Definite Frequency Adverbs : every day, every week, every month,every quarter, every year, annually, twice a day, three times a week,…

- Positions: They usually go at the beginning or at the end of the sentence

2 Indefinite Frequency Adverbs : never,

seldom,rarely, hardly ever (= almost never),

occasionally, sometimes, often, usually, always

- Positions: - They come after verb “BE”

- They go before all ordinary verbs

- They go after the first auxiliary

verb

3 Some indefinite frequency adverbs can go at

the beginning or at the end of the sentence:

Frequently, Generally, Occasionally = Once in a

while, Often, Sometimes, Usually

4 Inversion of subject and verb after initial

negative adverbs: Never, Not only, So

Market conditions have never been as

favorable as they are now

Never have market conditions been as

favorable as they are now

The professionals not only demanded new training facilities, they

also proposed a revision of membership fees

Not only did the professionals demand new training facilities, they also proposed a revision of membership fees

The winner was so exhausted that he collapsed soon after

finishing the race

So exhausted was the winner that he collapsed soon after

finishing the race

CONJUNCTIONSThere are three types of conjunctions:

1 Coordinating Conjunctions : For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

- To introduce adverb clauses:

 Adverb clauses of time: After, As soon as, As, Before, When, While, Until, By the time, since

 Adverb clauses of place: Where, Wherever

 Adverb clauses of reason: Because, Since, As

 Adverb clauses of condition: If, Unless, Provided that

= Providing that = If , So/As long as = Only if

 Adverb clauses of concession: Although, Even though, Though, Despite the fact that

 Adverb clauses of direct opposition: While, Whereas

 Adverb clauses of cause and effect: So …… that, Such

……… that

 Adverb clauses of purpose: So that, In order that,

 Adverb clauses of manner, Distance, and Frequency:

As if, As though, As + adverb+ As

3 Correlative Conjunctions: Both ……… and,

Neither …… nor, Either ……… Or, Not only ……… but also

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH COORDINATORS

Independent clause, FANBOYS Independent clause

for (reason) and (addition) nor (negative) but (contrast)

or (choice) yet (contrast)

But Men may exercise harder, but they may not exercise as

regularly as women do

Or Both men and women should limit the amount of fat in their

diets, or they risk getting heart disease

Yet Women used to be known as the “weaker sex”, yet in some

ways, they are stronger than men

So Men are less cautious than women, so more men die in

accidents

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE; CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS,

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Coordinators Conjunctive adverbs Sentences

, yet

; however,

; nevertheless,

Many community colleges do not have dormitories; however, they provide housing referral services

final exams; otherwise,they will receive a grade of incomplete

therefore, most schoolsprovide separate

English classes for each group

COMPOUND SENTENCES WITH SEMICOLONS

A compound sentence can also be formed with a semicolon

My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies medicine

Poland was the first Eastern European country to turn away from

communism; others soon followed

COMPLEX SENTENCESINDEPENDENT CLAUSE DEPENDENT CLAUSE

DEPENDENT CLAUSES

NOUN CLAUSES

That there is a hole in the ozone layer of the earth’s atmosphere is well known

What he said was not true

I don’t know whether (or not) I should take computer science ( or not).What the thieves did with all the money remains a mystery

REMEMBER: The verb in the introductory clause controls the tense ofthe verb in the noun clause If the introductory clause verb is in simplepresent, present perfect, or future, the verb in the noun clause is inwhatever tense expresses the meaning that the introductory clauseintends

However, when the verb in the introductory clause is in the past tense, theverb in the dependent clause is usually in a past form

The prime ministers agree that global warming is a serious problem.They hope that all nations will be responsible for solving this serious problem

Further research will prove that carbon dioxide is largely responsible.The prime ministers agreed that global warming was a serious problem.They hoped that all nations would be responsible for solving this serious problem

She is the girl who sits next to me in class.

The bat is the only mammal which(that) can fly

Thomas Raven is a physicist whose book on time and space has been translated into dozens of languages

The new shopping mall is advertised as a place where you can find just about anything you might want to buy

The students whose names were called raised their hands

The village where my father was born is still very poor

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES REDUCED TO ADJECTIVE PHRASES.

Food that passes from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube which is called the esophagus

Food passing from the mouth to the stomach goes through a tube called the esophagus

Animals that are born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those that are captured in the wild

Animals born in a zoo generally adjust to captivity better than those captured in the wild

One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, which is a fine powder that is made by grinding wheat or other grains

One of the most important foodstuffs in the world is flour, a fine powder made by grinding wheat or other grains

GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – ACTIVE VOICE

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative Clause Sentences with

Participial PhraseSimple

Present Many students who study at thisuniversity are from foreign

country

Many students studying at this university are from foreign country

Present

Continuous

Students who are taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator

Students taking calculus must buy a graphing calculator.Simple Past The team members, who looked

happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans

The team members, looking happy after their victory, were cheered by the fans.Past

Continuous The crowd, which was cheering wildly as the game ended,

wouldn’t leave the stadium

The crowd, cheering wildly as the game ended, wouldn’t leave the stadium

Future Everyone who will take the Everyone taking the

TOEFL next month must register.

pre-TOEFL next month must pre-register

GENERAL FORM PARTICIPLES – PASSIVE VOICE

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause Sentences with Participial PhraseSimple Present Lab reports that are not

handed in by Friday will not

be accepted

Lab reports not handed

in by Friday will not beaccepted

Simple Past The prisoner, who was

surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution

The prisoner, surrounded by guards, walked calmly to his execution

CONTINUOUS FORM PARTICIPLES

Verb Tense Sentences with Relative

Clause Sentences with Participial PhrasePresent

Continuous A law that is currently being debated concerns abortion

rights

A law currently being debated concerns abortion rights

Past Continuous The signs that were being

posted around campus support abortion rights

The signs being posted around campus supportabortion rights

Future A movie that will be shown

tomorrow was made by an anti-abortion group

A movie being shown tomorrow was made by

an anti-abortion group

PERFECT FORM PARTICIPLES

Verb Tense Sentence with Relative Clause Sentence with

participial phrasePresent Perfect The secrets of the universe,

which have fascinated people for centuries, are slowly beingrevealed

The secrets of the universe, having fascinated people for centuries, are slowly being revealed

Past Perfect The film, which had been

shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large

TV audience

The film, having been shown too often in movie theaters, did not attract a large TV audience

ADVERB CLAUSES ( Sequence of Tenses)

Present Simple Tense for Future Actions

Simple Futute (Will+Verb) + Time Words + Present Simple

As soon as After Before Until The moment When

While + Present continuous

I’ll be there as soon as I find the key

Next week when there is a full moon, the ocean tides will be higher.When the tide comes in, the ship will leave the harbor

I’ll wait right here until she comes

I’ll talk to the boss the moment he comes in

Present Perfect and Past Simple

Present Perfect + SINCE + Past Simple

We have been friends since we were at elementary school

Future Perfect (Continuous)+by the time+ Present Simple

They got married in December 1999 By the end of this year, they will have been married for ten years

He promises her that he will come back and marry her in five years’ time,but she’s afraid that by the time he comes back, she will have been

married and will have had …………children

Past Simple and Past Continuous

° WHEN+ Past Simple, Past Continuous

° Past Continuous + WHEN + Past Simple

(Interrupted Action)

° WHILE + Past Continuous, Past Simple

° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Simple

(Two (or three) simultaneous actions)

When I got to the airport, Lisa was waiting for me in the baggage claim area

Yesterday David was crossing a street when a truck turned the corner very fast and almost hit him

Last Sunday while sandy was cleaning out the attic, she found her

grandmother’s wedding dress

When Richard stopped his car suddenly, the groceries fell out of the bag they were in and spilled all over the floor of the car

Past Simple and Past Perfect

° WHEN + Past Simple, Past Perfect

(By the time) ° BEFORE + Past Simple, Past Perfect

° AFTER + Past Perfect, Past Simple

° Past Perfect + UNTIL + Past Simple

By the time Jason arrived to help, they had already finished moving everything

When she was born, the South of Vietnam had been totally liberated Last Sunday my parents allowed me to go out with my friends after I had already done my homework

Before he won the jackpot, he had lived a dog’s life

He didn’t realize that he had lost his wallet until he got home

Our eating habits changed as soon as food processing methods improved.

We haven’t met each other since we left university

MANNER, DISTANCE, and FREQUENCY CLAUSES

Kathleen spoke as if (as though) she were an authority on the subject (manner)

Pat jogs on the beach as far as she can.(distance)

She jogs on the beach as often as she can (frequency)

The students completed the experiment as quickly as they could

(manner)

REASON CLAUSES

Europeans are in some ways better environmentalists than North

American because they are more used to conserving energy

Since many Europeans live, work, and shop in the same locale, they are quite accustomed to riding bicycles, trains, and streetcars to get around

As the price of gasoline has always been quite high in Europe, if a

European owns an automobile, it is likely to be a high-mileage model thatuses diesel fuel

So little/few + noun phrase + that

New textbooks are so expensive that many students buy used ones.The cost of education is rising so rapidly that students are looking for ways to cut costs

The library is such a big place that I couldn’t find the book I needed.There is always so much noise in the dormitory that I can’t study there.There were so many students waiting in line to register for classes that I decided to come back later

PURPOSE CLAUSES

Farmers use chemical pesticides so that they can grow bigger harvests.Farmers also spray their fields in order that consumers might enjoy unblemished fruits and vegetables (free of imperfections)

CONCESSION (UNEXPECTED RESULT) CLAUSES

Although/ Though/ Even though I studied all night, I failed the test

I failed the test although/though/even though I studied all night

CONTRAST (DIRECT OPPOSITION) CLAUSES

San Francisco is very cool during the summer, whereas San Juan is extremely hot

While San Juan is extremely hot during the summer, San Francisco is very cool

CAUSATIVE VERBSGET & HAVE

Active:

GET somebody TO DO somethingHAVE somebody DO something

Don got some kids in the neighborhood to clean out his garage

I had the plumber repair the leak

Passive:

GET something DONEHAVE something DONE

Don got his garage cleaned out

I had the leak repaired

MAKE & LET

MAKE somebody DO something (=force sb to do sth)

(= cause sth to happen)LET somebody DO something (= allow sb to do sth)

The doctor made the patient stay in bed

Peeling onions always makes me cry

When I was younger, my parents never let me go out in the evenings

ORDER & WANT

ORDER something DONEWANT something/somebody DONE

Before the prime minister arrived, the police ordered the area cleared

Mr Watson wants the report rewritten soon

Our company always wants its customers satisfied

(Can/May) If you come before the

meeting, we’ll have time to talk

“BE” » WERE

Would + Verb(Could/Might) If my windows were larger, I

would get more light

+Past Participle(Could/Might)

If I had known you were sick, I would have come to visit you

Some Important Notes

°Mixed Time in Conditional Sentences (Type 2 & 3)

TRUE: I did not eat anything several hours ago, so I am hungry now.CONDITIONAL: If I had eaten something several hours ago, I wouldn’t

be hungry now

TRUE: He is not a good student He did not study for the test yesterday.CONDITIONAL: If he were a good student, he would have studied for the test yesterday.

°Inversion of subject and verb in “If Clause”

Type 1: If the weather should get worse, we’ll have to camp somewhere else

Should the weather get worse, we’ll have to ……

Type 2: If I were in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that

Were I in your shoes, I wouldn’t do that.

Type 3: I would have visited you sooner if someone had told me you were

Had we invested in the telecommunications industry, we

would be rich by now

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE “THE”

USE “THE”

1 When the object or group of objects is unique

The sun, the earth, the sky, the moon…

The earth revolves around the sun

2 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being

mentioned a second time

I met a man and a woman The man is short, and the woman is tall

3 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or a clauseThe girl in a blue dress,

The man with beard and moustache

The man whose wallet was stolen is reporting to the police now

4 Before superlatives and First, Second, Third…

5 The+ adjective represents a class of persons

The rich, the poor, the sick…

OMIT “THE”

1 Before abstract nouns (happiness, courage), material nouns (gold, wood), sports (football, tennis), subjects (math, physics), meals (breakfast, dinner), foods and drinks (chicken, coffee)

2 Before: HOME, CHURCH, HOSPITAL, SCHOOL, PRISON, WORK, SEA, TOWN, BED

3 However, when those places are visited or used for other reasons,

“THE” is used

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures

I’m going to the hospital to visit a friend who is ill

He went to the church to repair the electrical wiring

She always goes to the school on time to collect her son

GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

1 Verbs followed by Gerunds : admit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, can’t help, keep, mind, quit, recommend, risk, suggest…

2 Verbs followed by Infinitives : can(can’t) afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, beg, care, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, learn, manage, need, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, swear, volunteer, wait, want, wish…

3 Verbs followed by a (pro)noun + an infinitive : advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, convince, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, invite, need, order, permit, persuade, remind, require, teach, tell, urge, want, warn …

4 Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives :

A Verbs followed by either gerunds or infinitives with no

difference in meaning: begin, start, continue, like, love, prefer, hate, can’t stand, can’t bear…