FM

FM

The Electrical Engineering Handbook

Ed Richard C Dorf

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

Product Manager: Maureen Aller

Project Editor: Ibrey Woodall

Packaging design: Jonathan Pennell

These files shall remain the sole and exclusive property of CRC Press LLC, 2000 Corporate Blvd., N.W., Boca Raton, FL 33431 The contents are protected by copyright law and international treaty No part of the Electrical Engineering Handbook CRCnetBASE

CD-ROM product may be duplicated in hard copy or machine-readable form without prior written authorization from CRC Press LLC, except that the licensee is granted a limited, non-exclusive license to reproduce limited portions of the context for the licensee’s internal use provided that a suitable notice of copyright is included on all copies This CD-ROM incorporates materials from other sources reproduced with the kind permission of the copyright holder Credit to the original sources and copyright notices are given with the figure or table No materials in this CD-ROM credited to these copyright holders may be reproduced without their written permission.

WARRANTY

The information in this product was obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Every reasonable effort has been made to give reliable data and information, but the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their uses.

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

No claim to original U.S Government works

International Standard Book Number 0-8493-2177-8

International Standard Series Number 1097-9409

Purpose

The purpose of The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is to provide in a single volume a readyreference for the practicing engineer in industry, government, and academia The book in its comprehensiveformat is divided into twelve sections which encompass the field of electrical engineering The goal is to providethe most up-to-date information in the classical fields of circuits, signal processing, electronics, electromagneticfields, energy devices, systems, and electrical effects and devices, while covering the emerging fields of commu-nications, digital devices, computer engineering, systems, and biomedical engineering In addition, the finalsection provides a complete compendium of information regarding physical, chemical, and materials data, aswell as widely inclusive information on mathematics

Organization

The fundamentals of electrical engineering have evolved to include a wide range of knowledge, substantialempirical data, and a broad range of practice The focus of the handbook is on the key concepts, models, andequations that enable the electrical engineer to analyze, design, and predict the behavior of complex electricaldevices, circuits, instruments, and systems While data and formulae are summarized, the main focus is theprovision of the underlying theories and concepts and the appropriate application of these theories to the field

of electrical engineering Thus, the reader will find the key concepts defined, described, and illustrated in order

to serve the needs of the engineer over many years With equal emphasis on electronics, circuits, power systems,instruments, materials, effects and devices, systems, and control, the engineer should encounter a wide range

of concepts and considerable depth of exploration of these concepts as they lead to application and design.The level of conceptual development of each topic is challenging, but tutorial and relatively fundamental.Each article, of which there are more than 200, is written to enlighten the expert, refresh the knowledge of themature engineer, and educate the novice

The information is organized into twelve major sections The first eleven sections encompass 118 chaptersand the last section summarizes the applicable mathematics, symbols, and physical constants Each sectioncontains one or more historical vignettes that serve to enliven and illuminate the history of the subject of thatsection Furthermore, each section is preceded by a photo of a device, circuit, or system that demonstrates anapplication illustrative of the material in the section

Each article includes four important and useful categories: defining terms, related topics, references, andfurther information Defining terms are key definitions and the first occurrence of each term defined is indicated

in boldface in the text The definitions of these terms are summarized as a list at the end of each chapter orarticle Related Topics are cross-references to related articles The related topics are provided at the end of eachchapter or article The references provide a list of useful books and articles for follow-up reading Finally, further information provides some general and useful sources of additional information on the topic

Locating Your Topic

Numerous avenues of access to information contained in the handbook are provided A complete table ofcontents is presented at the front of the book In addition, an individual table of contents precedes each of thetwelve sections Finally, each chapter begins with its own table of contents The reader should look over thesetables of contents to become familiar with the structure, organization, and content of the book For example,see Section II: Signal Processing, then Chapter 17: Multidimensional Signal Processing, and then Chapter 17.2:Video Signal Processing This tree-and-branch table of contents enables the reader to move up the tree to locateinformation on the topic of interest

Five indexes have been compiled to provide multiple means of accessing information Three indexes arelisted in alphabetical order: (1) subject index, (2) index of basic equations by title or name, and (3) index ofcontributing authors The subject index can also be used to locate key definitions The page on which thedefinition appears for each key (defining) term is clearly identified in the subject index Two additional indexesare sequenced by order of appearance: (1) index of key tables of data or information and (2) index of key figures

The Electrical Engineering Handbook, 2nd Edition is designed to provide answers to most inquiries and directthe inquirer to further sources and references We hope that this handbook will be referred to often and thatinformational requirements will be satisfied effectively

Acknowledgments

This handbook is testimony to the dedication of the Board of Advisors, the publishers, and my editorialassociates I particularly wish to acknowledge at CRC Press Ron Powers, Publisher; Kristen Peterson, Develop-mental Editor; and Susan Fox, Senior Project Editor Finally, I am indebted to the assistance of Sara Hare, whoserved as editorial assistant

Richard C Dorf

Editor-in-Chief

teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in electrical engineering in the fields of circuits and control systems

He earned a Ph.D in electrical engineering from the U.S Naval Postgraduate School, an M.S from the University

of Colorado, and a B.S from Clarkson University Highly concerned with the discipline of electrical engineeringand its wide value to social and economic needs, he has written and lectured internationally on the contributionsand advances in electrical engineering

Professor Dorf has extensive experience with education and industry and is professionally active in the fields

of robotics, automation, electric circuits, and communications He has served as a visiting professor at theUniversity of Edinburgh, Scotland; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Stanford University; and theUniversity of California, Berkeley

A Fellow of The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Dr Dorf is widely known to the professionfor his Modern Control Systems, 7th edition (Addison-Wesley, 1995) and The International Encyclopedia of Robotics (Wiley, 1988) Dr Dorf is also the co-author of Circuits, Devices and Systems (with Ralph Smith), 5thedition (Wiley, 1992) and Electric Currents, 3rd edition (Wiley, 1996)

© 2000 by CRC Press LLC

State University of New York

Binghamton, New York

Banmali Rawat

University of NevadaReno, Nevada

Richard S Sandige

University of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Leonard Shaw

Polytechnic UniversityBrooklyn, New York

John W Steadman

University of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

R Lal Tummala

Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

M Abdelguerfi

University of New Orleans

New Orleans, Louisiana

Samuel O Agbo

California Polytechnic State University

San Luis Obispo, California

Ahmed Amin

Texas Instruments

N Alemadi

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

Software Engineering Consultant

Pico Rivera, California

Glen Ballou

Ballou Associates Guilford, Connecticut

Brian R Bannister

University of Hull Hull, United Kingdom

Joseph Bannister

University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute Marina Del Ray, California

Avram Bar-Cohen

University of Minnesota Minneapolis, Minnesota

Matthew F Baretich

University Hospital University of Colorado Denver, Colorado

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

The Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

Charles A Bouman

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Joseph Boykin

Clarion Advanced Storage

South Borough, Massachusetts

Joseph D Bronzino

Trinity College Hartford, Connecticut

James A Cadzow

Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee

George E Cook

Vanderbilt University Nashville, Tennessee

Edward W Czeck

Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts

IBM Corporation (retired)

San Jose, California

Alexander C Ehrlich

U.S Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, D.C.

Mohamed E El-Hawary

Technical University of Nova Scotia

Halifax, Nova Scotia

University of New Olreans

New Orleans, Lousiana

Delores M Etter

University of Colorado

Boulder, Colorado

K.F Etzold

IBM T.J Watson Research Center

Yorktown Heights, New York

Gerald W Farnell

McGill University Montreal, Canada

James M Feldman

Northeastern University Boston, Massachusetts

Leon A Frizzell

University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois

Jesse W Fussell

Department of Defense Fort Meade, Maryland

Susan A.R Garrod

Purdue University West Lafayette, ndiana

L.A Geddes

Purdue University Lafayette, Indiana

Boris Gelmont

University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia

Charles A Gross

Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

V Carl Hamacher

Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada

A.P Hanson

Auburn University Auburn, Alabama

University of South Carolina

Columbia, South Carolina

AT&T Bell Laboratories

Holmdel, New Jersey

Myron Kayton

Kayton Engineering Co.

Santa Monical, California

Michael Peter Kennedy

University College Dublin Dublin, Ireland

Benjamin C Kuo

University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana, Illinois

Jefferson F Lindsey III

Southern Illinois University at Carbondale

Carbondale, Illinois

Chen-Ching Liu

University of Washington Seattle, Washington

University of New Orleans

New Orleans, Louisana

Los Alamos National Laboratory

Los Alamos, New Mexico

Wayne Needham

Intel Corporation Chandler, Arizona

Chee-Mun Ong

Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana

Michael Pecht

University of Maryland College Park, Maryland

S Unnikrishna Pillai

Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York

Franco P Preparata

Brown University Providence, Rhode Island

W David Pricer

IBM Essex Junction, Vermont

Jose C Principe

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

Yuan Pu

Applied Materials

Sarah A Rajala

North Carolina State University

Raleigh, North Carolina

Conor Rafferty

Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technology

Murry Hill, New Jersey

IBM, T.J Watson Research Center

Yorktown Heights, New York

F.L Smith & Co.

Valby, Copenhagen, Denmark

Louisiana Tech University

Overton Brooks VA Medical Center

Ruston, Louisiana

Richard B Robrock II

Bell Communications Research

Piscataway, New Jersey

Martin S Roden

California State University

Los Angeles, California

Matthew N.O Sadiku

Temple University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Andrew P Sage

George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia

Stanley Salek

Hammett & Edison, Inc.

San Francisco, California

Ricardo S Sánchez Peña

University of Buenos Aires Argentina

Richard S Sandige

University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming

C Sankaran

Electro-Test Seattle, Washington

Juergen Schroeter

Acoustics Research Department AT&T Bell Laboratories Murray Hill, New Jersey

Micaela Serra

University of Victoria Victoria, Canada

Leonard Shaw

Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York

Solomon Sherr

Westland Electronics Old Chatham, New York

Theodore I Shim

Polytechnic University Brooklyn, New York

John Staudhammer

University of Florida Gainesville, Florida

J.W Steadman

University of Wyoming Laramie, Wyoming

Elias G Strangas

Michigan State University

East Lansing, Michigan

V Sundar

The Pennsylvania State University

University Park, Pennsylvania

University of California, San Diego

San Diego, California

Lucent Technologies India Pvt Ltd.

New Delhi, India

Stuart K Tewksbury

West Virginia University

Morgantown, West Virginia

Rao S Thallam

Salt River Project

Phoenix, Arizona

Joy A Thomas

IBM T.J Watson Research Center

Hawthorne, New York

Sergio Verdu

Princeton University Princeton, New Jersey

Zvonko G Vranesic

University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Jerry Whitaker

Technical Press Morgan Hill, California

Donald G Whitehead

University of Hull Hull, United Kingdom

B.M Wilamowski

University of Wyoming laramie, Wyoming

Safwat G Zaky

University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada

SECTION I Circuits

Introduction Shu-Park Chan

1.1 Resistors Michael Pecht and Pradeep Lall

1.2 Capacitors and Inductors Glen Ballou

1.3 Transformers C Sankaran

1.4 Electrical Fuses Nick Angelopoulos

2.1 Step, Impulse, Ramp, Sinusoidal, Exponential, and DC Signals

Richard C Dorf and Zhen Wan

2.2 Ideal and Practical Sources Clayton R Paul

2.3 Controlled Sources J R Cogdell

3.1 Voltage and Current Laws Michael D Ciletti

3.2 Node and Mesh Analysis J David Irwin

3.3 Network Theorems Allan D Kraus

3.4 Power and Energy Norman Balabanian and Theodore A Bickart

3.5 Three-Phase Circuits Norman Balabanian

3.6 Graph Theory Shu-Park Chan

3.7 Two-Port Parameters and Transformations Norman S Nise

5.1 Diodes and Rectifiers Jerry L Hudgins

5.2 Limiters Theodore F Bogart, Jr

5.3 Distortion Kartikeya Mayaram

5.4 Communicating with Chaos Michael Peter Kennedy and Géza Kolumbán

6.1 Definitions and Properties Richard C Dorf and Zhen Wan

6.2 Applications David E Johnson

7 State Variables: Concept and Formulation Wai-Kai Chen

13.1 Analog Circuit Simulation J Gregory Rollins

13.2 Parameter Extraction for Analog Circuit Simulation Peter Bendix

SECTION II Signal Processing

Introduction Delores M Etter

14.1 Fourier Transforms W Kenneth Jenkins

14.2 Fourier Transforms and Fast Fourier Transform Alexander D Poularikas

14.3 Design and Implementation of Digital Filters

Bruce W Bomar and L Montgomery Smith

14.4 Signal Restoration James A Cadzow

15.1 Coding, Transmission, and Storage Stan McClellan and Jerry D Gibson

15.2 Speech Enhancement and Noise Reduction Yariv Epharim

15.3 Analysis and Synthesis Jesse W Fussell

15.4 Speech Recognition Lynn D Wilcox and Marcia A Bush

15.5 Large Vocabulary Continuous Speech Recognition Yuqing Gao, Bhuvana Ramabhadran, Michael Picheny

16.1 Spectral Analysis S Unnikrishna Pillai and Theodore I Shim

16.2 Parameter Estimation Stella N Batalama and Dimitri Kazakos

16.3 Kalman Filtering Fred Daum

17.1 Digital Image Processing Edward J Delp, Jan Allebach, and Charles A Bouman 17.2 Video Signal Processing Sarah A Rajala

17.3 Sensor Array Processing N K Bose and L H Sibul

17.4 Video Processing Architectures Wayne Wolf

17.5 MPEG-4 Based Multimedia Information System Ya-Qin Zhang

18.1 Special Architectures Keshab K Parhi

18.2 Signal Processing Chips and Applications Rulph Chassaing and Bill Bitler

18.1 Digital Signal Processing in Audio and Electroacoustics Juergen Schroeter

18.2 Underwater Acoustical Signal Processing Sanjay K Mehta and G Clifford Carter