Contents Part 1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS 1. Basic Theories of Information Introduction 2 1.1 Data representation 2 1.1.1 Numeric conversion 2 1.1.2 Numeric representation 11 1.1.3 Operation and precision 22 1.1.4 Non-numeric value representation 23 1.2 Information and logic 26 1.2.1 Proposition logic 26 1.2.2 Logical operation 26 Exercises 29 2. Hardware Introduction 33 2.1 Information element 34 2.1.1 Integrated circuit 34 2.1.2 Semiconductor memory 34 2.2 Processor architecture 36 2.2.1 Processor structure and operation principles 36 2.2.2 Speed performance enhancement in processor 47 2.2.3 Operation mechanism 50 2.2.4 Multi-processor 54 2.2.5 Processor performance 55 2.3 Memory architecture 56 2.3.1 Memory types 56 2.3.2 Memory capacity and performance 57 2.3.3 Memory configuration 58 2.4 Auxiliary storage devices 59 2.4.1 Types and characteristics of auxiliary storage devices 59 2.4.2 RAID types and characteristics 69 2.5 Input/output architecture and devices 71 2.5.1 Input/output control method 71 2.5.2 Input/output interfaces 73 2.5.3 Types and characteristics of input/output devices 76 2.6 Computer types 87 Exercises 91 3. Basic Software Introduction 96 3.1 Operating system 96 3.1.1 OS configuration and functions 96 3.1.2 Job management 99 3.1.3 Process management 101 3.1.4 Main memory management 104 3.1.5 Virtual storage management 106 3.1.6 File management 108 3.1.7 Security management 112 3.1.8 Failure management 112 3.1.9 Supervisor 113 3.2 Types of OS 114 3.2.1 General-purpose OS 114 3.2.2 Network OS (NOS) 117 3.3 Middleware 118 3.3.1 DBMS 118 3.3.2 Communication management system 118 3.3.3 Software development support tool 119 3.3.4 Operation management tool 119 3.3.5 ORB 119 Exercises 120 4. Multimedia System Introduction 125 4.1 What is multimedia? 125 4.1.1 Multimedia service 125 4.1.2 Platforms that implement the multimedia system 127 4.1.3 Multimedia technology 131 4.2 Multimedia applications 132 4.2.1 Voice and image pattern recognition 132 4.2.2 Synthesis of voice and image 133 4.3 Multimedia application system 134 Exercises 135 5. System Configurations 5.1 System classification and configurations 137 5.1.1 System classification 137 5.1.2 Client/server system 137 5.1.3 System configurations 140 5.2 System modes 144 5.2.1 System processing mode 144 5.2.2 System usage mode 146 5.2.3 System operating mode 150 5.2.4 Web computing 151 5.3 System Performance 152 5.3.1 Performance calculation 152 5.3.2 Performance design 154 5.3.3 Performance evaluation 154 5.4 Reliability of the System 156 5.4.1 Reliability calculation 156 5.4.2 Reliability design 159 5.4.3 Reliability objectives and evaluation 159 5.4.4 Financial costs 160 Exercises 162 Answers to Exercises 166 Answers for No.1 Chapter1 (Basic Theories of Information) 166 Answers for No.1 Part1 Chapter2 (Hardware) 176 Answers for No.1 Part1 Chapter3 (Basic Software) 184 Answers for No.1 Part1 Chapter4 (Multimedia System) 193 Answers for No.1 Part1 Chapter5 (System Configurations) 196 Part 2 INFORMATION PROCESSING AND SECURITY 1. Accounting 1.1 Business Activities and Accounting Information 206 1.1.1 Fiscal Year and Accounting Information 206 1.1.2 The Accounting Structure 209 1.2 How to Read Financial Statements 214 1.2.1 How to Read the Balance Sheet 214 1.2.2 How to Read the Income Statement 221 1.3 Financial Accounting and Management Accounting 228 1.3.1 Financial Accounting 228 1.3.2 Management Accounting 229 1.3.3 Accounting Information System Configuration 236 1.3.4 International Standards 237 Exercises 246 2. Application Fields of Computer Systems 2.1 Engineering Applications 252 2.1.1 Automatic Control of Production 252 2.1.2 CAD/CAM/CAE 253 2.1.3 FA Systems and CIM 254 2.2 Business Applications 256 2.2.1 Head Quarters Business Support Systems 256 2.2.2 Retail Business Support Systems 257 2.2.3 Financial Systems 261 2.2.4 Inter-Enterprise Transaction Data Interchange 263 Exercises 266 3. Security 3.1 Information Security 269 3.1.1 What Is Information Security? 269 3.1.2 Physical Security 269 3.1.3 Logical Security 272 3.2 Risk Analysis 273 3.2.1 Risk Management 273 3.2.2 Types, Evaluation, and Analysis of Risks 273 3.2.3 Risk Processing Methods 277 3.2.4 Security Measures 277 3.2.5 Data Protection 277 3.2.6 Protection of Privacy 278 Exercises 280 4. Operations Research 4.1 Operations Research 283 4.1.1 Probabilities and Statistics 283 4.1.2 Linear Programming 296 4.1.3 Scheduling 300 4.1.4 Queuing Theory 310 4.1.5 Inventory Control 315 4.1.6 Demand Forecasting 325 Exercises 336 Answers to Exercises 344 Answers for No.1 Part2 Chapter1 (Accounting) 344 Answers for No.1 Part2 Chapter2 (Application Fields of Computer Systems) 355 Answers for No.1 Part2 Chapter3 (Security) 361 Answers for No.1 Part2 Chapter 4 (Operations Research) 368 Index 382 Part 1 COMPUTER SYSTEMS Introduction This series of textbooks has been developed based on the Information Technology Engineers Skill Standards made public in July 2000. The following four volumes cover the whole contents of fundamental knowledge and skills required for development, operation and maintenance of information systems: No. 1: Introduction to Computer Systems No. 2: System Development and Operations No. 3: Internal Design and Programming--Practical and Core Bodies of Knowledge-- No. 4: Network and Database Technologies No. 5: Current IT Topics This part gives easy explanations systematically so that those who are learning computer systems for the first time can easily acquire knowledge in these fields. This part consists of the following chapters: Part 1: Computer Systems Chapter 1: Basic Theories of Information Chapter 2: Hardware Chapter 3: Basic Software Chapter 4: Multimedia System Chapter 5: System Configurations Basic Theories of Information Chapter Objectives Understanding the computer mechanism of data representation and basic theories. In particular, the binary system is an important subject to learn, indispensable for computer data representation. However, for people who are used to the decimal system, it is hard to become familiar with this representation, so it should be carefully studied. ¦ Understanding a computer's basic data units such as binary numbers, bits, bytes, words, etc. and their conversion from and to decimal and hexadecimal digits.  Understanding basic concepts of computer internal data representation, focusing on numeric data, character codes, etc. ¡ Understanding proposition calculus and logical operations. 1 [...]... complement Decimal complement There are 2 types of decimal complements, "10's complement" and "9's complement." For example, the 9's complement of a given numeric value will be the result of the subtraction of each of the digits of this numeric value from 9 Likewise, the 10's complement of a given numeric value will be the result of the subtraction of each of the digits of this numeric value from 10 As a result,... is the result of the addition of 1 to the 9's complement Example "9's complement" of (123)10 999 123 876 Example "10's complement" of (123)10 1000 123 877 (= 999 + 1) Binary complement There are 2 types of binary complements, "1's complement" and "2's complement." 1's complement The "1's complement" of a given numeric value will be the result of the subtraction of each of the digits of this numeric... hardware Depending on the number of bits in one word, the range of representable numeric values differs The step size of the integer part is always 1, regardless of the number of bits, and only the maximum value changes However, in the step size of the fraction part the larger the number of bits assigned, the smaller the step size becomes and the error is also reduced Precision of floating point representation... an addition of an extremely small value and an extremely large value is performed, since exponents must be adjusted to the exponent of the largest value, the mantissa portion of the small value is shifted largely to the right As a consequence of this shift, the information that should have been represented is lost This condition is called loss of information In order to avoid this kind of error, it... binary fractions Conversion of binary numbers into decimal numbers The conversion into decimal numbers is performed by adding up the weights of each of the "1" digits of the binary bit string a Conversion of binary integers Example (11011)2 (1 1 0 1 1) 2 24 + 23 + 21 + 20 Weight b Conversion of binary fractions Example (1.101)2 (1 1 0 1) 2 20 + 2-1 + 2-3 Weight ¡ Conversion of binary numbers into hexadecimal... represent this information While the binary system represents information by means of the combination of "0" and "1," we ordinarily use the decimal system Therefore, an important fundamental knowledge required by information processing engineers is to understand the relationship between binary and decimal numbers This is the basic difference between computers and human beings as well as the point of contact... byte O @ O @ ~ @ O @ O @ O c c c c c c c Q O Q c ~ c c Q c Q Q ~ ~ @ O @ O ~ 256 Q types Since 2 types of information can be represented 1 byte Since 2 types of information can be represented Figure 1-1-2 Types of information that can be represented with one byte c c ~ Q ~ Q Q8 However, since the number of kanji (Chinese characters) amounts to thousands, they cannot be represented with one byte Therefore,... Representation of numeric data By means of the combinations of "0's" and "1's," characters are represented as codes However, a different representation method is used to process numeric data Here, the radix and radix conversion, the addition and subtraction of binary numbers and hexadecimal numbers, the representation of negative numbers, among other points considered basic for the representation of numeric... the 4 basic subtractions of the binary system: 0–0=0 0 – 1 = –1 1–0=1 1–1=0 Among these subtractions, if the upper digit of 0 is 1 in 0 – 1 = –1, a "borrow" is performed Borrow 10 Example (10011)2 - (1001)2 Borrow 1.1 Data representation 9 The result is (1010)2 ¢ Addition and subtraction of hexadecimal numbers Basically, the addition and subtraction of hexadecimal numbers is similar to that of decimal... into groups of 4 digits starting from the least significant digit In binary fractions, the binary number is divided into groups of 4 digits starting from the decimal point Then, the conversion is performed by adding up the weights of each of the binary digits displayed as "1," in each group of 4 bits In the event that there is a bit string with less than 4 digits, the necessary number of "0's" is added . part consists of the following chapters: Part 1: Computer Systems Chapter 1: Basic Theories of Information Chapter 2: Hardware Chapter 3: Basic Software Chapter. Configurations Basic Theories of Information Chapter Objectives Understanding the computer mechanism of data representation and basic theories. In particular,