starting electronics construction techniques equipment and projects pdf

The electronic components which make up an electronic device are mounted upon a printed circuit board — often called just a PCB, which is a means of holding all the components securely

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An imprint of Elsevier

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803, United States First edition 2005

Copyright © Keith Brindley 2005 All rights reserved.

The right of Keith Brindley to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and

Patents Act 1988.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holders except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Design and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 4LP Applications for the copyright holders’ written permission to

reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Preface vii

1 Practical electronics construction 1

2 Tools 5

3 Components 27

4 Printed circuit boards 73

5 Soldering 107

6 Housings 139

 -H\S[ÄUKPUN 177

8 Projects 193

Component suppliers 221

Index 225

This Page Intentionally Left Blank

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1 Introduction

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What do you need to know about making an electronic device?

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So, what is an electronic device?

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An electronic device invariably has three main features:

NUMBER 1Electronic components An electronic device is anything that incorporates electronic components of any description.

NUMBER 2A printed circuit board The electronic components which

make up an electronic device are mounted upon a printed circuit board

— (often called just a PCB), which is a means of holding all the components

securely while at the same time making the necessary electrical connections between them all.

NUMBER 3 A housing The printed circuit board, together with all the tronic components that it holds, will be housed in a box, or a module, or a case In this way the electronic components are protected from damage.

elec-So, what’s next?

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FIGURE 1.1 An example of an electronic device — note the electronic components, the printed circuit board, and the housing

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Electronic components

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Printed circuit boards

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Housings

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What have we learned?

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Tools

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Tools you absolutely, positively, indisputably, and without a doubt need:

SOLDERING IRON — to solder components into place The connecting lead of each component must be soldered into place on the printed circuit board A specialized soldering iron must be used — one that is neither too big nor too powerful to harm either the component or the circuit board

MINIATURE SIDE-CUTTERS— to cut wire or component leads While constructing an electronic device, there will be many wires to cut to size Each component mounted on the printed circuit board needs its leads trim- ming close to the board after soldering

MINIATURE LONG-NOSED PLIERS— to form leads Component leads are formed to the correct shape for mounting on a printed circuit board with small, long-nosed pliers Larger components and many controls are attached with nuts and bolts, so a larger pair of long-nosed pliers is also needed

CONTINUED…

WIRE-STRIPPERS — to strip insulation from wires Insulation must be removed from wires prior to soldering, and gripping the wire in your teeth before pulling the insulation off isn’t the best method A good pair of wire- strippers solves the problem and keeps your dental bills as low as possible

SOLDER REMOVAL TOOLS— to err… remove solder At some point or other, you will need to remove solder from a soldered joint, usually to take out a component you have accidentally put in the wrong place, or to replace

a faulty component Some type of solder-removal tool is required, allowing you to extract the component’s leads

DRILLS AND BITS— to err… drill holes Every component lead goes through a hole in the printed circuit board Each hole must be drilled Com- ponents not mounted on the printed circuit board are usually mounted on the housing, usually with nuts and bolts, and holes for these must be drilled

Tools you don’t exactly need — but which make some jobs easier:

PLIERS — ordinary hand pliers

FILES — HZTHSSZL[VMULLKSLÄSLZHUKHZLSLJ[PVUVMSHYNLYÄSLZ

PUNCHES — for making some larger holes in housings

VICE — to hold housings while working

A STAND — to hold printed circuit boards.

The Tools

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Soldering irons

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FIGURE 2.1 A typical soldering iron — the main parts of which are (from left to right): the bit; the heating element; the handle This particular soldering iron is mains-powered, so you can also see the mains lead exiting the handle at the right

Soldering iron types

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Rechargeable irons·^P[OIHZLZ[H[PVU9LJOHYNLHISLPYVUZOH]LPU[LYUHSIH[[LYPLZ[OH[HYL\ZLK[VOLH[[OLLSLTLU[HUKIP[;OL`OH]LHIHZLZ[H[PVU[OH[PZTHPUZWV^LYLKPU[V^OPJO[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVUÄ[Z^OLUUV[PU\ZL*VUULJ[PVUZPU[OLIHZLZ[H[PVUHUKZVSKLYPUNPYVUTH[LHUKZV[OLIH[[LYPLZHYLYLJOHYNLK^OLUL]LY[OLPYVUPZPU[OLIHZLZ[H[PVUHUK[OLIHZLZ[H[PVUPZWV^LYLKVMJV\YZL

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FIGURE 2.2 Rechargeable soldering iron in use To conserve batteries, the element only heats up when the button on the handle is pressed — heating rapidly to soldering temperature within seconds In the background is the base station which recharges the soldering iron’s batteries

Gas-powered irons·[OL\S[PTH[LPUWVY[HIPSP[`-P[[LK^P[OZTHSSYLÄSSHISLJOHYNLZVMI\[HULNHZ^OPJOSHZ[\W[VHYV\UKTPU\[LZVMJVUZ[HU[

\ZL[OLZLZVSKLYPUNPYVUZYLX\PYLUVLSLJ[YPJHSWV^LY-PN\YLZOV^ZHNHZZVSKLYPUNPYVUPU\ZL

7YPJLKIL[^LLUHYV\UK‰[V‰VYZV[OLZLZVSKLYPUNPYVUZHYL

\ZLM\SMVYJLY[HPUH^R^HYKZVSKLYPUNQVIZ^OLYLLSLJ[YPJHSWV^LYPZUV[H]HPSHISL;OL`[LUK[VILX\P[LWV^LYM\SWHY[PJ\SHYS`[OLTVYLL_WLUZP]LTVKLSZ[OV\NO^P[OJHYLJHUIL\ZLK[VNVVKLMMLJ[PULSLJ[YVUPJZZVSKLYPUN

FIGURE 2.3 A gas-powered soldering iron Small and portable, these can be recharged from lighter fuel butane gas containers

Low-voltage irons·MVYIH[[LY`WV^LYLKHWWSPJH[PVUZ6JJHZPVUHSS`

^OLU^VYRPUNVUHJHYZH`[OLYLHYLHWWSPJH[PVUZ^OLYLHSV^]VS[HNLZVSKLYPUNPYVUTPNO[IL\ZLM\S:VTL=WV^LYLKZVSKLYPUNPYVUZHYLH]HPSHISLHUL_HTWSLPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL\Z\HSS`OH]PUNIH[[LY`JSPWZH[[HJOLK[V[OLWV^LYSLHK

Soldering iron stations

>OPSL^L»YLVU[OLZ\IQLJ[VMZVSKLYPUNPYVU[`WLZP[»Z^VY[O[HRPUNHSVVRH[ZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[H[PVUZ;OLZLHYLJVTWSL[L\UP[ZJVTWYPZPUNHZVSKLYPUNPYVUHZ[HUK[VOVSK[OLPYVU^OLUUV[PU\ZLHUKH

JVU[YVSSPUNJPYJ\P[VMZVTLKLZJYPW[PVU([`WPJHSZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[H[PVUPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL;OLJVU[YVSSPUNJPYJ\P[[`WPJHSS`JVU[YVSZ[OLWV^LY[V[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVULSLTLU[ZV[OH[[OLIP[Z[H`ZH[HJVUZ[HU[KLÄUHISL[LTWLYH[\YL>OPSLZ\JOZ[H[PVUZHYLL_WLUZP]LYHUNPUNMYVTHYV\UK

‰[VV]LY‰[OL`HYLL_JLSSLU[[VVSZPM`V\KVHJVUZPKLYHISLHTV\U[VMZVSKLYPUN

FIGURE 2.5 A soldering iron station, showing the iron itself in a stand, and the control knob to set bit temperature (Antex Electronics).

FIGURE 2.4 A 12 V-powered soldering iron The battery clips on the lead attach to a car’s battery for (relatively) portable power

Soldering iron bits

(SVUNZPKL[OLPYVUP[ZLSM`V\ULLK[V[OPURHIV\[[OLIP[;OLIP[PZ[OLWHY[VM[OLPYVU[OH[JVTLZPU[VJVU[HJ[^P[O[OLWHY[Z[VILQVPULKZVPZHMHPYS`JYP[PJHSWHY[VM[OLWYVJLZZ

([`WPJHSYHUNLVMIP[ZOHWLZPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL<Z\HSS`MVY

ZVSKLYPUNLSLJ[YVUPJJVTWVULU[QVPU[ZHUHUNSLKIP[VMHIV\[TTKPHTL[LYPZPKLHS

FIGURE 2.6 Typical sizes of soldering iron bits.

/V^[OLIP[Ä[ZVU[V[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVULSLTLU[PZVMJVUJLYUMVY[^VYLHZVUZ!

0UNLULYHSIP[Z[OH[ZSPKLV]LYHZVSKLYPUNPYVU»ZLSLTLU[HYLTVZ[LMÄJPLU[HSSV^PUNT\JOVM[OLOLH[NLULYH[LKI`[OLLSLTLU[[VWHZZ[V[OLIP[»Z[PW-PN\YLZOV^ZZ\JOHIP[Ä[[LK[VP[ZLSLTLU[(SZV[OPZIP[[`WLPZ[OLLHZPLZ[[VYLTV]L

)P[Z[OH[Ä[PUZPKLHULSLTLU[VYZJYL^VU[VP[HYLWYVIHIS`ILZ[

H]VPKLKPMVUS`ILJH\ZL[OL]LY`UH[\YLVM[OLZVSKLYPUNWYVJLZZTLHUZ

• it determines how much of the heat generated

by the iron’s element passes to the bit’s tip

— and hence to the joint to be soldered

• it determines how easy it is to remove the bit

— important if you are to solder different types

of joints (for example, a bit with a smaller

KPHTL[LY^V\SKIL\ZLKMVYÄULYQVPU[ZVYMVY

when you need to replace an old and worn bit.

FIGURE 2.7 A soldering iron whose bit slides over the element The bit is easily removed and/or replaced, and provides an efficient heat transfer between the element and the bit’s tip

FIGURE 2.8 The unified element/bit of the rechargeable soldering iron shown in Figure 2.2 fits to the soldering iron’s body by pushing in the two prongs

:VTLZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ\ZLHIP[[`WL[OH[HSZVJVTWYPZLZ[OLLSLTLU[;OLIP[LSLTLU[JVTIPUH[PVUH[[HJOLZ[V[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVUI`[^VWYVUNZ[OH[ZSPKLPU[V[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVUIVK`,SLTLU[HUKIP[[PWILPUN\UPÄLKPU[OPZ^H`[OLYLPZHOPNOS`LMÄJPLU[OLH[[YHUZMLYIL[^LLULSLTLU[HUK[PWHUK[OPZKLZPNUOHZ[OLNYLH[HK]HU[HNL[OH[JOHUNPUN[OLIP[LMMLJ[P]LS`YLWSHJLZ[OLLSLTLU[PUVULVWLYH[PVU6ULVM[OLILZ[

L_HTWSLZPZ[OLYLJOHYNLHISLZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PWZOV^UPU-PN\YL

Soldering iron accessories

Soldering iron stand

;OLYL»ZHML^HJJLZZVYPLZMVYZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[OH[HYL^VY[OI\`PUN-PYZ[

·HUKTVZ[PTWVY[HU[·VM[OLZLPZHZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[HUKH[`WPJHSZ[HUKPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL ^OPJOOVSKZHUPYVU^OPSLP[»ZUV[PU\ZL:VSKLYPUNPYVUZVMJV\YZLI`[OLPY]LY`UH[\YLHYLOV[ZVOH]PUNHZ[HUK[VW\[VULPU^OLUUV[HJ[\HSS`\ZPUNP[HKKZ\W[VX\P[LHZHML[`MLH[\YL

;OLZ[HUKPU-PN\YL PZHYV\UKHÄ]LY·ZVZOV\SKU»[IYLHR[OLIHUR

FIGURE 2.9 A soldering iron stand This particular stand features a sponge

Sponge

;HSRPUNVMHZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[HUK^P[OHZWVUNLHZWVUNLPZHJ[\HSS`H]LY`OHUK`HJJLZZVY`[VOH]L,]LUPM`V\OH]L[VYLZVY[[V·HZ0OH]LKVULVUVJJHZPVU·\ZPUNHZPTWSLRP[JOLUZWVUNLKHTWLULK^P[O

^H[LYZ[VVKVUH[LHWSH[L[OLUZVILP[

;OL‰ZVSKLYPUNPYVUZ[HUKVM-PN\YL MLH[\YPUNHUPU[LNYH[LKZWVUNLPZHNYLH[^H`[VJVTIPUL[OL[^VHJJLZZVYPLZ·UV[LZZLU[PHSQ\Z[ULH[

@V\\ZLHKHTWLULKZWVUNL[V^PWL`V\YOV[ZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PWVUPTTLKPH[LS`WYPVY[V[PUUPUNP[ZLLWHNLHUK\ZPUNP[[VZVSKLYQVPU[Z(Z`V\»SSZLLSH[LYHJSLHUZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PWPZVULVM[OLWYLYLX\PZP[LZVMNVVKZVSKLYPUN

7\[HUV[OLY^H`!PM`V\YZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PWPZUV[JSLHUKVU»[L_WLJ[[V

THRLNVVKZVSKLYLKQVPU[ZHUKdoL_WLJ[`V\YJPYJ\P[UV[[V^VYR

Tip tinning and cleaning block

(UV[OLY^H`[VRLLW`V\YZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[»Z[PWJSLHUPZ[V\ZLH[PW[PUUPUNHUKJSLHUPUNISVJR0[»ZH[OPUKPZJZOHWLKISVJRPUHTL[HSJVU[HPULY[OH[JHUILJHYYPLKPUHWVJRL[VYTV\U[LKVUHZ\P[HISLZ\YMHJLJSVZL[V[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVU0U\ZL`V\ZPTWS`^PWL[OLOV[ZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[»Z[PWV]LY[OLISVJR»ZZ\YMHJLZPT\S[HULV\ZS`JSLHUPUNHUK[PUUPUN[OL[PWHZZOV^UPU-PN\YL0[»ZJVU]LUPLU[P[»ZOHUK`P[»ZJOLHWHYV\UK‰HUKP[ZH]LZOH]PUNH^L[ZWVUNLVU`V\Y

^VYR[VW

FIGURE 2.10 Using a tip tinning and cleaning block to err clean and tin a hot soldering iron bit tip

Abrasive ÄIYLNSHZZWLUJPS

>OPSL^L»YLVU[OLZ\IQLJ[VMJSLHUSPULZZ^OPJO^L»SSYL[\YU[VVM[LU[OYV\NOV\[[OLIVVR[OLV[OLYJVTWVULU[Z[OH[NV[VTHRL\WHZVSKLYLKQVPU[OH]L[VILJSLHU·Q\Z[HZT\JOHZ[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PW-VY[\UH[LS`[OLYLHYLWYVK\J[Z[OH[JHUOLSWOLYL[VV;OLJVWWLYZ\YMHJLZVM[OL[YHJRVUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZOV\SKILJSLHUHUKHZ[OL`V_PKPaL^OLUSLM[MVYTVYL[OHUQ\Z[HML^OV\YZHUKJVWWLYV_PKLJHUWYL]LU[HNVVKQVPU[MYVTILPUNTHKL[OL`ZOV\SKILJSLHULKTVYLVYSLZZPTTLKPH[LS`WYPVY[VZVSKLYPUN[OLQVPU[Z

(NVVK[VVSMVY[OPZQVIPZHÄIYLNSHZZHIYHZP]LWLUJPS0[»ZHWYVWLSSPUNWLUJPS[`WLVMKLZPNU^P[OHUPU[LYUHSÄIYLNSHZZZ[PJRPUZ[LHKVMWLUJPSSLHK·ZLL-PN\YL0U\ZL`V\Y\I[OLLUKVM[OLÄIYLNSHZZZ[PJRVU[OLJVWWLY[YHJRHML^[PTLZYLTV]PUNHU`KPY[NYLHZLVYWYLÄUPZOLZSLH]PUNJSLHUZOPU`JVWWLYYLHK`MVYZVSKLYPUN

FIGURE 2.11 An abrasive fibreglass pencil in use — note the residue, which is of fibreglass origins.

FIGURE 2.12 An abrasive scrubbing block

`V\ZOV\SKJSLHU[OLSLHKWYPVY[VZVSKLYPUN0[»ZT\JOLHZPLY[VKV[OPZILMVYLZVSKLYPUN[OHU[Y`PUN[VJVYYLJ[[OLLMMLJ[ZVMP[HM[LY^HYKZ

Chemical solvent cleaners

*OLTPJHSJSLHULYZZ\JOHZPZVWYVW`SHSJVOVSTH`IL\ZLM\SMVYJSLHUPUNWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK[YHJRZVYJVTWVULU[SLHKZWYPVY[VZVSKLYPUNHZ[OL`KPZZVS]LNYLHZLKPY[HUKZVTLWYLÄUPZOLZ^OPJOTH`IL

WYLZLU[;OL`JHUILW\YJOHZLKPUSPX\PKMVYTHS[OV\NOHLYVZVSVYWLUHWWSPJH[VYZHYLVM[LUT\JOTVYLJVU]LUPLU[

Heat shunt

;OLÄUHSZVSKLYPUNHJJLZZVY``V\TPNO[^HU[[VJVUZPKLYPU`V\Y

HYTV\Y`PZHOLH[ZO\U[:VSKLYPUN·I`P[Z]LY`UH[\YL·YLX\PYLZOLH[I\[[VVT\JOOLH[JHUKHTHNLZVTLLSLJ[YVUPJJVTWVULU[Z:VTLWLVWSL[OLYLMVYLSPRL[V\ZLHOLH[ZO\U[IL[^LLU[OLZVSKLYLKQVPU[HUK[OLJVTWVULU[IVK`[VOLSWLUZ\YL[OLOLH[H[[OLQVPU[PZZO\U[LKH^H`MYVT[OLJVTWVULU[P[ZLSM

;OLZPTWSLZ[MVYTVMOLH[ZO\U[PZHWHPYVMSVJRPUN[^LLaLYZ^OPJOHYLJSHTWLKVU[V[OLJVTWVULU[SLHK(Z[OLQVPU[PZOLH[LKOLH[PZZO\U[LKPU[V[OL[^LLaLYZYH[OLY[OHUWHZZPUNKV^U[OLJVTWVULU[SLHKPU[V[OLJVTWVULU[IVK`

-PN\YLZOV^ZZ\JOHWHPYVM[^LLaLYZ

Take Note:

Having said all that, I am duty-bound to say that I have

never owned a heat shunt, I have never even used a

heat shunt, and I don’t think I will ever use a heat shunt

All but a very few electronic components are fairly

heat-resilient after all, and as long as the soldered joint is

performed rapidly and without leaving the soldering iron

in place on the joint too long, then excessive heat should

not be a problem.

FIGURE 2.13 A heat shunt.

Side-cutters

(M[LY`V\YZVSKLYPUNPYVU[OLZPUNSLTVZ[PTWVY[HU[[VVSPU`V\Y[VVSIV_PZHKLJLU[[VNVVKX\HSP[`WHPYVMTPUPH[\YLZPKLJ\[[LYZ(ZZPKLJ\[[LYZ

areZVPTWVY[HU[P[»ZILZ[UV[[VZRPTWVU[OPZ[VVS·I\`[OLILZ[`V\JHUHMMVYKKLJLU[X\HSP[`ZPKLJ\[[LYZHYLH]HPSHISLH[HYV\UK‰^OPSL

goodX\HSP[`ZPKLJ\[[LYZHYLWYPJLKIL[^LLUHIV\[‰HUK‰¯)LMVYL`V\IH\SRH[[OLWYPJLYLTLTILY[OH[[OLZPKLJ\[[LYZ`V\I\`

^PSSIL\ZLKL]LY`[PTL`V\ZVSKLYHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK[V[YPT[OLJVTWVULU[SLHKZHM[LYZVSKLYPUNQVPU[Z;OL`»SSIL\ZLKL]LY`[PTL`V\J\[^PYLZ[VSLUN[OMVYPUZLY[PVUPU[VHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[;OL`»SSIL\ZLK

L]LY`[PTL`V\[YPT`V\Y[VLUHPSZ;OL`ZOV\SKnotIL\ZLKMVYJ\[[PUN

[OPJR^PYLZVYTL[HSVYWY\UPUN[OLYVZLZVYJ\[[PUN[VLUHPSZPM`V\OHKU»[HSYLHK`YLHSPaLK0^HZU»[ILPUNZLYPV\Z

(UKÄUHSS`Q\Z[[VSHIV\Y[OLWVPU[HKLJLU[WHPYVMZPKLJ\[[LYZ^PSSSHZ[HSPML[PTLPULSLJ[YVUPJZI\[HJOLHWWHPY^PSSWYVIHIS`SHZ[[PSS`V\ULLK[OLT

-PN\YLZOV^ZHWHPYVMZPKLJ\[[LYZ[OH[OH]LSHZ[LKHSPML[PTLTPUL

;OL`^LYLL_WLUZP]LJVZ[PUNHYV\UK‰PU HUKH[[OL[PTL0^HZ

`V\UNHUKMVVSPZOHUK[OV\NO[P[^HZHSP[[SLV]LY[OL[VWI\[UV^[OH[0»]LTH[\YLKHUK0»THNHPULYY¯`LZ^LSS¯0JLY[HPUS`YLHSPaL[OLPY

^VY[O0UHSSZLYPV\ZULZZ[OV\NO[OLTVUL``V\ZWLUKVU[OPZ[VVSPZ

^VY[OP[PU[OLSVUNY\U

FIGURE 2.14 A good quality pair of miniature side-cutters After your soldering iron, it’s the tool you’ll use the most in electronics.

Long-nosed pliers

3PRLZPKLJ\[[LYZHTPUPH[\YLWHPYVMSVUNUVZLKWSPLYZPZHULZZLU[PHS[VVSMVY[OLI\PSKLYVMLSLJ[YVUPJZJPYJ\P[Z3PRLZPKLJ\[[LYZHSZVP[»ZWYL[[`PTWVY[HU[[VOH]LHKLJLU[[VNVVKX\HSP[`WHPY(UKPM`V\OH]LU»[HSYLHK`N\LZZLKP[SPRLZPKLJ\[[LYZ[VV[OL`TH`ILL_WLUZP]L·KLJLU[X\HSP[`SVUNUVZLKWSPLYZ^PSSJVZ[HYV\UK‰^OPSLHNVVKX\HSP[`WHPY

^PSSILWYPJLKIL[^LLUHYV\UK‰HUK‰(NHPUNL[[OLILZ[`V\JHUHMMVYK·[OL`^PSSIL^VY[OP[-PN\YLZOV^ZT`SVUNUVZLKWSPLYZ

^OPJO0IV\NO[HSVUN^P[OT`ZPKLJ\[[LYZPU MVYHYV\UK‰

;OL`»YLZ[PSS^VYRPUNWLYMLJ[S`^OPJOPZTVYL[OHU0JHUZH`MVYT`ZLSM

FIGURE 2.15 Miniature long-nosed pliers are extremely useful tools to keep in your electronics toolbox

IL\ZLKMVYHU`[OPUNOLH]PLY[OHU[OPZ·HUKZOV\SKKLÄUP[LS`notIL

\ZLKMVY[PNO[LUPUNU\[ZVU[VSHYNLIVS[ZVY^VYRPUNVU[OLJHY;OL`HYLWYLJPZPVUPUZ[Y\TLU[Z^OPJOYLX\PYLHSP[[SLMVYL[OV\NO[PUOHUKSPUN

Wire-strippers

7YPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZHYLUV[\Z\HSS`JVTWSL[LLU[P[PLZHUK[OL`ULLK[VILJVUULJ[LK[V[OLV\[ZPKL^VYSK;OLLHZPLZ[HUKTVZ[WVW\SHY^H`[VKV[OH[PZ^P[OPU[LYJVUULJ[PUN^PYLZ^OPJOHYLUVYTHSS`PUZ\SH[PVUJV]LYLK[VWYL]LU[ZOVY[JPYJ\P[^P[O[OLPYULPNOIV\YZ,HJO^PYLOHZ[VILZVSKLYLK[V[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZVP[»ZULJLZZHY`[VYLTV]LHWPLJLVMPUZ\SH[PVUH[[OL^PYLLUKSLH]PUNHZOVY[SLUN[OVM\UPUZ\SH[LK

^PYL[OH[JHUILZVSKLYLK0[»ZWLYMLJ[S`WVZZPISL[VZ[YPWHZOVY[WPLJLVMPUZ\SH[PVUH^H`I`W\[[PUN[OLLUKVM[OL^PYLPU[V`V\YTV\[OIL[^LLU

`V\Y[LL[OIP[PUNVU[OL^PYL^OPSLW\SSPUNP[IHJRV\[VM`V\YTV\[O0UKLLK0\ZLK[VKV[OPZ]LY`[OPUNILMVYL0^VYLHOVSLPUT`MYVU[[LL[OHUKZ\MMLYLKTHU`L_WLUZP]LKLU[HSIPSSZ5V^0\ZLHWHPYVM^PYLZ[YPWWLYZHUK0^OVSLOLHY[LKS`YLJVTTLUK`V\KV[OLZHTL

>PYLZ[YPWWLYZ^VYRPUL_HJ[S`[OLZHTL^H`[OH[MYVU[[LL[OKVPU[OH[

`V\PUZLY[[OL^PYLPU[V[OL^PYLZ[YPWWLYZQH^ZHUK`LZ[OL`HYLJHSSLKQH^Z^OLYL\WVU`V\ZX\LLaL[OL^PYLZ[YPWWLYZ»OHUKSLZ[VNL[OLYZV[OH[[OL^PYLZ[YPWWLYZ»[LL[OJH[JO[OL^PYLIL[^LLU[OLT-\Y[OLYZX\LLaPUNVM[OLOHUKSLZMVYJLZ[OL[LL[OPU[V[OLPUZ\SH[PVUHUKZPT\S[HULV\ZS`W\SSZ[OLQH^ZIHJRZ[YPWWPUN[OLPUZ\SH[PVUMYVT[OL^PYL-PN\YLZOV^ZHWHPYVM^PYLZ[YPWWLYZPUHJ[PVU

FIGURE 2.16 Using a pair of wire-strippers to strip the insulation from the end of a wire, prior to soldering to a printed circuit board

Solder removal tools

0M`V\ZVSKLYLSLJ[YVUPJJVTWVULU[ZPU[VWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZ[OLUZVVULYVYSH[LY`V\^PSSULLK[VKLZVSKLY[OLT[VYLTV]L[OLTMYVTWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZ0[NVLZ^P[OV\[ZH`PUN[OH[`V\^PSSH[ZVTLZ[HNLW\[HJVTWVULU[PU[OL^YVUNWSHJLHUKULLK[V[HRLP[V\[VY`V\^PSSÄUK[OH[`V\OH]LHMH\S[`JVTWVULU[HUKULLK[VYLWSHJLP[

;OLYLHYL[^V[VVSZ[OH[JHUOLSW`V\KV[OPZHUK`V\YZLSLJ[PVUVM^OPJO

`V\I\`PZTLYLS`HTH[[LYVMJOVPJL;OLJOLHWLZ[PZKLZVSKLYPUNIYHPK

·SLUN[OZVMJVWWLYIYHPKLK^PYLZ[OH[H[[YHJ[TVS[LUZVSKLYH^H`MYVTHZVSKLYLKQVPU[ZPTWS`ILJH\ZLZVSKLYÅV^Z[VJV]LY[OLJVWWLY^PYLZ\YMHJLZPU[OLIYHPK-PN\YLZOV^ZKLZVSKLYPUNIYHPKPU\ZL·[OLIYHPKPZWSHJLKV]LY[OLQVPU[HUKHOV[ZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[WYLZZLZVU[VW(Z[OLOLH[MYVT[OLPYVUIP[TLS[Z[OLZVSKLYP[PZH[[YHJ[LKVU[V[OLIYHPKH^H`MYVT[OLQVPU[6UJL[OLJVTWVULU[SLHKILJVTLZZ\MÄJPLU[S`MYLLVMZVSKLY[VILYLTV]LK[OLIYHPKHUK[OLZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[HYLYLTV]LKHUK[OLSLHKJHUILL_[YHJ[LKMYVT[OLQVPU[OVSL

:\JO^PYLZ[YPWWLYZHYLU»[[VVL_WLUZP]LHYV\UKH[LUULYHS[OV\NO`V\JHUNL[T\JOTVYLL_WLUZP]LVULZ(Z^P[O[OLJHZLVM^PYLJ\[[LYZHUKSVUNUVZLKWSPLYZNL[[OLILZ[`V\JHUHMMVYK;OLILZ[^PYLZ[YPWWLYZOH]LYLWSHJLHISLQH^Z\USPRLTLZVJHUILHS^H`ZTHPU[HPULK^P[OHNVVKZL[VM[LL[O;OLJOLHWLYVULZHYLQ\Z[[OYV^H^H`[VVSZ0»]LOLHYK

thatZHPKHIV\[TLILMVYLHZ^LSS¯

FIGURE 2.17 Desoldering braid in action The braid is heated by the iron’s bit, which in turn heats the solder on the joint to melting point, whereupon the solder is attracted to the copper wires in the braid

SVHKLK^P[OZVSKLYZVT\Z[ILJ\[VMMSLH]PUNMYLZOIYHPKMVY[OLUL_[KLZVSKLYPUNVWLYH[PVU(ZZ\JOHSLUN[OVMKLZVSKLYPUNIYHPKVUS`OHZHSPTP[LKSPMLKLWLUKPUNVUOV^THU`QVPU[Z`V\KLZVSKLY+LZVSKLYPUNIYHPKJVZ[Z‰VY‰MVYHTL[YLVYZVHS[OV\NO`V\JHUI\`P[PUSVUNLYSLUN[OYLLSZPM`V\ULLK

;OLHS[LYUH[P]L[VVSMVYKLZVSKLYPUNW\YWVZLZPZHKLZVSKLYPUNW\TW

JVTTVUS`JHSSLKHZVSKLYZ\JRLY;OPZ^VYRZZVTL[OPUNSPRLHIPJ`JSL

W\TWPUYL]LYZL·`V\VWLYH[L[OLW\TW^OPJOPZZWYPUNSVHKLK[VW\ZOV\[HPY[OLUHWWS`[OLW\TW[VTVS[LUZVSKLYVUHQVPU[HUKYLSLHZL[OLWS\UNLY[VSP[LYHSS`Z\JR[OLTVS[LUZVSKLYH^H`MYVT[OLQVPU[PU[V[OLW\TW^OLYLP[YHWPKS`OHYKLUZ;OLUL_[VWLYH[PVUVM[OLW\TWMVYJLZV\[[OLOHYKLULKZVSKLYHUKWYPTLZ[OLW\TWYLHK`MVY[OLUL_[KLZVSKLYPUNVWLYH[PVU-PN\YLZOV^ZHKLZVSKLYPUNW\TWPUWVZP[PVUV]LYHQVPU[HZ[OLQVPU[PZOLH[LK[VILJVTLTVS[LUI`HZVSKLYPUNPYVUIP[[PW;OLW\TWOHZILLUWYPTLKPLP[ZWS\UNLYOHZILLUW\ZOLKKV^U[OLW\TWIVK`HUKHZ[OLZVSKLYILJVTLZTVS[LU[OLI\[[VUJH[JOVU[OLKLZVSKLYPUNW\TWIVK`PZW\ZOLK[OLYLI`YLSLHZPUN[OLZWYPUNSVHKLKWS\UNLY^OPJOYL[\YUZ[V[OL[VWVM[OLW\TWIVK`

FIGURE 2.18 A desoldering pump in use As the plunger returns to the top of the pump body, suction

it creates sucks the molten solder on the joint inside the pump

>OPSLHSP[[SLTVYLL_WLUZP]L[OHUKLZVSKLYPUNIYHPKKLZVSKLYPUNW\TWZSHZ[JVUZPKLYHIS`SVUNLY0UKLLKYLHSS`[OLVUS`WHY[VM[OLW\TW[OH[TH`IL^VYUI`[OLKLZVSKLYPUNWYVJLZZPZ[OLW\TWUVaaSLK\L[V[OLYLWL[P[P]LHWWSPJH[PVUVM[OLOLH[VMZVSKLYPUN^OPJOUL]LY[OLSLZZ^PSSOH]LHUVWLYH[PUNSPMLVMTHU`[OV\ZHUKZVMVWLYH[PVUZ4VZ[KLZVSKLYPUN

W\TWZOH]LHYLWSHJLHISLUVaaSLZVL]LUPM[OLUVaaSLis^VYU[OL

Drills and bits

,HJOHUKL]LY`JVTWVULU[TV\U[LKVUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKPU[OL

JVU]LU[PVUHS^H`UV[L0ZH`JVU]LU[PVUHS^H`OLYL![OLYLareV[OLY

TL[OVKZ^OPJOKVU»[UVYTHSS`HMMLJ[[OLPUKP]PK\HSLSLJ[YVUPJJPYJ\P[I\PSKLYTVZ[UV[HIS`[OLZ\YMHJLTV\U[LKJVTWVULU[TL[OVK·ZLLWHNLOHZP[ZJVTWVULU[SLHKZNVPUN[OYV\NOOVSLZPU[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK;O\Z[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKOHZ[VILKYPSSLK^P[OOVSLZMVY[OVZL]LY`ZHTLJVTWVULU[SLHKZ;OLOVSLZPaLPZHYV\UK

TTNP]LVY[HRLH]LY`ZTHSSWLYJLU[HNL·KLWLUKPUNVU[OLHJ[\HSJVTWVULU[»ZSLHKZ^OPJOTLHUZ[OH[`V\YH]LYHNLWV^LYKYPSS[OH[`V\

\ZL[VKYPSSTHZVUY`VYZ[LLSPZUV[L_HJ[S`[OLILZ[[VVS[V\ZL7V^LYKYPSSZHYLNVVK^OLYL[OL[OPUNILPUNKYPSSLKPZOHYKHUK[OLOVSLZKVU»[OH]L[VIL[VVHJJ\YH[LS`WVZP[PVULK

7YPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKVU[OLV[OLYOHUKPZTHKLMYVTH[OPUHUKMHPYS`ZVM[Z\IZ[YH[LHUK[OLJVWWLY[YHJRPZI\[HML^TPJYVTL[YLZ[OPJR^OPSL[OLJVWWLYWHKZ`V\»SSILKYPSSPUN[OYV\NOHYLUV[[OH[T\JOIPNNLY[OHU[OLOVSLZYLX\PYLK[OLTZLS]LZ:VHKYPSSMVY[OL[HZRVMKYPSSPUNWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKOHZML^WV^LYYLX\PYLTLU[ZI\[HJJ\YHJ`PZVMWYPTLPTWVY[HUJL

:THSSOHUKOLSKSV^]VS[HNLKYPSSZJVTWSL[L^P[OTHPUZ[YHUZMVYTLYHYLH]HPSHISLMYVTTVZ[KVP[`V\YZLSMZ[VYLZHUK[OLZLHYLPKLHSMVYOHUKKYPSSPUNVMWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZ-PN\YL ZOV^ZZ\JOHKYPSSILPUN\ZLK[VKYPSSOVSLZPUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKWYPVY[VTV\U[PUNHUKZVSKLYPUNVMJVTWVULU[Z

FIGURE 2.19 Using a hand-held low-voltage drill to drill holes in a printed circuit board

do at the wrong time) to have another one ready to use Oh, and make sure all your drills are sharp

OVSLZPUOV\ZPUNZMVYL_HTWSL)\[`V\doULLK[VOH]LHSV^]VS[HNL

OHUKOLSKKYPSSMVY[OLÄULY[HZRZSPRL[OH[PU-PN\YL ;OL`HYLUV[[OH[L_WLUZP]L·Z[HY[PUNH[HYV\UK‰HUKNVPUN\W[VHIV\[‰,]LU[OLJOLHWLZ[^PSSKV[OLQVILMMLJ[P]LS`<Z\HSS`[OL`HYLZVSKPURP[ZJVTWSL[L^P[OHYHUNLVMKYPSSIP[Z[VNL[OLY^P[OZTHSSNYPUKPUN^OLLSZWVSPZOPUN^OLLSZHUKLUNYH]PUN[VVSZ0M`V\I\`HRP[JVTWSL[L^P[OHYHUNLVMKYPSSZ[OLU`V\^PSSWYVIHIS`OH]LHSS[OLKYPSSZPaLZ`V\ULLK0M`V\I\`[OLKYPSSHSVULTHRLZ\YL`V\HSZVI\`KYPSSZVMTTHUK

TTZPaLZ·[OL`HYL[OLTVZ[JVTTVUVULZ`V\»SSULLK

Printed circuit board stand

>OLU^VYRPUNVUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKI`OHUKP[»ZUV[HS^H`ZLHZ`[VTV\U[HUKZVSKLYJVTWVULU[Z^P[OV\[[OLIVHYKTV]PUNHSVUN[OL

^VYRZ\YMHJLHZ`V\^VYR0M`V\OH]LHOV[ZVSKLYPUNPYVUPUVULOHUKHUKZVSKLYPU[OLV[OLYOHUK[OLSHZ[[OPUN`V\^HU[PZ`V\YWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZSPKPUNHSVUN[OLILUJOHUKMHSSPUN[V[OLÅVVY-HJLP[!

`V\JV\SKKV^P[OH[OPYKOHUK(UHS[LYUH[P]LPZ[V\ZLHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZ[HUKPU[V^OPJO`V\YWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKPZJSHTWLK;OLIVHYKJHUILYLWVZP[PVULKLHZPS`HUKL]LU[\YULKV]LY[VZ\P[

([`WPJHSZ[HUKPZZOV^UPU-PN\YL^OPJOPZHTPUPH[\YL]PJL

^P[OHSL]LYVWLYH[LKZ\JRLYHYYHUNLTLU[VU[OLIV[[VT;OLZ\JRLYHSSV^Z[OL]PJL[VILJSHTWLK[VH^VYRZ\YMHJL^OPSL[OL]PJLOVSKZHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZHMLS`SLH]PUN`V\YOHUKZMYLL[VPUZLY[HUKZVSKLYJVTWVULU[Z

FIGURE 2.20 A printed circuit board stand

^P[OTHNUPM`PUNNSHZZHUKJSPWZ[VOVSKV[OLYJVTWVULU[Z

IC insertion tool

(Z`V\JVUZ[Y\J[LSLJ[YVUPJJPYJ\P[ZVUWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKZ`V\^PSSJVTLHJYVZZPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[Z0*Z·ZLLWHNL0U[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[ZHYLJVTWVULU[Z[OH[JVU[HPUTHU`TPUPH[\YPaLKJVTWVULU[Z^P[OPU

;OL`HYLX\P[LZTHSSI\[\Z\HSS`OH]LTHU`YLSH[P]LS`MYHNPSLJVUULJ[PVU

WPUZTVZ[JVTTVUS`PU[^VYV^Z·[OLdual-in-lineHYYHUNLTLU[

0UZLY[PUNZ\JOPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[ZPU[VHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKPZHSP[[SL[YPJR`HZ[OLYV^ZVMJVUULJ[PVUWPUZHYLHUNSLKZVTL^OH[H^H`MYVT[OL]LY[PJHSWSHULZVULLK[VILZWY\UNPUHZ[OL`LU[LY[OLPYJVYYLZWVUKPUNOVSLZPU[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK0[»ZWLYMLJ[S`WVZZPISL[VKV[OPZI`OHUK^P[OJHYLI\[HU0*PUZLY[PVU[VVSZ\JOHZ[OH[ZOV^UPU

\ZLPU-PN\YLPZ^LSS^VY[O[OLJVZ[VM[LUSLZZ[OHU‰HUKTHRLZ[OL[HZRHIP[VMHKVKKSL

0U\ZL[OLPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[PZW\ZOLKPU[V[OL[VVS^OPJORLLWZ[OLJVUULJ[PVUWPUZH[[OLJVYYLJ[HUNSLHUKKPZ[HUJL[OLU[OL[VVSPZW\ZOLKKV^UVU[V[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK[VLUNHNL[OLPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[PU[VP[ZJVYYLJ[WVZP[PVU

FIGURE 2.21 An integrated circuit insertion tool in operation

IC extraction tool

.L[[PUNHUPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[IHJRV\[VMHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKPZHULX\HSS`[YPJR`[HZR/V^L]LY[OLYLHYLLX\HSS`JOLHWL_[YHJ[PVU[VVSZ

·VULPZZOV^UPU\ZLPU-PN\YL1\Z[OVVR[OL[VVSH[LHJOLUKVM[OLPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[HUKW\SS6MJV\YZLPMHUPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[PZ

FIGURE 2.22 Using an extraction tool to pull out an integrated circuit — note the use of an integrated circuit holder, which means the integrated circuit itself is not soldered into the printed circuit board

Terminal pin pusher

>OLUJVUULJ[PVUZHYLULLKLKVUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYKP[»ZJVTTVU[V\ZLW\ZOÄ[[LYTPUHSWPUZZLL*OHW[LYPU[OLWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK0[»Z[OLULHZ`[VZVSKLYHJVUULJ[PUNSLHK[V[OLWPUZLL*OHW[LYHZYLX\PYLK/V^L]LY^OPSLP[»ZWVZZPISL[VW\ZO[OLZLWPUZPU[VWSHJLPUHWYPU[LKJPYJ\P[IVHYK\ZPUNWSPLYZZH`HNVVK[VVS[VI\`PZH[LYTPUHSWPUW\ZOLY·ZOV^UPU\ZLPU-PN\YL

FIGURE 2.23 Terminal pin pusher — just put the pin loosely in place in the printed circuit board, then push home firmly with the pusher

Spot-face cutter

>OLU\ZPUNZ[YPWIVHYK[VI\PSKHJPYJ\P[VUP[»ZPUL]P[HISL[OH[ZVTLVM[OLZ[YPWZULLK[VILIYVRLU·WHY[PJ\SHYS`^OLUZP[PUNHK\HSPUSPULPU[LNYH[LKJPYJ\P[^OPJOOHZ[^VYV^ZVMWHYHSSLSWPUZ0U[OPZJHZLPMZ[YPWZHYLU»[IYVRLUIL[^LLU[OLYV^ZVMWPUZZOVY[JPYJ\P[IL[^LLU[OLWPUZ^PSSVJJ\Y

)YLHRPUN[OLZ[YPWJHUILKVUL^P[OHZOHYWJYHM[RUPMLI\[[OPZPZTLZZ`HUKHWV[LU[PHSS`KHUNLYV\ZTL[OVK)LZ[[VI\`HZWV[MHJLJ\[[LY^OPJOPZH[VVS^P[OHYV[H[PUNJ\[[PUNLKNLZ-PN\YLZOV^ZHJVTTVU[`WL*OHW[LYZOV^ZOV^[V\ZLVUL

FIGURE 2.24 A spot-face cutter, used to break strips in stripboard

¬ FYI š

While stripboard is fine for prototype work, I would not condone it for use in a final project Always use printed circuit board to produce best end results.

Components

;OLYLHYLTHU`[`WLZVMJVTWVULU[Z\ZLKPULSLJ[YVUPJKL]PJLZ·[OLTHPU[`WLZHYLSPZ[LKILSV^@V\ULLK[VRUV^^OH[LHJOVM[OLTHYL

^OH[[OLPYJPYJ\P[Z`TIVSZHYLOV^[OL`M\UJ[PVUOV^[VPKLU[PM`[OLTHUK^OH[[OLPY\UP[ZVMTLHZ\YLTLU[HUK]HS\LZHYL

;OLYLZPZ[VYPZVULVM[OLTVZ[PMUV[theTVZ[JVTTVU`L[PTWVY[HU[

JVTWVULU[Z\ZLKPULSLJ[YVUPJZ0[ZWYPTHY`M\UJ[PVUPZ[VYLZPZ[[OLÅV^VMLSLJ[YPJP[`PUHKLÄULKTHUULY

;VKV[OPZP[OHZHYLZPZ[HUJLZWLJPÄLKPU[OL\UP[VMVOTZUHTLKHM[LY[OLWO`ZPJPZ[6OT^OVKPKJVUZPKLYHISLLHYS`^VYRPU[V[OLX\HSP[PLZVMYLZPZ[HUJLHUKNP]LU[OLHIIYL]PH[PVU£:VHYLZPZ[VY»Z]HS\LPZNP]LUHZHU\TILYMVSSV^LKI`[OLVOTZZ`TIVSLN£6JJHZPVUHSS`[OLHIIYL]PH[PVU£PZJOHUNLK[V[OLHIIYL]PH[PVU9·ZPTWS`ILJH\ZL[OLHIIYL]PH[PVU£PZUV[HS^H`ZLHZPS`WYVK\JLKPU^VYKWYVJLZZPUNHWWSPJH[PVUZVUZVTLWLYZVUHSJVTW\[LYZ5L]LY[OLSLZZ`V\ZOV\SKRUV^[OH[[OL9Z[HUKZMVY£

=HS\LZVMYLZPZ[VYZYHUNLMYVTHMYHJ[PVUVMHUVOT[OYV\NO[VTHU`TPSSPVUZVMVOTZ>OLYL[OV\ZHUKZVMVOTZHYLZWLJPÄLKP[PZ\Z\HS[V

\ZL[OL\UP[VMRPSVOTZHRPSVOTPZVOTZZV[OH[ZH`R£PZ\ZLK[VZWLJPM`VOTZVYR£ZWLJPÄLZVOTZ3PRL^PZLTPSSPVUZVMVOTZHYLRUV^UHZTLNVOTZZV[OH[ZH`4£PZ\ZLK[VZWLJPM`VOTZHUKZVVU>P[ORPSVOTZHUKTLNVOTZP[OHZILJVTL\Z\HS[VKYVW[OLZ\WLYÅ\V\Z£[O\Z]HS\LZ^V\SKIL^YP[[LU

RR4HUKZVVU

6UZVTLJPYJ\P[ZHUKL]LUPUZVTL[L_[ZVYSPZ[ZPUHULMMVY[[VKLJYLHZL[OLKPNP[ZHUKOLUJLZPaLVMSHILSZHUKJVTWSL_P[`VM[OLJPYJ\P[[OLVOTPJ\UP[PZ\ZLK[VPUKPJH[L[OLKLJPTHSWVPU[WVZP[PVU·ZV£

^V\SKIL^YP[[LU9R^V\SKIL^YP[[LURHUK4^V\SKIL

^YP[[LU4

*VTTVUZ`TIVSZMVYHYLZPZ[VYPUJPYJ\P[ZHYLZOV^UPU-PN\YL;OLJVYYLJ[)YP[PZOZ[HUKHYKPZ[OLYLJ[HUN\SHYIV_ZOHWLVM-PN\YLH[OV\NO[OLaPNaHNNLKZOHWLVM-PN\YLIPZVM[LU\ZLKZV`V\T\Z[ILH^HYLVMHUKILJVUÄKLU[^P[OIV[O

FIGURE 3.1 Resistor symbols commonly found in electronic circuits (a) correct British standard (b) zig-zag shape also used

Resistor types

;OLYL»ZHML^PTWVY[HU[[`WLZVMYLZPZ[VYJSHZZPÄLKI`OV^[OL`HYLJYLH[LK

Carbon resistors

;OLYLHYLHJ[\HSS`[^VTHPU[`WLZVMJHYIVUYLZPZ[VYZI\[[OL`SVVRZPTPSHYPMUV[PKLU[PJHS·ZLL-PN\YLZHUK

FIGURE 3.2 Carbon resistors — illustration

• TOLERANCE·YLZPZ[VYZHYLYHYLS`[OLL_HJ[]HS\LZWLJPÄLK

<Z\HSS`YLZPZ[VYZHYL^P[OPUHZTHSSWLYJLU[HNLVM[OLZWLJPÄLK]HS\L·[OPZ ZTHSSWLYJLU[HNLPZJHSSLK[OLPY[VSLYHUJL:VHYLZPZ[VYVM]HS\L£

^OPJOOHZH[VSLYHUJLVM— ^PSSOH]LH]HS\LIL[^LLU £HUK£

• POWER RATING·HZLSLJ[YPJP[`ÅV^JH\ZLZOLH[If too much heat PZNLULYH[LKPUHYLZPZ[VY[OLYLZPZ[VYTH`ILKHTHNLK;OLYLMVYLYLZPZ[VYZ OH]LHWV^LYYH[PUNZWLJPÄLKPU\UP[ZVM^H[[ZHUKNP]LU[OLHIIYL]PH[PVU

>^OPJOT\Z[UV[ILL_JLLKLK([`WPJHSWV^LYYH[PUNMVYYLZPZ[VYZ\ZLKPU JVTTVULSLJ[YVUPJKL]PJLZPZ>·PUHSSI\[[OLTVZ[WV^LYO\UNY`VM JPYJ\P[Z[OPZ^PSS\Z\HSS`Z\MÄJL0UMHJ[SV^LYWV^LYYLZPZ[VYZLN>

^PSSWYVIHIS`KV·HUKHYLVMJV\YZLZTHSSLY

• STABILITY·[OLHIPSP[`VMHYLZPZ[VY[VRLLWP[Z]HS\LV]LY[PTL

+LZWP[LV[OLYJOHUNLZZ\JOHZOLH[O\TPKP[`[OH[JHUVJJ\YHYV\UKP[P[ ZOV\SKILHISL[VTHPU[HPUP[ZYLZPZ[HUJL]HS\LHZJSVZLS`HZWVZZPISL

FIGURE 3.3 Photograph of carbon resistors.

*HYIVUJVTWVZP[PVUYLZPZ[VYZHYLTHKLMYVTHTP_[\YLVMJHYIVUHUKJSH`*HYIVUJVUK\J[ZLSLJ[YPJP[`I\[JSH`KVLZUV[ZVI`TP_PUN[OL[^VYLZPZ[VYZHYLMVYTLK:[HIPSP[`HUK[VSLYHUJLVMYLZPZ[VYZTHKL[OPZ

^H`HYLUV[WHY[PJ\SHYS`NVVKI\[[OL`HYLJOLHW[VTHRLZVHYL]LY`JVTTVU

*HYIVUÄSTYLZPZ[VYZHYLTHKLI`TV\SKPUNHSH`LYVMJHYIVUTH[LYPHSVU[VHUPUZ\SH[PUNYVK[OLUL[JOPUNHZWPYHS[YHJR[OYV\NO[OLJHYIVU[PSS[OLYLZPZ[HUJLPUJYLHZLZ;VSLYHUJLHUKZ[HIPSP[`HYLNVVK

4L[HSÄSTYLZPZ[VYZ

;OLZLHYLTHKLPUT\JO[OLZHTL^H`HZJHYIVUÄSTYLZPZ[VYZI\[[VSLYHUJLHUKZ[HIPSP[`HYLT\JOIL[[LYZV[OL`HYL\ZLKPUJPYJ\P[Z^OPJOYLX\PYLNYLH[HJJ\YHJ`;OL`HYLOV^L]LYTVYLL_WLUZP]L-PN\YLZOV^ZPSS\Z[YH[PVUZVMZVTLTL[HSÄSTYLZPZ[VYZ^OPSL-PN\YLZOV^ZHWOV[VNYHWO

FIGURE 3.4 Metal film resistors — illustration

FIGURE 3.5 Photograph of metal film resistors.

>PYL^V\UKYLZPZ[VYZ

>PYLPZ^V\UKHYV\UKHUKHSVUNHJLYHTPJMVYTLY[VTHRL[OLZL

YLZPZ[VYZ;OL[OPJRULZZVM^PYLHUK[OLZPaLVM[OLMVYTLYKLÄUL[OLYLZPZ[HUJLVM[OLYLZPZ[VY>OPSLILPUNX\P[LL_WLUZP]LYLZPZ[VYZTHKL[OPZ

^H`OH]L[OLHK]HU[HNLVMOPNOWV^LYYH[PUN-PN\YLZHUKZOV^PSS\Z[YH[PVUZHUKHWOV[VNYHWOVM^PYL^V\UKYLZPZ[VYZ

FIGURE 3.6 Wirewound resistors — illustration

Variable resistors — potentiometers

6M[LUPUHULSLJ[YVUPJJPYJ\P[[OLYLPZHYLX\PYLTLU[MVYHJVU[YVSRUVIVMZVTLZVY[]VS\TL[VUL]VS[HNLHUKZVVU=HYPHISLYLZPZ[VYZ\Z\HSS`

JHSSLKpotentiometersVYQ\Z[potsJHUIL\ZLKMVY[OPZW\YWVZL;OL`

MLH[\YLHYLZPZ[P]L[YHJR\Z\HSS`THKLMYVTHJHYIVUJVTWVZP[PVUTP_[\YLPUHJPYJ\SHYMVYTH[^P[OHYV[H[PUN^PWLYHYT^OVZLWVZP[PVUJHUIL