PROBLEMS OF WRITING PROCESS Resulting from specific situation: a a There is no fast feedback on written communication; a a You cannot make use of non-verbal communication; a a Written m
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LECTURE 10
AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
COMMUNICATION
The Concept of the Audience Types of Professional Readers
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PROBLEMS OF WRITING
PROCESS
Resulting from specific situation:
a a There is no fast feedback on written
communication;
a a You cannot make use of non-verbal
communication;
a a Written message is often aimed at a large group of people
PROCESS
How people learn to write and speak:
© + %* People learn to write after learning how
to speak;
+ %* People have little practice in written
communication
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PROCESS
Other reasons:
© + % Informative texts are a heterogeneous
group,
© + % The writer has many different tasks to
carry out before he can start writing;
+ %*e The text must meet many various
demands of the reader
THE CONCEPT OF THE
AUDIENCE
© + “ Various Readers => various application purposes
« %* Biography data => why and how the text
is used + %* Various purposes => various
expectations
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+ “ Common application purpose and
common expectations
©
+ %* Reader’s needs = applications and
expectations
A key to the
audience needs
Level of knowledge about the subject
a a How much information should be included
a a Which information should be included
Purpose of reading
a a How to organize the information
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AUDIENCE
+ ¢
go *® se P.xXDOeFLsS
+ %* Technical workers
+» %* Managers
- J Level of knowledge
- J Purpose of reading
» J Needs in reading
EXPERTS
Level of knowledge
a a Very high level of knowledge Purpose of reading
a a To keep and expand their professional knowledge
a a To get particular answers on research questions
a a To evaluate the technical content of the plans and proposals
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a a Do not give detailed explanation to the source
information and definitions;
a a Include all details connected with any process
described in the document;
a a Use graphs and diagrams and figures to show these connections, give sources of these figures;
a a Use titles, contents, sections and subsections
to classify and organize information;
a a Make sure all pages are numbered
a a Be sure to give citations to the sources
Level of knowledge TECHNICIANS
a a How and why the process occurs, why the device works or does not
work;
a a General technical terms to describe process or device they know well;
a a Do not know well the technical terms beyond the field of their activity
a a Do not know abstract or general concepts of a process or a device operation
II
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Purpose of reading
a a Learn how to do the task connected with
professional activity;
a a Learn to solve particular problems
connected with professional activity;
a a Learn about new devices connected with
professional activity;
a a Get new skills and knowledge to improve their work results
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TECHNICIANS
Needs in reading
a a Introductory and preliminary information
should be presented in short
Use graphs and tables;
a a Give instructions, where possible
a a Sections and instructions must be short
a a Section numbers and references
a a Give short definitions, examples or
explanations to unknown terms, devices,
instruments, etc
D D
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Level of knowledge
a a Often have general knowledge of the subject;
a a Rarely have technical knowledge in
some field;
a a May not know of new concepts and achievements in the field
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MANAGERS
Purpose of reading
a a Get the information for decision making;
a a Realize the current situation;
a a Foresee future tendencies or development
in the field;
a Retain their level of general knowledge;
a a Estimate success and efficiency of projects and workers
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MANAGERS
Needs in reading
a a Provide key information in short
generalization;
a a Give information in order of its
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importance;
«a Emphasize the information to facilitate the decision taking;
a Provide enough initial information in the
introduction;
a Generalize all recommended measures and
conclusions;
a Use graphs, etc in generalizing;
a Explain unfamiliar and technical terms;
« Expand explanations in appendices at the end
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AUDIENCE ANALYSIS
© + “* Studying the documents
© + “* Defining the audience expectations
a a The formats of presenting the information
a a Particular purpose
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a a Particular order = particular purpose
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THREE KEY SCHEMES TO DEFINE
GENRE
+ % Ethos
+ % Logos
» % Pathos
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ETHOS
Authenticity or trustworthiness Attract and hold attention
Prove your services:
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have him read my work?
1 What should I do to make the reader believe that my work
is professionally written and information 1s worth paying attention to?
ETHOS: ASPECTS
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, Vocabulary
- \ Sources
, Reputation , Style
«a Logic
« o Amount of information
a Type of information
of this genre?
How much information does the reader expect to get from
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LOGOS: ASPECTS
» % Facts
+ *%* Definitions
+ %* Transitions
» “ Links between the ideas
+ ** Figures
+ ** Visual ways 0 presenting information
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PATHOS
Emotions
e J Does the reader expect me to show any emotions regarding
the topic?
° 1 If so, how bright or ostentatious should these emotions be?
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PATHOS: ASPECTS
Vocabulary
Comparisons
Examples:
More abstract = less emotional Aloofer = less emotional
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AUDIENCE ANALYSIS:
CONCLUSION
First define
4 a Genres
a a Purpose Then define
a a Ethos
a a Logos
a a Pathos