GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES (2)

Đứng sau liên từ VERBS FOLLWED BY INFINITIVE OR GERUND Các động từ phải có V-ING theo sau Các động từ phải có TO-V1 theo sau Các động từ + O + To -infinitive 1.. Có một số động từ được t

INFINITIVE & GERUND

I TO INFINITIVE:

1 Trong cấu trúc: IT + BE + ADJ/ NOUN PHRASE + TO INFINITIVE

Note: Sau các ADJ như : WORTH, BUSY, NO GOOD, NO USE không dùng To infinitive

2 Chỉ mục đích

3 Nằm sau các nghi vấn từ trong cấu trúc:

S + V + (O) + HOW/WHERE/ WHEN/ WHAT… + TO INFINITIVE

4 Sau TOO…./ ….ENOUGH… (FOR S.O) + TO INFINITIVE

5 Sau các đại từ bất định: SOMETHING, ANYTHING, NOTHING, NOWHERE…

6 Sau danh từ or cụm danh từ ( là mệnh đề quan hệ rút gọn)

7 Trong cấu trúc cầu khiến với GET: GET + O + TO INFINITIVE

8 Trong cấu trúc : IT TAKES/ TOOK + O + TIME + TO INFINITIVE

9 Làm chủ từ

10 TRong cấu trúc : S + V ( ask, tell, allow Advise, invite, want, force, tell, encourage….) + TO INFINITIVE

11 Sau một số động từ như: want, refuse, plan, hope, ……

II BARE INFINITIVE

1 Sau các Modal verbs (Can/ Will/ Would/ Must/ may…….)

2 Sau Make/ Let/ Help

Nhưng: be made + To V

3 Sau các trợ động từ DO/ DOES/ DID

4 Trong cấu trúc HAVE + O(chỉ người) + BARE INFINITIVE

5 Sau các động từ chỉ giác quan như: SEE, HEAR, FEEL, NOTICE, WATCH, SMELL, TASTE…

III GERUND:

1 Làm chủ từ trong câu

2 Làm tân ngữ ( đứng sau động từ khác hoặc sau giới từ)

3 Đứng sau tính từ sở hữu và sở hữu cách

4 Đứng sau liên từ

VERBS FOLLWED BY INFINITIVE OR GERUND Các động từ phải có V-ING theo sau Các động từ phải có TO-V1 theo sau Các động từ + O + To -infinitive

1 avoid (tránh ) + V-ING

2 admit (thừ a nhận )

3 advise (khuyên nhủ )

4 appreciate (đánh giá )

5 complete ( hoàn thành )

6 consider ( xem xét )

7 delay ( trì hoãn )

8 deny ( từ chối )

9 discuss ( thảo luận )

10 dislike ( không thích )

11 enjoy ( thích )

12 finish ( hoàn thành )

13 keep ( tiếp tục )

14 mention (đề cập )

15 mind ( phiền , ngại )

16 miss (nhớ , bỏ lỡ )

17 postpone ( trỉ hoãn )

18 practice (luyện tập )

19 quit (nghỉ , thôi )

20 recall ( nhắc nhở , nhớ )

21 recollect ( nhớ ra )

22 recommend (nhắc nhở )

23 resent (bực tức )

24 resist (kháng cự )

25 risk ( rủi ro )

26 suggest (đề nghị )

27 tolerate (tha thứ )

28 understand ( hiểu )

29. can’t help (ko thể tránh / nhịn được )

30 can’t stand ( ko thể chịu đựng đc )

31 can’t bear ( ko thể chịu đựng đc )

32 It is no use / It is no good ( vô ích )

33 would you mind (có làm phiền ko)

34 to be used to ( quen với )

35. to be / get accustomed to (dần quen

với )

36 to be busy ( bận rộn )

37 to be worth ( xứng đáng )

38 to look forward to (trông mong )

39 to have difficulty / fun / trouble

40 to have a difficult time

41 TO GO + V-ING

Ex: We should avoid playin g with him

1 afford (đủ khả năng ) + TO – V

2 agree (đồng ý )

3 appear ( xuất hiện )

4 arrange ( sắp xếp )

5 ask ( hỏi , yêu cầu )

6 beg ( nài nỉ , van xin )

7 care ( chăm sóc )

8 claim (đòi hỏi , yêu cầu )

9 consent ( bằng lòng )

10 decide ( quyết định )

11 demand ( yêu cầu )

12 deserve ( xứng đấng )

13 expect ( mong đợi )

14 fail ( thất bại )

15 hesitate (do dự )

16 hope (hi vọng )

17 learn ( học )

18 manage (sắp xếp )

19 mean (ý định )

20 need ( cần )

21 offer (đề nghị )

22 plan ( lên kế hoạch )

23 prepare ( chuẩn bị )

24 pretend ( giả vờ )

25 promise ( hứa )

26 refuse ( từ chối )

27 seem ( dường như )

28 struggle (đấu tranh )

29 swear ( xin thề )

30 threaten (đe doạ )

31 volunteer ( tình nguyện )

32 wait (đợi )

33 want ( muốn )

34 wish ( mong )

Ex : We agree to start early

1 advise (khuyên ) + O + TO - V

2 allow ( cho phép )

3 ask ( yêu cầu )

4 beg ( van xin )

5 cause ( gây ra )

6 challenge ( thách thức )

7 convince ( thuyết phục )

8 dare ( dám )

9 encourage ( khuyến khích )

10 expect ( mong đợi )

11 forbid ( cấm )

12 force ( buộc )

13 hire ( thuê )

14 instruct ( hướng dẫn )

15 invite ( mời )

16 need ( cần )

17 order ( ra lệnh )

18 permit ( cho phép )

19 persuade ( thuyết phục )

20 remind ( nhắc nhở )

21 require (đò hỏi )

22 teach ( dạy )

23 tell( bảo )

24 urge ( thúc giục )

25 want ( muốn )

26 warn ( báo trước )

Ex: She allowed me to use her car

THE INFINITVE or THE GERUND?

I Make the right choice for the verbs in brackets

1 Would you like (to do/ doing) scientific research?

2 Are you able (testing/ to test) your strength and energy?

3 Are you willing (checking/ to check) and double check your work?

4 Do the ethical standards have to be high (to meet/ meeting) the requirements of the job?

5 What do you hope (to do/ doing) when you graduate?

6 Why did he avoid (meeting/ to meet) you?

7 Is there anything here worth (to buy/ buying)?

8 Why does he deny (to write/ writing) the letter?

II Supply an appropriate form, gerund or infinitive, of the verb in parentheses.

1 Keep (talk) I’m listening to you

2 The children promised (play) more quietly They promised (make, not) so much noise

3 Linda offered (look after) my cat while I was out of town

4 You shouldn’t put off (pay) your bills

5 Alex’s dog loves (chase) sticks

6 Mark mentioned (go) to the market later today I wonder if he’s still planning (go)

7 Fred suggested (go) (ski) in the mountain this weekend How does that sound to you?

8 The doctor offered Mr Gray (smoke, not)

9 Don’t tell me his secret I prefer (know, not)

10 Could you please stop (whistle)? I’m trying (concentrate) on my work

11 She finally decided (quit) her present job and (look for) another one

12 Did you remember (turn) off the stove?

13 Jack was allowed (renew) his student visa

14 Pat told us (wait, not) for her

15 Mr Buck warned his daughter (play, not) with matches

16 Would you please remind me (call) Alice tomorrow?

17 Liz encouraged me (throw) away my old running shoes and (buy) a new pair without holes in the toes

18 I’m considering (drop out of) school, (go ) to New York, and (try) (find) a job

19 Sally reminded me (ask) you (tell) Bob (remember) (bring) his soccer ball to the picnic

20 Don’t forget (tell) Jane (call) me about (go) (swim) tomorrow

21 He’s expecting (make) a trip to Ha Long bay

22 She couldn’t bear (shed) tears when she saw the film “Romeo and Juliet”

23 His wife can’t stand him (arrive) home so late every night

24 I very much enjoy (listen) to classical music

25 Would you mind (buy) me a newspaper?

26 Would you like (have) the next dance with me?

27 Do you hate (be) criticized or are you ready for any criticism?

28 I hate him (make) friend with those guys

29 Does the city government intend (do) anything about pollution?

30 They finished (learn) and then they want (go) out for a pleasure

Verbs followed by either the Infinitive or the Gerund.

Có một số động từ được theo sau bởi The Infinitive hoặc The Gerund sẽ có thay đổi về ngữ nghĩa hoặc không có sự thay đổi

nào về nghĩa cả.

GROUP A: Verb + Infinitive or Gerund (không thay đổi nghĩa)

begin start continue like love hate intend bother prefer

Ex:

a It began to rain / It began raining.

b I started to work / I started working.

c Jone intends to buy a house./ John intends buying a new house.

d Don’t bother to lock the door./ Don’t bother locking the door.

e It was beginning to rain (not raining)

f I don’t go out much I prefer to stay at home.

I don’t go out much I prefer staying at home.

GROUP B: Verb + Infinitive or Gerund (có sự thay đổi về nghĩa)

Need to do = it is necessary to do : cần phải làm (mang nghĩa chủ động.)

Need doing = need to be done : cần phải được làm (mang nghĩa bị động.)

EG:

 Tom needs to work harder (It is necessary for Tom to work harder.)

 The grass in front of the house needs cutting (The grass in front of the house needs to be cut.)

STOP

Stop to do = stop in order to do : dừng lại để làm ( việc gì khác)

Stop doing = not to do something any longer : dừng lại không làm việc gì (đang làm) nữa.

EGï:

 They stopped to look at the pictures

 They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health.

REGRET

Regret to do : lấy làm tiếc về chuyện bây giờ hoặc sắp xảy ra

Regret doing : lấy làm tiếc về chuyện đã xảy ra

EG :

 I regret to tell you that you have failed the test

 She regrets lending him some money He spends it all on gambling

TRY

Try to do : cố gắng làm.

Try doing : thử làm.

EG:

 She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college of pharmacy.

 I’ve got a terrible headache I try taking some aspirins but they didn’t help.

REMEMBER/ FORGET :

Remember to do :nhớ làm việc gì ( việc này chưa xảy ra hoặc sẽ xảy ra)

Remember doing nhớ làm việc gì ( việc này đã xảy ra rồi)

( Cách dùng Forget cũng tương tự )

EG:

 Please remember to post the letter

 I remember posting the letter, but now it’s still in my bag.

 The old man always remembered to lock the door before he left his house.

 He forgot to write to me ( = He didn’t remember to write to me.)

 He forgot writing to me until I showed him the letter.

F GO ON:

Go on doing s.th : tiếp tục làm một việc gì đó

Go on to do s.th : làm hay nói việc khác

EG:

 The Minister went on talking for two hours

 We must change our ways We can’t go on living like this

 After discussing the economy, the Minister went on to talk about foreign policy

GROUP C: Verb + V-ing or Verb + Obj + To-inf.

advise recommend encourage allow permit forbit

Sau các động từ trên có hai cấu trúc được dùng, hãy so sánh:

Verb + V-ing

 I wouldn’t recommend staying in that hotel

 She doesn’t allow smoking in the house.

Verb + Obj + To-inf

 I wouldn’t recommend anybody to stay in that hotel.

 She doesn’t allow us to smoke in the house.

Tuy nhiên chúng ta cần lưu ý những động từ này được dùng ở thể bị động:

 We aren’t allowed to smoke in the house

 I was recommended to stay in this hotel

I Use the gerund or the infinitive for the bracketed verbs:

1 I don’t like (watch) T.V I’d like (come) to her house this evening

2 She is trying (not fall) in love again

3 Students stop (make) noises when the teacher came in

4 Did you remember (phone) Ann? – Oh no I completely forgot it

5 They tried (put) out the fire then but it took them nearly a house

6 Those shirts need (iron) but you don’t need (iron) them now

7 I really regret (hurt) your feeling when I ask you such a silly question

8 He’ll try (not make) the same mistake again

9 Someone must have taken my bag I clearly remember (leave) it by the window and now it has gone

10 They stopped (take) 5’ break

11 Don’t forget (give) her the message when you see her

12 You should try (wear) any shirts you want to buy

13 Every hour he stops work (smoke) a cigarettes

14 I regret (tell) you that you have failed the exam

15 I can’t go on (work) here any more I want a different job

16 When I came into the room, Liz was reading a newspaper She looked up and said hello to me , and then went on (read) her newspaper

17 Jim went on (have) another two sandwiches after he had had a pizza I don’t think he’ll have a stomach ache soon

III Complete the sentences so that they mean the same as the previous sentence(s):

1 Why is it useful to have a car?

What are the advantages of having a car?

2 I don’t intend to lend you any money

I have no

3 Helen has a good memory for name

Helen is good

4 Mark won’t pass the exam He has no chance

Mark has no

5 Did you get into trouble because you were late?

Did you get into trouble ?

6 We didn’t eat at home We went to a restaurant instead

Instead

7 Tom thinks that working is better than doing nothing

Tom prefers working

8 They get married They didn’t tell any of their friends

They got married without

9 Our team played well but we lost the game

Our team lost the game in spite