Tài liệu Master toefl vocabulary part 13 doc

chapter 6OVERVIEW • Prefixes • Strategies for learning prefixes • How prefixes work • Learning words with Greek prefixes • Learning words with Latin prefixes • Prefixes for numbers • Ang

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11 Ostensibly, she enjoys her vacations in

Nova Scotia, but she really would prefer someplace warmer

(A) probably (B) obviously (C) seemingly (D) definitely

12 Because children are inoculated against

measles, there are currently very few cases of the disease in the United States

(A) treated (B) injected (C) isolated (D) subjected

13 Pat cannot take elevators because she

has claustrophobia

(A) unreasonable fear of heights (B) unreasonable fear of closed spaces (C) unreasonable fear of elevators (D) unreasonable fear of people

14 The doctor told him to keep his arm

immobile for a few days

(A) in a sling (B) encased in ice (C) motionless (D) exercised

15 The hurricane caused incalculable

dam-age in New England

(A) very great (B) very little (C) very calculating (D) very abusive

112 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review

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EXERCISES: PUTTING IT TOGETHER

Directions: This crossword puzzle is a review of some of the vocabulary in this

chapter

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28 Also

30 Temporary pursuit

31 Abbreviation of definition

33 Salary

34 Decay

114 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review

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ANSWER KEY

Synonyms

Putting It Together

SUMMING IT UP

roots

chapter 6

OVERVIEW

• Prefixes

• Strategies for learning prefixes

• How prefixes work

• Learning words with Greek prefixes

• Learning words with Latin prefixes

• Prefixes for numbers

• Anglo-Saxon prefixes

• Summing it up

PREFIXES

A prefix is a form added in front of a word or word root to change its meaning For

example, the prefix il means “not,” so the word “illegal” means “not legal.”

Learning prefixes will help you work out the meaning of many words you do not

know in English and will help you with all parts of the TOEFL There are more

than fifty prefixes in English and you will learn most of them in this chapter

STRATEGIES FOR LEARNING PREFIXES

familiarize yourself with the most common prefixes in English This will enable you to recognize or guess the meanings of hundreds of words

in-changes the meaning of a word to the opposite “Capable” means “having the ability of doing or being.” “Incapable” means “not having the ability of doing

or being.”

Examples

By knowing the prefix and the root, you can work out the meaning of the word

118 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review

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HOW PREFIXES WORK

Prefixes Are Added to the Front of Roots to Create Many Words

As you have read, prefixes are placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning Therefore, knowing just a handful of prefixes can make it easy for you to figure out many words—without ever having to use a dictionary Here are some examples with the prefix

re, which means “to do again.”

Prefixes Are Most Often Attached to Words Without a Break

Even though you may have seen the prefix written with a hyphen (as in pre-, re-, de-),

the prefix is attached seamlessly The following chart shows some examples:

NOTE

The word prefix is

made up of the Latin

prefix prae, which

means “before,” and

the root word fix,

which means “firmly

placed.” It takes a

prefix to describe

prefix!

Prefixes Are Different Lengths

Prefixes can be as short as one letter or as long as six letters The following chart shows

some examples:

(sir-cum-loh-que-shun)

Prefixes Can Have More Than One Meaning

For example, the Latin prefix in- can mean “in” (as in inhabit), but it can also mean not

(as in inhuman) As a result, knowing a prefix will take you only so far in defining

testworthy words You'll also have to use context clues to check meaning

Here are some examples of Latin prefixes that have more than one meaning:

Prefixes Can Have More Than One Spelling

For instance, the prefix for “together” can be spelled syn- or sym- The prefix for “apart”

can be spelled dis-, di-, and dif- Ignore these minor variations because the prefix still

has the same meaning

120 PART III: TOEFL Vocabulary Review

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Vocabulary Builder 1

Directions: There are fifteen words hidden in this word-find puzzle Ten

words have already been covered in this chapter, but five are new To complete the puzzle, locate and circle all the words The words may be written forward, backward, or upside down

Vocabulary Builder 1 Answers

8 tractile: ductile; able to be drawn out

10 discredit: to cause to be doubted

11 colloquial: informal, as in conversation or writing

12 lucid: clear; bright

13 delude: to deceive

14 malign: to speak badly of another with the intent to harm

15 dementia: a loss of mental abilities or powers