Present and past tenses

Present and past tenses

Present continuous diễn tả

1 hành động đang diễn ra ở hiện tại ngay lúc nói • The phone is ringing Can you answer it?

• It’s raining, so take an umbrella

2. hành động tạm thời trong một khoảng thời gian

nhất định ở hiện tại nhưng không nhất thiết ngay lúc

nói

• He’s studying French this year

• We’re working on a new project this month.

• The secretary is sick today so I’m doing her job.

3. trạng thái hay tình hình đang có chuyển biến hay thay

đổi ở hiện tại

• Language is changing all the time

• The weather is getting hotter these days.

A Simple present – Hiện tại đơn diễn tả

một sự thật hiển nhiên, lúc nào

cũng vậy thường dùng trong các

câu phát biểu chung

( a )Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.

( b )The world is round.

( c )The earth goes round the sun

( d )Nurses look after patients in hospitals.

thói quen hay hoạt động hằng ngày ( e )I usually go away at weekends.

( f )I study for two hours every night.

( g )My classes begin at nine.

 Một số động từ không dùng ở

thì tiếp diễn mặc dù diễn ra ngay

lúc nói

( h )I have only a dollar right now

( i ) I don’t recognize that man.

( j ) He needs a pen now.

B ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY – Dùng trạng từ chỉ sự năng xảy ra

always usually often sometimes seldom rarely never

 adverbs of frequency đứng sau

động từ “to be” và trước động

từ thường ở hiện tại đơn

• I always come to school on time.

• We don’t usually buy that brand

• It is never late to love.

• I am rarely upset about his bad behavior.

• We aren’t usually out in the evening.

 một số adverbs như usually,

sometimes, often có thể đứng

ở đầu câu hay cuối câu

• She sometimes goes climbing

• She goes climbing sometimes.

• Sometimes he wants to stay, sometimes he is eager to leave.

• It often rains a lot at this time of year.

 ACTION VERBS diễn tả hành động, có thể ở dạng tiếp diễn: eat, run, play, study…

 STATIVE VERBS (NON-ACTION VERBS) diễn tả trạng thái, tình trạng không dùng ở thì tiếp diễn.

SAI: I am liking music ĐÚNG: I like music

1 Động từ chỉ

nhận thức,

tinh thần

know realize recognize understand

believe feel suppose

imagine doubt remember forget

want need prefer mean

2 Động từ chỉ

xúc cảm

love like appreciate

hate dislike

fear envy (ganh ghét)

mind care

3 Động từ chỉ

4 Động từ chỉ

5 Các động từ

khác seem look

appear

cost owe (nợ) weigh

be exist (tồn tại)

consist of contain (chứa đựng) include

 Một số động từ vừa là ACTION VERBS vừa là STATIVE VERBS với ý nghĩa có khác nhau:

have

 I sometimes have problems with my car

(gặp vấn đề)

 I’m having a backache (bị đau lưng)

 I have (có) a new car

 I don’t have any news

think

 I thought of the last holiday

(suy nghĩ)

 I’m thinking about him

 I think you are right

(tin rằng, cho rằng)

 I don’t think so

look  He sometimes looks at his watch

 He is looking at me

 He looked (trông có vẻ) angry

 They look like (trông giống) their mother.

appear  The actors are appearing on the stage.

(xuất hiện)

 She appears to be cold

(có vẻ)

feel  He feels (sờ, rờ) his hands when he’s

 The doctor is feeling my forehead.

 He feels (cảm thấy) cold

 My forehead feels hot

taste

 My mother is tasting the milk.

 The chef is tasting the soup.

(nếm)

 The milk tastes sour

(có vị)

 The soup tastes sweet.

smell

 He is smelling the flowers

(ngửi)

 I’m smelling the cake

 The flowers smell good

(có mùi)

 The cake smells burning sound

 Let’s sound the “s” in “style”

(phát âm)

 He is sounding the bell.

(nhấn chuông kêu)

 The alarm sounds loud

(nghe có vẻ)

 You sound angry

 The doctor is seeing the patients.

(khám)

 They’re seeing the manager.

(gặp)

 I see a butterfly.

(thấy)

 Do you see anybody there?

weigh  The nurse is weighing her baby

(cân)

 Her baby weighs 4 kilograms

(cân nặng)

*** Một số thành ngữ với HAVE có thể sử dụng thì continuous: They are having a good holiday.

have a good holiday have a nice weekend have a headache have a party

have a good trip have a bath have a meeting have breakfast/ lunch/ dinner

have a good time have a lesson have trouble have a cup of coffee

 QUÁ KHỨ ĐƠN diễn tả hành động đã xảy ra trong

quá khứ

 Các từ ngữ chỉ thời gian quá khứ như:

yesterday, last night, last Saturday, last week,

two days ago, the day before yesterday, in 1990

 She said goodbye to me two days ago

 I didn’t write my blog yesterday evening.

 Did you sign your names on the poster last week?

 When did you last see him?

 He was born in 1954.

 Were you late for the product promotion again?

 Hai hành động simple past kết hợp với when : hành

động đi với when là hành động thứ nhất, dẫn tới hành

động kia

• When it began to rain, I ran into a building.

• I answered the phone when it rang.

• The door broke when he pushed it.

Past Continuous diễntả

hành động đang diễn tiến ở 1 thời

điểm xác định trong quá khứ

 I was listening to music at this time yesterday.

 She wasn’t sleeping at that time.

 What were you doing at midnight two days ago?

hành động đang diễn tiến trong bối

cảnh của câu chuyện

 Last night when I was trying to concentrate on my study, my

roommates were chatting and playing the radio noisily

 It was a beautiful day The sun was shining, and we were getting

ready for our ski trip Everyone was having a lot of fun

Past continuous diễn tả hành động đang

diễn tiến thì bị gián đoạn vì một hành

động khác cũng trong quá khứ xảy ra

(Past simple)

• When it began to rain, I was standing at the bus stop.

• We were playing chess when the phone rang

• She saw a mouse under her foot when she was driving.

• He twisted his ankle when he was running downstairs Past continuous diễn tả 2 hành động đang

diễn tiến đồng thời

• While / When they were sleeping, a burglar was stealing the

money

HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả

hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ ở một

thời điểm nào đó không xác định rõ

 We have done a report.

 They have produced rice in this country.

 His mother has left the family.

thường đi với các từ ngữ thời gian:

recently/ lately (gần đây, mới đây)

already (rồi), yet (chưa)

just (vừa mới),

so far/ until now (cho tới giờ)

 They’ve just cleaned the house

 The students have already learnt about it

 Robert hasn’t done his homework yet.

 I have read 400 pages of this book so far.

 She has typed 4 letters until now.

hành động đã xảy ra một hoặc nhiều lần hơn

trong quá khứ tính tới hiện tại

từ ngữ thời gian:

once, twice, three times, several times

 I’ve been to Nha Trang twice.

 My father’s visited my sister several times.

 We’ve eaten this dish once.

diễn tả tình trạng đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ

được 1 khoảng thời gian nào đó tính tới thời

điểm ở hiện tại

Từ ngữ thời gian:

for + thời lượng

since + thời điểm

 I’ve been a receptionist for 2 years.

 She and I have known each other for 5 months.

 They’ve had the house since 1890

 We haven’t seen each other since he left for Paris.

diễn tả hành động đã băt đầu từ trong quá khứ

và làm được một kết quả nào đó tính tới thời

điểm ở hiện tại Thời gian đi với for hoặc since

saved $1,000.

 You have already typed 2 reports

 The children have learned half of their lesson so far.

have/ has + been + present participle

( V-ing )

 They’ve been driving

 She’s been cooking

 How long has it been moving?

HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả

hành động đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và

diễn tiến được một khoảng thời gian tính tới

hiện tại Từ ngữ thời gian:

since, for, all day, all afternoon…

 They’ve been driving for 2 hours.

 My foot is hurting I’ve been standing for hours.

 She’s been cooking since 10.05.

 How long has the fan been moving? All day

 Peter has been dancing all evening.

HIỆN TẠI HOÀN THÀNH TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả

hành động đã bắt đầu từ trong quá khứ và

vừa chấm dứt ở hiện tại

 Why is Laura tired? She’s been sweeping the yard.

 I don’t want to anything else I’ve been doing too

much work today

PRESENT PERFECT PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Nhấn mạnh kết quả của hành động:

• I have read 400 pages so far.

• She has typed 4 letters until now.

• We have done a report.

Nhấn mạnh thời gian hành động diễn ra:

• I have been reading for 2 hours

• She has been typing all morning.

• We have been doing a report since 9.15.

Chú ý

Một số động từ có thể dùng thì present

perfect thay vì present perfect

continuous

learn, study, teach, work, stay, live,

lie, rain, snow…

He has been learning how to drive for two years.

has learned

She has been teaching in this school since she graduated has taught

 We have been living here since we were born.

have lived here since we were born.

EXERCISE 1: Present perfect or Present perfect continuous?

1 My brother (photocopy) a pile of documents

2 He (photocopy) for 10 minutes

3 Mark (watch) several TV programs

4 He (watch) TV since 7 o’clock

5 Mick (sell) newspapers for two months

6 He (sell) thousands of papers

7 We (do) 3 grammar exercises

8 We (do) these exercises for half an hour

9 Scott and Rebecca (play) volleyball for this club since they left university

10 I (not finish) my physics experiments yet

11 My daughter (wear) contact lenses for 4 years

12 My teacher (teach) hundreds of pupils for this school

13 The little child (eat) two bowls of soup already

14 He (eat) for half an hour

15 I’m tired! I (walk) running around the city all the morning

EXERCISE 2:

1 Son: Look! Your hands are so dirty

Dad: Do you know why? I _ your bicycle!

A am repairing B 've repaired C repaired D 've been repairing

2. The passengers are very annoyed and irritable because they _ in the airport for three and a half hours

3. Those buildings _ in 1946

4. I'm afraid there _ bad news for you today

5. He's a famous author He _ two best sellers

A was writing B has written C has been writing D wrote

6. The Mayan Indians _ an accurate and sophisticated calendar more than seven centuries ago

A developed B were developed C is developed D are developed

7. My friends always me advice when I need it

8. Do you know who _ the telephone?

9. She met a prince, fell in love and _ to marry him

11.In recent years, more and more people _ for things with credit cards

12.Laura: Oh, how I hate this weather! Nancy: Oh, I do too It _ three times this week

13.I'm very tired I _ all morning

14.'How long your secretary?' 'Since 1990.'

A have you known B did you know C have you been knowing D do you know

15.There's smoke and I _ something burning There must be a fire nearby

16.His illness got worse and worse In the end; he _ go into hospital for an operation

17.I think we are lost I'm pretty sure we _ around in circle

18.Supercook _ on TV for the first time in the winter of 2001

19.Jack's classmates _ him constantly since the school announced his championship victory

20.A lot of rice in Japan _ from Vietnam

21.That lady has been waiting for you _

22.A lovely bunch of flowers _ Mr Taylor yesterday morning

A were given to B was given for C has been given to D was given to

23. The letter _ a week ago and it _ yesterday

A was posted / arrived B is posted / arrives C has posted / has arrived D was posted / was arrived

24.Why don't you take some time off? You _ too hard lately

25."Nice picture" -"Yes, _ "

C my grandmother has painted D it has painted by my grandmother

26.A number of first-year students _ the English tests each year

27.The earth _ into existence about 7 billion years ago

28.All the information that we find on the Internet not necessarily accurate

29.We for two months now

A have been travelling B are travelling C travelled D travel

30.We haven't kept in touch with Mary

A for leaving school B since we left school C for we left school D since leave school

31.I feel so tired this evening I've been working hard

32. “Why are you so muddy?” “I in the garden all day.”

had + past participle  They’d met each other

 She’d cooked curry.

QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả

hành động hay tình trạng đã bắt

đầu từ trong quá khứ và kết thúc

trước một thời điểm nào đó

cũng trong quá khứ

 I’d never heard about it until yesterday.

 We'd known each other before 2000

 We had had dinner by 6 o’clock (by = before)

Tim arrived home at 5.30 His wife had cooked dinner already.

QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH diễn tả

hành động hay tình trạng đã bắt

đầu từ trong quá khứ và kết thúc

trước một hành động khác cũng

trong quá khứ

Từ thời gian: when, after, before

 When I arrived at the party, Tom had left (I didn’t meet him)

 I wasn’t hungry because I’d just had lunch.

 At the exam this morning, he was nervous because he hadn’t

studied anything

 The door was unlocked Someone had broken into my flat and

stolen everything.

 I had brushed my teeth before I went to bed.

 After I had brushed my teeth, I went to bed.

Present perfect được tính tới thời điểm ở hiện tại Past perfect được tính tới thời điểm ở quá khứ

I’m not hungry I’ve just had lunch.

The house is dusty We have been away for

weeks

Ann isn’t at home She’s gone to the market.

 I wasn’t hungry I’d just had lunch.

 The house was dusty We had been away for weeks.

 Ann wasn’t at home She’d gone to the market EXERCISE 1:

1 When I returned, most of my friends were no longer there They

2 I didn’t recognize Mrs Johnson She _ a lot

3 I don’t recognize Mrs Johnson She _ a lot

4 Bill has no longer his car He _ it

5 Bill had no longer his car He _ it

6 The woman is a complete stranger to me I _ her before

7 The woman was a complete stranger to me I _ her before

8. I called the fire brigade I a fire nearby

9. The fire _ out because someone _ a lighted cigarette into the dustbin

A. had broken / threw B had broken / had thrown C broke / had thrown D break / has thrown

10.The police the man who my bike

A. arrested / had stolen B had arrested / stole C arrested / is stealing D are arresting / steals

QUÁ KHỨ HOÀN THÀNH

TIẾP DIỄN diễn tả hành

động đã bắt đầu từ trong

quá khứ và diễn tiến được

một khoảng thời gian tính tới

một hành động quá khứ

khác xảy ra

 When I arrived at the party, everybody had been eating for ten minutes

 He gave up after he had been smoking for 20 years.

 At the exam this morning, he was nervous when he hadn’t been doing anything for fifteen minutes

 I was very tired when I arrived home I’d been working hard all day.

 The boys looked dirty They had been fighting.

 The yard was wet It had been raining.

 I’ve been waiting for you for ten minutes (so far).

 He’s out of breath He’s been running.

 We’ve been studying since 7.00.

I’d been waiting for you for ten minutes when you came in

He was out of breath He’d been running.

We’d been studying for an hour when the bell rang.

EXERCISE 2:

1 There was a smell of cigarettes in the empty room Somebody _ here

A had been smoking B has been smoking C was smoking D smoked

2 She was frightened when she woke up She

A is dreaming B has dreamed C has been dreaming D had been dreaming

3 The boys had a football and they were both tired They football

A had played B had been playing C have been playing D were playing

4 When Mary came back from the beach, she looked red from the sun She _ in the sun too long

5. I love this poem My friend it to me before he left for Paris

A writes B had written C had been writing D has written

6. The orchestra for ten minutes when a man from the audience suddenly began shouting

A had played B was playing C had been playing D have been playing

7 The orchestra two symphonies when a man from the audience suddenly began shouting

A had played B was playing C had been playing D have been playing

8 I _ to meet Tom in a restaurant After 20 minutes I realized that I _ to a wrong restaurant

9 Mr and Mrs Jenkins had been living in France for six months when she _

10 Tom was leaning against the wall, out of breath He _ very fast

11 I tried to catch Tom but I couldn’t He _ very fast

12. Jim was on his hands and knees on the floor He _ for his cigarette lighter

13. We _ along the road since the sun rose

A have been walking B had been walking C were walking D are walking

14 We _ along the road for about half an hour when a stopped and gave us a lift

A have been walking B had been walking C were walking D are walking