sách giáo khoa lịch sử 10

Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao.. Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd th

BO GIAO DUC VA OAO TAO

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO PHAN NGOC LIEN (Tdng Chu bien) LUONG NINH -[TRUONG HUU QUYNH|(Chii bien)

DINH NGOC BAO - NGUYfiN HONG LifiN

NGUYfiN CANH MINH - NGHlfiM DINH VY

LICH SU

(Tdi bdn ldn thd tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM

Chiu trc'ich nhiem xudt bdn : Chu tich HDQT kiem Tdng Giam doc NGO TRAN AI

Pho T6ng Giam ddc iviem Tong bien tap NGUYEN QUY THAO

Bien tap lan ddn : LE HONG SON - BLT TUYET HLTONG

Bien tap lai han : NONG THI HUE

Bien re'litac do : CU DUC N G H I A

Bien tap ini thuat: N G U Y £ N THI HONG VY - LUU CHI DONG

Tiinh hay hia : LUU CHI DONG

Si(a hdn m PHONG SLfA BAN IN (NXB GIAO DUC TAI HA N O D

Che han CONG TY CO PHAN MI THUAT VA TRUYEN THONG

Ban quyen thuoc Nha xua't ban Giao dtic Viet Nam - Bo Giao cli.ic va Dao tao

Sach CO sir dung mot so anh tir lieu trong cac bao tang Tit dien Bach khoa Viet Nam Lich sil

van minh the giai Bai cuang lich sir Viet Nam - tap 1, Ljeh sir the giai thai can dai va mot so

• sach nudc ngoai khae,

LICH sCr 10

Maso: CH015T0

In 95.000 cuon (ST) khd 17 x 24cm In tai Cong ty co phan In Phu Tho

Soxuat ban: 01-2010/CXB/558-1485/GD So in: 697

In xong va nop \au chieu thang 1 nam 2010

hdn mot

LICH s i THE GlOl THdl NGUYEN THUY,

CO DAI VA TRUNG DAI

Chuffng I

XAH6I NGUYfiN THUY

VA BAY NGl/dl NGUYEN THUY

Lich sir loai nguoi cho ta biet nhu'ng sir viec dien ra trong doi song con ngirdi ke tir khi \iiat hien tren Trai Diit Khoa hoc, dac biet la Khao co hoc \'a C6 sinh hoc da tim diro'c nhi^u bang cu noi len sir' phat trien lau dai ttJ dong vat cap thap ien dong vat cap cao Dinh cao ciia qua trinh nay la si,r chii\'en bien ti^v vuon thanh nguoi

1 Sir xuQt hien loai ngudi va ddi song bdy ngi/di nguyen thuy

O chang dau cua qua trinh hinh thanh loai ngucri, co mot loai vuon co, song

khoang 6 trieu nam truoc day, da co the dung va di bang hai chan, diing tay di

cam nam, an hoa qua, cu, la va ca dong vat nho Xuong boa thach cua chiing

dugfc tim thay a Dong Phi, Tay A va ca a Viet Nam

Tren da tien trien, vugn co chuyen bien thanh Ngu&i tdi co, bat dau tir khoang

4 trieu nam trudc day Di cot Ngudi tdi co duoc tim thay d Ddng Phi, Gia-va (In-dd-ne-xi-a), Bae Kinh (Trung Qud'c) v.v 6 Thanh Hoa (Viet Nam), tuy chua

tim tha'y di cdt nhung lai phat hien duoc cdng cu bang da cua Ngudi td'i cd

Ngudi td'i cd hau nhu da hoan toan di, dtmg bang hai chan Ddi tay dugc tu

do de sir dung cdng eta, kie'm thirc an Co the cua ho da cd nhiSu bien doi : tuy tran cdn tha'p va bm ra sau, u may cdn noi cao, nhung hop so da ldn hon so vdi loai vugn c6 va da hinh thanh trung tam phat tie'ng ndi trong nao

A ' ^ f e t " ^ ; ^ / *j«-U A * ^ ^

Hinh I - Ngucri toi co JM.^i ^ulS^iwilS ^ii: .^AaA^i J

Tuy chua loai bd he't da'u tfch vugn tren ca the minh nhung Ngudi td'i co da

la ngudi Day la hinh thiic tie'n trien nhay vgt tii vugn thanh ngudi, la thdi ki dau tien ciia lich sit loai ngudi

Tur chd sit dung nhiJng manh da cd sSn de lam cdng cu, Ngudi td'i co da biet la'y nhiing manh da hay hdn cudi ldn, dem ghe mdt mat cho sac va viia tay c5m Nhu the, hg da bat ddu biet che' tac cdng cu Cdng cu thd kech nay dugc ggi la

do dd cii (soki) Vdi nhirng chiec nu da kieu dd, ngudi ta chat cay lam gay hoac

diing true tiep lam vG khf, tu ve hay ta'n cdng cac con thii, de kiem thiic an Tur chd giii lira, la'y trong tu nhien nam nay qua nam khae d^ sudi am, duoi

da thli, nudng chin thiic an, con ngudi da bie't ghe hai manh da vdi nhau de lay lira Day la mdt phat minh ldn ma nhd nd, con ngudi cd the sir dung mdt thii nang lugng quan trgng hac nha't, cai thien can ban ddi sd'ng ciia minh

Qua lao ddng, che' tao cdng cu va sir dirng cdng cu, ban tay con ngudi kheo

leo din Co the cung do dd bien ddi theo de cd tu the lao ddng thfch hgp Tieng

ndi thudn thuc hon do nhu cSu trao ddi vdi nhau Con ngudi tir cai bien, hoan thien minh timg budc nhd lao ddng

0 mdt sd loai ddng vat da hinh thanh mdt each tu nhien quan be hgp doan,

cd ddi, cd dan va con dau dan Ngudi td'i cd da cd quan he hgp quan xa hdi : cd ngudi diing dau, cd phan cdng lao ddng giQa nam va nu, cung cham sdc con cai

Hg sd'ng trong hang ddng, mai da hoac cung cd the dung leu bang canh cay, da thli, sd'ng quay quan theo quan be rudt thit vdi nhau, gdm 5 - 7 gia dinh Mdi gia dinh cd ddi vg chdng va con nhd chiem mdt gdc leu bay gdc bang Bay gid chua cd nhirng quy dinh xa hdi nen ngudi ta ggi nhung hgp qudn xa hdi ddu tien

nay la bdy ngifdi nguyen tltiiy

Bdy ngudi nguyen thuy vdn cdn sd'ng trong tinh trang "an ldng d Id" - mdt cudc sd'ng tu nhien, bap benh, trien mien hang trieu nam

- The'nao la Ngwd'i tdi co 7

- Tiie nao la biy ngctdi nguyen thuy ?

Ngudi tinh khon va 6c sang tao

De'n cud'i thdi da cii, khoang 4 van nam trudc day, con ngudi hoan thanh qua

tnnh tu cai bien minh, da loai bd het dau tfch vugn tren ngudi, trd thanh Ngudi

tinh klion hay cdn ggi la Ngudi hien dgi

Ngu'di tinh khon c6 ca'u tao co the nhu ngu'di ngay nay : xirong cdt nho hon Ngu'di td'i cd ; ban tay nho, kheo leo, cac ngdn tay linh boat; hop so

va the tfch nao phat then, tran cao, m|t phang ; co the gpn va linh hoat,

tao nen t\J the thi'ch hgp vdi cac hoat dpng phiic tap cua con ngiroi

Di cdt Ngu'di tinh khdn diTOc tim tha'y d khap cac chau luc

Day la budc nhay vgt thii hai, sau budc nhay vgt tir Vugn cd thanh Ngudi td'i

cd CGng ttr day, khi ldp ldng mdng trdn ngudi khdng cdn niia, d Ngudi hien dai lai xuat hien nhirng mau da khdc nhau, chia thanh da vang, den va trdng Dd la

ba chiing tdc ldn

Su khdc nhau dd la ket qua ciia su thfch iing Idu dai ciia con ngudi vdi nhiing hoan canh tu nhien khdc nhau, chii khdng phai sir khdc nhau ve trtnh do hieu bie't

Trong viec che tao cdng cu, Ngudi tinh khdn da biet ghe hai na ciia mdt manh da, lam cho nd ggn va sdc canh hon, dung lam nu, dao, nao Hg cdn lay xuong cd, canh cay dem mai hoac deo nhgn ddu de lam lao

Tir dd, con ngudi tien tdi biet che tao cung ten Day la mdt thanh tuu ldm trong qua tnnh che tao cdng cu va vu khf Vdi cung ten, con ngudi mdi san bdn

cd hieu qua va an toan

Thiic an ciia con ngudi da tang ldn ddng ke, nhd't la thiirc an ddng vdt, tir khi

kl thudt thdi dd cii dugc hoan thien va dac biet la tir khi cd cung tdn

Ngudi ta cung cd the' rdi hang ddng ra dung leu, dinh cu d nhirng dia diem thuan tien hofn Cu tni "nha cira" phd bien d Ngudi tinh khdn tii cud'i thdi dd cu

De'n khoang 1 van nam trudc day, loai ngudi tie'n vdo tltcfi dd men

Diem ndi bat cua cdng cu da mdi la ngudi ta cd the ghe deo nhu'ng manh da thanh hinh dang gon va chinh xac, thich hop vdi tCfng cong viec, vdi nhieu kieu loai theo nhung yeu cau khae nhau (dao, riu, due ), dugc mai nhin d ria ludi hay toan than, dugc khoan Id hay cd nac de tra can

Cd the ndi rang, cdng cu thdi dd cQ vdn la nhCrng manh dd dugc ghe deo thd so, cdn cdng cu thdi dd mdi la nhung manh da da dugc con ngudi ghe sdc

va mai nhan thdnh hinh cdng cu

Ciing thdi gian nay, ngudi ta biet dan ludi ddnh cd bdng sgi vd cdy va lam chi ludi bdng da't nung, biet lam dd gdm de dung va dun nd'u (ndi, bat, vd )

Hav neu nlidng tien bo kithuatkhi Ngudi tinli khon xuaihien Hay cbo biei nliung tie'n bg ki thuat cua thoi da mdi

3 Cuoc each mang thdi dd mdi

Cdc nha khao cd coi tbdi dd mdi la mdt cudc cdch mqng, khi con ngudi tir

san bdn, lugm hdi, danh cd da tien tdi biet trdng trgt va chan nudi Viec lugm hdi nam nay qua nam khdc da dem lai kinh nghiem trdng va thu hoach theo thdi

vu mdt so cdy luong thuc va thuc pham nhu khoai, cii, bdu, bf, liia Di san, bat dugc thu nhd, ngudi ta giir lai de nudi va thudn dudng thdnh gia sue, trudc tidn

la chd rdi den ciru, lgn (heo), bd v.v

Con ngudi cd dc sdng tao, va d thdi dd mdi nay, hg bdt ddu biet khai thdc tir thien nhien cdi can thiet cho cudc sd'ng ciia minh, chii khdng chi thu lugm nhiing cai cd sdn trong thidn nhien

Ngudi ta cOng bdt ddu lam sach nhirng ta'm da thii de che thdn cho dm va cho

"cd van hod" Nhung chiec ciic (khuy) va kim lam bdng xuong tim tha'y trong cdc di chi van hod da ndi len dieu dd

Ngoai ra, ngudi ta da biet dung dd trang siic, nhu vdng cd bang vd dc va

chudi hat xuong (bdng cdch dem khoan Id rdi lay ddy xau lai), vdng tay, vdng

cd chdn, hoa tai bdng da mau

Cac nha khao cd hgc cdn tim thd'y chid'c sao bang xuong dui Id, dan dd va cd

le cdn cd ca trdng bit da

Nhu the', tiing budc, con ngudi khdng ngumg sang tao, kie'm dugc thiic dn

nhieu hon, sd'ng tdt hon va vui hctn Tuy nhidn, qud trtnh dd rd't dai ( 4 - 5 van

nam), trong dd cudc sd'ng cdn thap kem va bap bdnh Ddi sdng con ngudi chi

tie'n bd vdi td'c do nhanh hon va dn dinh hon tii thdi da mdi, khoang I van ndm

1 Tai sao iai go! 1^ "cuoc each mang thdi da m6i" ?

2 Hay cho biet nhiJng bi/dc tien trong lao dong va ddi song ciia ngi/di nguyen thuy

y

Bai ^ XA HOI NGUYEN THUY

Tir khi Ngudi tinh khdn xuat hien, thi tdc hinh thanh Cling la budc ddu tien ciia td chire xa hdi loai ngirdi

1, Thi toe vd bo Igc

De'n giai doan Ngudi tinh khdn, so dan da tang ldn Timg nhdm ngudi cGng ddng diic hem, gdm 2 - 3 the' he gia tre ciing cd chung ddng mdu, dugc ggi la

thi toe - nhiing ngudi "cung hg"

Trong thi tdc, con chdu cd thdi quen tdn kfnh ldp dng ba, cha me Ngugc lai, dng ba, cha me deu cham lo, bao dam nudi day ta't ca con chdu cua thi tdc Trdn mdt viing sinh sdng thudn lgi nhu ven sdng, sudi thudng khdng chi cd

thi tdc ma cdn cd bg lac

Bd lac la tdp hgp mdt sd thi tdc, sd'ng canh nhau, cd hg hang vdi nhau va cung

cd mdt ngudn gd'c td tidn xa xdi Giua cac thi tdc trong mdt bd lac thudng cd quan he gdn bd vdi nhau, giiip dd nhau

Duong nhidn, cdng vide thudng xuyen va hang ddu ciia thi tdc la kiem tbiic

an dd nudi sd'ng thi tgc

Nhiing cdng viec nhu the, nhd't la viec san dudi, san bdy cdc con thii ldn, thii chay nhanh, ludn ddi hdi su phdn cdng hgp If, su "chung lung da'u cat", mdi ngudi mdi vide, phd'i hgp an y vdi nhau

Yeu cdu ciia cdng viec va trtnh do lao ddng thdi nguydn thuy ddi hdi su hgp

tdc lao dong ciia nhilu ngudi, cua ca thi tdc

Thiic an kie'm dugc chua nhilu, chua cd deu dan Mgi ngudi cdn phai ciing lam, ciing cd gdng dd'n miic cao nhat dd kie'm sd'ng nen tu nhidn ngudi ta thd'y

cdn phai cdng bang, phai dugc hudng thu bang nhau

Nhu the, trong thi tdc khdng chi cd su hgp tdc ma mgi ciia cai, mgi sinh boat dugc coi la ciia chung, viec chung, lam chung, an chung

4> — ;

- Id chuc \a iioi cua NgUo'i tinh khon la gi ?

2 Bud! ddu cua thdi dai kim khi

Tir chd dung nhiing cdng cu bdng da, bdng xuong, tre, gd, ngudi ta bat ddu

bie't che tao dd dung va cong cu bdng dong

Cu dan Tay A va Ai Cap biet sir dung ddng sdm nhdt, thoat tidn la ddng dd vao khoang 5500 nam trudc ddy Cdch ngay nay khoang 4000 nam, nhidu cU ddn tren Trai Ddt da biet dung ddng thau

Khoang 3000 nam trudc day, cu dan d Tay A va Nam Au la nhiing ngudi dau

tien bie't diic va sir dung do sdt

Cdng cu kim khf da md ra mdt thdi dai mdi ma tdc dung va nang sudt lao ddng ciia nd vugt xa thdi dai dd dd Dac biet la cdng cu bdng sdt tbi khdng cd mgt cdng cu da nao cd the so sanh dugc Nhd cd dd kim khf, nhd't la sdt, ngudi

ta cd the khai phd nhirng viing ddt dai ma trudc kia chua khai phd ndi, cd the cay sdu cudc bdm, cd the xe gd ddng thuyen di bien, xe dd lam lau dai va ban than viec due sdt ciing la mdt nganh san' xud't quan trgng bdc nhd't

Day thuc su la mdt cudc cdch mang trong sdn xud't Ldn dau tidn tren chang dudng dai ciia lich sir lodi ngudi, con ngudi cd the ldm ra mdt lugng sdn phdm thira

Sud't thdi dd dd, con ngudi tir chd sd'ng bap benh tie'n tdi dii sd'ng Vao budi ddu cua thdi dai kim khf, con ngudi san xudt khdng nhiing dii sd'ng d miic cdn thdp

cua hang nghin nam trudc, ma cdn tao ra dugc mgt lugng sdn phdm thda

thucfng xuyen

- Su xuiit hien cong cu bang kim loai co y nghia nliu the nao ?

3 Su xudt hien t u hQu vd xd hoi cd giai cdp

Trong xd hdi nguydn thuy, su cdng bdng va binh dang la "nguydn tdc vang" Bdi liic d'y ngudi ta sd'ng trong cdng ddng, dua vao nhau vi tinh trang ddi sd'ng cdn qud thdp, nhung khi bdt ddu cd san phdm thira thi lai khdng the dem chia ddu cho mgi ngudi

10

Trong xa hdi, mdi thdnh vien cd nhiing chiic phdn khdc nhau Ban ddu, mdt

sd ngudi dugc cu chi huy ddn binh, chuydn trach vd Id nghi hoac didu hdnh cac

cdng vide chung ciia thi tdc, bd lac (xay den, lam nha, ldm dudng, ddp dd )

Nhiing ngudi nay lgi dung chiic phdn de chiem mdt phan sdn pham xa hdi cho

ridng minh khi cbi dting cdc cdng viec chung Chdng bao Idu, hg cd nhieu ciia

cai hon ngudi khdc The la cua tuhitu bdt ddu xua't hien Quan he cdng ddng bat

ddu bi phd vd Gia dinh cung thay ddi theo Dan dng lam cdc viec nang nhgc

nhu cdy biia, lam thuy lgi, lam dan binh, nen da cd vai trd tru cdt vd gidnh lay

quyen quyet dinh trong gia dinh Con cdi lay theo hg cha Gia dinh phu he xud't

hien trong ldng thi tdc binh ddng thdi nguydn thuy

Kha nang lao ddng ciia cdc gia dinh khdc nhau da thiic day thdm su phdn biet

giau - ngheo

Xa hdi nguydn thuy, hay cdn ggi la xa hdi thi tgc bd lac, bi ran vd Con ngudi

dang dumg trudc ngudng cira cua thdi dai xd hdi cd giai cap ddu tien - \d ligi

cd dai

Do dau ma co su' xuat hien tu' hitu ?

.AU HOI

r

1 Hay giai thich tfnh cgng dong cua thj tgc

2 Tu hull xua't hien da dan tdi su" thay ddi trong xa hgi

nguyen thuy nhu" the nao ?

• J

da sd thanh vien cdng xa va nd le Qua trinh hinh thanh

va phat trien ciia nha nudc d cac qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng khdng gidng nhau, nhung the che chung la che do quan chti chi»yen che trong dd vua la ngudi ndm mgi quydn hanh va dirge cha truydn, con ndi

Phirong Ddng cung hi cai ndi ciia van minh nhan loai, nai ma lan ddu tien con ngudi da biet sang tao ra chu viet van hoc nghe thuat va nhidu tri thirc khoa hoc khdc

1 Oi§u kien t u nhien vd %\S phdt tri§n kinh t§

Su xud't hien cdng cu bdng kim loai da bdo hidu su tan vd hoan toan cua chd'

do cdng xa thi tdc va la khdi ddu ciia thdi dai van minh - thdi dai con ngudi

12

san xudt ra ngay cdng nhieu ciia cai, biet xdy dung nhiing cdng trtnh kien true

do so, cd chu vie't, nghe thudt, khoa hgc vd van chuong

Budc chuyen minh vT dai dd da dien ra dau tien d phuong Ddng, tren lull vuc cua cac ddng sdng ldn nhu sdng Nin d Ai Cap ; O-pho-rat va

Ti-go-rd d Ludng Ha ; sdng An, sdng Hang d An Do ; Hoang Ha d Trung

Qud'c v.v d day cd nhOrng dieu kien thien nhien het sdc thuan ldi cho

ddi sd'ng cua con ngudi NhOrng ddng bang ven sdng rdng, da't dai phi nhieu va mem xdp, d l canh tac, lugng mua deu dan phan bd theo mua,

cd khf hau am ndng (trU Trung Qud'c) Vao mua mua hang nam, nudc sdng dang cao, phu len cac chan rudng tha'p mot Idp dat phu sa mau

md, thfch hgp cho viec gieo trdng cac loai cay lUdng thuc

Do cd dieu kidn tu nhien thuan lgi nen khodng 3500 - 2000 nam TCK,

cu dan da tap trung khd ddng theo timg bd lac trdn cdc thdm ddt cao gan sdng Ddu tidn Id cu dan cd d Tay A va Ai Cap, rdi ddn lugt cu dan tren cdc km vuc sdng cdn lai Luc nay, hg da bie't sir dung ddng thau cimg vdi nhumg cdng cu bdng dd, tre va gd

Cu dan trdn luu vuc nhiimg ddng sdng ldn d chdu A va chau Phi sd'ng chii ye'u bdng nghe ndng Hg da bidt trdng mdi nam 2 vu lua

Nhung de dat dugc didu dd, trudc tidn ngudi dan d day phdi lo xdy dung he thd'ng thuy lgi, dap de ngan lii, dao kenh mdng ddn nudc Cdng viec tri thuy khie'n mgi ngudi lien ket, gdn bd vdi nhau trong td chiic cdng xa Ngodi vide

"ld'y nghd ndng lam gd'c", cdc cu dan ndng nghiep cd nay cdn ke't hgp nudi gia siic, lam dd gdm va det vai de ddp umg nhu cdu hdng ngdy ciia minh Hg tien hanh trao ddi san phdm giiia viing ndy vdi viing khdc Dd la nhumg nganh kinh

td bd trg cho nghd ndng

Taj sao xa hoi co giai cap va nha nud'c lai phat trien sd'm d luu

vu'c cac con song lo'n thuoc chau A va chau Phi 7 Hay neu Ccic nganh kinh te chinh o' khu vuc nay

2 Su hinh t h d n h cdc quoc gia co dai

San xua't phdt tridn td't yeu ddn de'n sir phan hod xa hdi, xudt hien ke gidu, ngudi ngheo, quy tdc vd binh dan ; trdn co sd dd, giai cap vd nha nudc da ra ddi

Cdc qude gia cd dai phuong Ddng dugc hinh thdnh ttr rdt sdm Tren luu vuc sdng Nin, vao khoang giiia thidn nien ki IV TCN, cu dan Ai Cap cd dai da khd

ddng diic, sd'ng tap trung theo tumg cong xd

De huy dong dugc nhieu nhan cdng lam thuy idi, cac cdng xa da tu ke't

hdp lai thanh cac lien minh cong xa, ggi la cac "Ndm" Khoang 3200

nam TCN, mot quy tdc cd the lUc da chinh phuc dUOc tat ca cac Ndm

va thanh lap nha nudc Ai Cap thdng nha't

Hmh 2 - Tranh khdc tren tuong ham mo o Te-bo (Ai Cap) the ki XV TCN

6 luu vuc Ludng Ha, vao khoang thidn nien ki IV TCN, hang chuc nudc nhd ciia ngudi Su-me da dugc binh thdnh O An Do, nhtrng qud'c gia cd dai ddu tidn

da ra ddi tren luu vuc sdng An ttr khoang giira thidn nien ki III TCN

Chd do cdng xa nguydn thuy d Trung Qud'c tan ra vao khoang cud'i thidn nien

ki III TCN Vuong trieu nhd Ha dugc hinh thanh vdo khoang the ki XXI TCN

da md ddu cho xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc d Trung Qud'c

Nhu the, cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng ddu da dugc hinh tJtdnh td khodng

thien nien ki IV - III TCN Day la nhiing nha nudc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt

the gidi

Cac quo'c gia cd dai phu'o'ng Dong da ditdc hirJi thanh cr dau

va tit bao gid 7

<.«'

14

3 Xd hdi cd dai phuong Odng

Nhu cdu ciia cdng tdc tri thuy cdc ddng sdng va xdy dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi da khie'n nhiing ngudi ndng dan d nhiimg viing nay gdn bd va rdng budc vdi nhau trong khudn khd cua cdng xa ndng thdn Cdc thanh vidn ciia cdng xa dugc

ggi la nong ddn cong xd

Ndng dan cdng xa la bd phan ddng dao nha't, cd vai trd to ldn trong san xua't

Hg nhdn rudng da't ciia cdng xa dd canh tdc, song phdi nop mdt phan san phdm thu hoach dugc va lam khdng cdng cho quy tdc

Trong qua trinh phdn hod xd hdi, dtrng dau giai cap thd'ng tri la nhiimg dng vua chuyen che vd dgi ngu ddng dao quy tdc, quan lai, chii rudng dat va tdng ldp tang lii Dd Id tdng ldp cd nhidu ciia cdi vd quydn the, gitf chii'c vu tdn gido hoac qudn If bg mdy nha nudc, dia phuong Hg sd'ng gidu sang bdng sir bdc lot, bdng lgc do nha nudc cap va do chiic vu dem lai

No le la tdng ldp tha'p nhdt trong xd hdi Hg cd ngudn gd'c la nhtrng tii binh

bi bat trong chien tranh hay nhtimg ndng dan ngheo khdng tra dugc ng Hg chuydn lam cdc viec nang nhgc vd hdu ha tdng ldp quy tdc

Hay trinli bay vai h'o cua nong dan cong \a trong xii hgi co dai

ph Wong Dimg

4 Ch§ do chuyen ch§ co dgi

Nhd su phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh te ndng nghiep, cac cu dan phuang Ddng da sdm budc vdo xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc ngay ttr budi ddu ciia thdi dai dd ddng Ttr thidn nien ki IV den thien nien ki III TCN, xa hdi cd giai cdp va nha nudc deu da dugc hinh thdnh d luu vuc sdng Nin, sdng Ti-go-ro va O-pho-rat, sdng

An, sdng Hdng va Hodng Ha

Xa hdi cd giai cap va nha nudc dugc hinh thanh tir lien minh bd lac, tLi:c la nhidu bd lac cd quan he than thudc vdi nhau, lien ket vdi nhau do nhu cdu tri thuy va xay dung cdc cdng trtnh thuy lgi Nha nudc dugc lap ra dd dieu hanh va qudn If xa hdi Ca cdu bd mdy nhd nudc dd mang tfnh chat ciia mdt nhd nudc chuyen che trung uong tap quyen Diing ddu nha nudc la vua

De cai tri ndng dan cdng xa va

nd ie, vua da dUa vao quy tdc

va tdn giao, bat moi ngUdi phai phuc tiing Vua tU coi minh la ngudi dai dien cua than thanh

d dudi tran gian, ngudi chii tdi

cao cua da't nUdc, tU quye't dinh moi chinh sach va cdng viec Vua trd thanh vua chuyen che ma ngUdi Ai Cap ggi la Pharadn (cai nha ldn), ngudi Ludng Ha ggi la Enxi (ngUdi dUng dau), Trung Qud'c ggi la Thien tir (con Trdi)

Hinh 3

-Quach vang tac hinh vua Ai Cip Tu-tan-kha-m6n (1361-1352 TCN) Giiip viec cbo nha vua Id mdt bd mdy hanh chfnh quan lidu gdm toan quy tdc, diing ddu la Vidia (Ai Cap) hoac Thira tudng (Trung Qud'c) Bg may nay lam cdc viec thu thud, xay dung cdc cdng trtnh cdng cdng nhu den thap, cung dien, dudng sd vd chi huy quan ddi Nhu the', chd do nha nudc ciia xa hdi cd giai cap ddu tidn d phuang Ddng, trong dd vua la ngudi diing ddu, cd quydn luc td'i cao, goi la chd dd chuydn chd cd dai

I

- O cac nuoc phu'Ong Dong, vua co nhifng quyen gi 7

~ Tai sao goi che do nliii nu'dc phu'o'ng Dong la che do chuyen che CO dai •'

5 Vdn hod cd dai phUdng ©ong

Su xuat hien xa hdi cd giai cap va nhd nudc khdng chi ddn den dp biic, bdc lot, da'u tranh ma cdn la mdt bieu bien cua thdi dai van minh, trong dd con ngudi san xudt dugc c ia cai ddi dao hon trudc va sang tao trong ddi sd'ng van hod tinh thdn

16

a) Su ra ddi ciia Lich phdp vd Thien vdn hgc

Nhumg tri thiic Thidn van hgc va Lich phdp hgc ra ddi vdo loai sdm nhdt d

cdc qud'c gia cd dai phuong Ddng Nd gdn lidn vdi nhu cdu san xud't ndng

nghiep De cay cdy diing thdi vu, nhtimg ngudi ndng ddn ludn phai "trdng trdi,

trdng ddt" Dan ddn, hg biet den sir chuyen ddng ciia Mat Trdi, Mat Trang Dd

la nhumg tri thu'c ddu tidn vd thien van Ttr tri thiic dd, ngudi phuong Ddng sdng

tao ra lich Vi vay, lich cua hg la nong lich, mdt nam cd 365 ngay dugc chia

thdnh 12 thdng

Ddy cung la co sd dd ngudi ta tfnh chu ki thdi gian vd mua Thdi gian dugc

tfnh bdng nam, thdng, tudn, ngay Nam lai cd miia ; mtia mua Id miia nudc ldn,

mua khd Id mua nudc xud'ng, mua gieo trdng ddt bai Thdi dd, con ngudi cdn

bie't do thdi gian bdng dnh sdng mat trdi vd tfnh dugc mdi ngay cd 24 gid

Thien van hgc so khai va lich da ra ddi nhu the

b) Chu viet

Sir phdt trien cua ddi sdng lam cho quan he ciia xa hdi lodi ngudi trd nen phong

phii va da dang ; ngudi ta cdn ghi chep vd luu giir nhiing gi da didn ra Chtr viet ra

ddi bdt ngudn tu nhu cdu dd Chir vidt Id mdt phat minh ldn ciia loai ngudi

Cac cu dan phUdng Ddng la ngudi dau tien phat minh ra chd viet Vao khoang thien nien ki IV TCN, chU vie't da xuat hien d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha

Luc dau, chu viet chi la hinh ve nhOfng gl ma hg mudn ndi, sau dd hp sang tao them nhuTig ki hieu bieu hien khai niem truU tUdng ChU viet

theo each dd goi la chur tugng iiinii Ngudi Trung Hoa xua ve f/fl de chi ruong, ve ; ^ d e chi cay va ve ; ^ ^ de chi rung

NgUdi Ai Cap xUa ve ^ ^ de chi nha, ve i ^ chi mdm, ve ( ^ chi

Mat Trdi

Sau nay, ngudi ta each dieu hoa chUtUdng hinh thanh net va ghep cac net theo quy udc de phan anh y nghT cua con ngudi mot each phong

phu hdn goi la chit tupng y ChutUdng y chua tach khoi chutUdng hinh

ma thudng dUdc ghep vdi met thanh de phan anh tieng ndi, tieng goi

cd am sac, thanh dieu cua con ngudi

Nguydn lieu dugc dung dd vidt cua ngudi Ai Cap la gidy lam bdng vd cay

papinit Ngudi Su-me d Ludng Ha dung mdt loai cay say vdt nhgn lam btit vidt

ldn tren nhiing ta'm ddt set cdn udt rdi dem phoi ndng hoac nung khd Ngudi

Trung Qud'c liic ddu khdc chu trdn xuang thii hoac mai rua, vd sau hg da bie't ket

hgp mdt sd net thanh chu va viet tren the tre hay tren lua

Nhiing hidu bidt ve todn hgc cua ngudi xua da dd lai nhidu kinh nghiem quy, chudn bi cho budc phdt trien cao horn d thdi sau

d) Kien true

Trong ndn van minh cd dai

phuang Ddng, nghe thuat kidn

true phat trien rat phong phii

Nhidu di tfch kie'n tnic each day

hang nghin nam vdn cdn luu lai

nhu Kim tu thap d Ai Cap,

nhiing khu ddn thap d An Do,

thdnh Ba-bi-lon d Ludng Hd

Nhung cdng trinh cd xua

nay la nhtrng ki tfch ve siic lao

dgng va tdi nang sdng tao ciia

con ngudi

Hinh 4 - COng I-so-ta thanh Ba-bi-lon

6 Luona Ha

!§!«%• l.W»

Hinh 5 - Kim tir thap a Ai Cap

Hay cho bie't nhimg thanh tUii van hoa ldn ciia cac quoc gia

cd dai phu'o'ng Dong

/

»AU HOI

1 Tai sao cu" dan tren lifu vUc cac ddng song Idn d chau A, chau Phi c6 the sdm phat then thanh xa hgi c6 giai cap va nha nudc ? Dac diem kinh te ciia cac viing nay la gi ?

2 Xa hgi cd dai phucing Dong gom nhu'ng tang I6p nao ? Hay

giai thich vi sao d day lai hinh thanh cac tang I6p xa hgi d6

3 Em hieu the nao la che do chuyen che cd dai phUdng Dong ?

4 Cu dan phuang Dong thdi cd dai da c6 nhu'ng dong gdp gi

ve mat van hoa cho nhan loai ?

>

Bai^ CAC QUOC GIA CO DAI

PHUONG TAY - HI LAP VA RO-MA

Nam tren bd Bae Dia Trung Hai, Hi Lap va Rd-ma bao gdm bdn dao va nhidu dao nhd Dia Trung Hai gidng nhu mgt cai ho rdt ldn, tao nen su giao thdng thuan lgi giira cac nudc vdi nhau ; do dd ttr rat sdm da cd nhirng hoat dgng hang hai ngu nghiep va thuang nghiep bidn Tren

CO sd dd Hi Lap va Rd-ma da phat trien cao ve kinii te

va xa hdi lam co sd cho mdt ndn van boa rat rue rd

1 Thien nhien vd ddi sdng cua con ngudi

Canh sdng, mii, bien d vung Dia Trung Hdi dep de, mudn mau Khf hau

dm dp, trong lanh Ban ddu, cdc bd lac ddu sd'ng trong cdc thung lung O day, nhirng day niii cao ttr luc dia chay ra bidn da ngan cdch thung liing nay vdi thung lung khdc, tao thdnh nhting ddng bdng nhd hep Phdn ldn ldnh thd la niii

va cao nguyen Ddt canh tdc da ft lai khdng mdu md ldm, chii ydu Id ddt ven ddi, khd va rdn Do dd, ludi cudc, ludi cdy bdng ddng khdng cd tdc dung

Khoang ddu thidn nien ki I TCN, cu ddn viing Dia Trung Hdi bdt ddu bidt che tao cdng cu bdng sdt

Nhd cdng cu bdng sat, dien tfch canh tdc tang ban, viec trdng trgt da cd ke't qua Thuc ra, chi d nhiing viing dd't mdm vd td't mdi cd the trdng liia (liia mi, Ilia mach) Ddt dai d day thuan tien ban cho viec trdng cdc loai cay luu nien, cd gid tri cao nhu : nho, d liu, cam, chanh Con ngudi phdi gian khd khai phd timg mdnh dd't, phai lao ddng khd nhgc mdi bao dam dugc mdt phdn luong thuc

Vi the', cdc nudc nay vdn phdi mua lua mi, liia mach ciia ngudi Ai Cap, Tay A Nhidu thg gidi, kheo tay da xudt hien Hg lam ra nhiimg san phdm ndi tie'ng nhu dd gdm, vdi dii cdc loai binh, chum, bat bdng gdm trdng men trang trf boa van cd mau sdc va hinh ve dep

20

Da cd nhieu xUdng thu cdng chuyen san xuat mdt mat hang cd chat lugng cao Nhieu xUdng thu cdng cd quy md kha Idn : cd xUdng tU 10 -

15 ngudi lam, lai cd xUdng ldn sir dung tU 10 den 100 nhan cdng, dac biet mo bae 6 At-tich cd tdi 2000 lao ddng

Su phat tridn ciia thii cdng nghiep lam cho san xudt hang hod tang nhanh, quan he thuang mai dugc md rdng Ngudi Hi Lap va Rd-ma dem cdc sdn pTidm ciia minh nhu rugu nho, ddu d liu, dd mi nghe, dd dung kim loai, dd gdm

di bdn d mgi midn ven Dia Trung Hai San phdm mua vd la lua mi, sue vat, ldng thti ttr viing Hdc Hdi, Ai Cap , to lua, huang lieu, xa xi phdm tir cdc nudc phuong Ddng Trong xa hdi chiem nd d viing nay, nd le la thii hang hod quan trgng bdc nhdt Nhidu noi nhu De-ld't, Pi-rd trd thanh trung tam budn bdn nd

le ldn ciia the gidi cd dai

Hang hoa dugc chuyen chd tren nhUng chiec thuyen Idn cd budm va nhieu mai cheo cua cac nha budn giau Mot chiec tau chd rUdu nho cua Rd-ma dai tdi 40m, chUa dUdc 7000 den 8000 vd (tdc trpng tai tU

350 den 400 tan) bj dam tU thdi ay da dUdc cac nha khao cd hgc tim tha'y vao nam 1967 d vung bien phfa nam nudc Phap

Hinh 6 - Xuong che bien dau 6 liu 6 Nam I-ta-li-a (kho chum dung dau

duoc phat hien co khoang 40 chum chiia gan 6000 lit dau an)

Hoat ddng thuong mai phdt dat da thiic ddy viec md rdng luu thdng tien te Cdc thi qud'c deu cd ddng tien rieng ciia minh Ddng tidn Denariuxo ctia Rd-ma ddng tien cd hinh chim cii cua A-ten la nhumg ddng tien thudc loai cd nhat trdn the gidi

Nhu the, ndn kinh te ciia cdc nha nudc d viing Dja Trung Hdi phdt trien mau le Hi Lap va Rd-ma sdm trd thdnh cdc qud'c gia gidu manh

^

Trinh iyav v nghra ciia viec xuat hien cdng cu bang sat doi vcfi vang Dia Trung Hai

2 Thj quo'c Ota Trung Hai

Ven bd Bdc Dia Trung Hai cd nhidu ddi niii chia cdt ddt dai thanh nhidu vting nhd, khdng cd didu kien tap trung ddng dan cu d mdt noi

Mat khdc, khi dan cu sd'ng thidn vd nghd budn va nghd thii cdng thi su tap trung ddng diic lai khdng can thie't Mdi vting, mdi mdm bdn dao Id giang son ciia mdt bd lac Khi xa hdi cd giai cd'p binh thanh thi ddy cung Id mdt nudc Mdi thdnh vien la cdng ddn ciia nudc minh Nudc thi nhd, nghd budn lai phdt tridn nen ddn cu sd'ng tap trung d thdnh thi Phan chu ydu ciia mdt nudc la thdnh thi vdi mdt viing ddt dai trdng trgt d xung quanh Thanh thi cd phd xd, Idu ddi, den thd san van ddng, nha hat va quan trgng ban ca la cd ben cang Cho nen, ngudi

ta cdn ggi nudc dd la thi qudc'-^^ (thdnh thi la qud'c gia)

Chang han, At-tich la mot mui dat nhd d Odng Nam Hi Lap ngay nay, xua kia la mdt thi qud'c, cd dien tfch hdn 2000 km^, dan sd khoang

400000 ngudi, phan Idn sd'ng 6 thanh thj A-ten (nay la thu dd cua Hi Lap),

cd 3 hai cang, trong dd ldn nha't la cang Pi-re Ngudi ta ggi A-ten la thj qud'c, dai dien cho ca At-ti'ch

Horn 30000 ngudi Id cdng ddn A-ten, cd tu cdch va cd quydn cdng dan^^) Khoang 15000 kidu ddn (ddn nai khdc de'n ngu cu) dugc tu do sinh sd'ng, budn bdn, ldm an, nhumg khdng cd quyen cdng dan Chtmg ban 300000 nd le lao ddng, phuc dich va khdng cd quydn gi cd, la tdi sdn rieng ciia mdi chii nd

Uy the ciia quy tdc xuat than la bd lao ciia tbi tdc da bi ddnh bat Quyen luc

xa hdi chuyen vdo tay cdc chii nd, chii xudng va nha budn Day Id kd't qua ciia mdt qua trinh ddu tranh gay go, quydt liet

Thdng lgi quydt dinh cudc ddu tranh nay la sir hinh thanh mdt the che ddn

chil Han 30 000 cdng dan hgp thdnh Dgi ligi cong ddn, bdu va cu ra cdc ca quan

nhd nudc, quyet dinh mgi cdng viec nha nudc

(1) Truoc day goi la thanh hang

(2) Vdi khoang hon 100000 ngudi niia, gom phu nu va tre em thuoc cac gia dinh cong dan

22

Ngudi ta khdng chap nhan cd vua Cd

50 phudng, mdi phudng cir 10 ngudi, lam

thdnh mdt Hgi dong 500, cd vai trd nhu

"qud'c hdi", thay mat dan quyet dinh cdng

viec trong nhiem ki 1 nam 6 day, ngudi ta

bdu 10 vien chtrc didu hanh cdng viec (nhu

kieu mdt chfnh phu) vd cting cd nhiem ki

1 nam Vien chiic cd the tdi cir ndu dugc

bdu Hdng nam, mgi cdng dan hgp mdt ldn

d qudng trudng, nai ai cung dugc phdt bidu

va bieu quyd't nhiing viec ldn ciia qud'c gia

The chd dan chii nhu thd da phdt tridn

cao nhd't d A-ten Nai nao khdng cd kieu td

chiic trdn thi cung cd hinh thiic dai hdi

nhan ddn

Hinh 7 - Pe-ri-clet

(495 ? - 429 TCN) Thi qud'c cd dai la dd thi budn ban, lam

nghd thil cdng va sinh boat dan chii Mdi

thanh thi la mdt nudc ridng O dd, ngudi ta ban va quydt dinh nen budn ban vdi nudc nao va loai.hang gi, dung ngdn quy vao viec gi, nen trg cap cho dan ngheo bao nhieu ; cd bien phdp gi dd duy tri thd chd ddn chii va dac biet la cd chdp nhan tidn hanh chien tranh hay khdng

Ldnh thd ciia thi qud'c khdng rgng, nhung so dan lai ddng Ddt trdng trgt d day da ft, ma ngudi ta lai cang ft trdng liia, nhumg noi day cd didu kien tu nhidn thuan lgi de phdt trien budn bdn Do dd, cac thi qud'c ludn ludn giti quan he budn bdn vdi nhau vd vdi cac viing xa Nhd dd, cdc thi qud'c trd ndn rat giau cd

Dac biet la A-ten, sau cudc chien tranh vdi Ba TU, trd thanh minh chu cua cac qud'c gia Hi Lap, lai nam Uu the tren bien, quan If mdt ngan quy rat Idn, cd thu nhap hang nam rat cao A-ten da mien thue cho mpi cdng dan va trg cap cho cac cdng dan ngheo du sdng

Su giau cd ciia Hi Lap dua trdn ndn kinh td cdng thuang nghiep, sir dung lao ddng nd le, lam cdc viec trdng, hdi nho, khai md, cheo thuyen va khudn vac khie'n cho su each biet giiia giau va ngheo, giiia chii nd va nd le ngay cang ldn

O Rd-ma, su each biet ndy cdn ldn hom

Nd le bi bdc lot va bi khinh re ndn thudmg phdn khdng chii nd 6 Hi Lap hinh thiic phan khdng chii ye'u la trd ndi trong lao ddng va bd trdn, nhdt la khi cd chie'n tranh O Rd-ma thi hg ndi day khdi nghia chd'ng dd'i thuc su

23

Hinh 8 - Luoc d6 de quoc Rd-ma thdi cd dai

Chu khae tren dau cdng Khai

hoan mdn Trai-an :

IMP (eratori) CAESARI DIVI

NERVAE FILIO NERVAE

TRA-lANO OPTIMO AVG (usto)

GER-MANICO DACICO PONTIF (ici)

MAX (imo) TRIB (uniciae)

POTEST (atis) XVIII IMP (eratori) VII

COS (consuli) VI P (atri) P (atriae)

FORTISSIMO PRINCIPI SENAWS

P Q R

(Thugng vien va dan chung Rd-ma

dang tang Khai hoan mdn [nay]

cho Hoang de Xe-da, [va] con

cua Ne-rva than thanh [la] Ne-rva

Trai-an, dUc dp va cao ca, ngudi

Hinh 9 - Khai hoan mdn Trai-an

(Be-ne-ven-td, Nam I-ta-li-a)

chien thang Giec-man va Da-xi-a, Dai TUte, Hd dan 18 ki, Tdng chi huy

7 tran Chap chfnh 6 ki, Qud'c phu, Nguyen thii anh dung nha't)

^

Thi quoc la gi 7

The che dan chu cd dai bieu hien o' chd nao 7

3 Vdn hod cd dai Hi Lap vd Rd-ma

Viec sir dung cdng cu bdng sdt va sir tidp xiic vdi bidn da md ra cho cu ddn Dia Trung Hdi mdt chan trdi mdi, ndng hg ldn mdt trinh do cao ban vd san xudt

vd budn ban trdn bien Dd cung Id ca sd de hg dat tdi trinh do sdng tao van hod cao hom thdi trudc

a) Lich vd chd viet

Ngudi Hi Lap da cd hieu biet chfnh xdc hom vd Trdi Dd't va he Mat Trdi Nhd

di bien, bg da tha'y Trdi Dd't khdng phai nhu cdi dia ma nhu hinh qua cau trdn, nhung hg vdn tudng Mat Trdi chuydn dgng quanh Trdi Dd't Tuy nhidn, hg da bie't neu tfnh mdi vdng nhu the la 360 ngdy thi khdng chfnh xac Vd sau, ngudi Rd-ma da tfnh dugc 1 nam cd 365 ngay va 1/4 ndn hg dinh mdt thdng ldn lugt

cd 30 va 31 ngdy, ridng thdng bai cd 28 ngdy Song, nhu the so vdi thuc td vdn

bi chdm mdt ft Dti sao, phep tfnh lich ciia ngudi Rd-ma cd dai da rat gdn vdi nhting hieu bid't ngdy nay

Ngudi Ai Cap, Ludng Ha va mdt sd cu dan khdc da cd chti vidt cd Nhumg chii ciia hg cd qud nhidu hinh, net, kf hieu ; khd nang phd bidn bi han che Cudc sd'ng "bdn ba" trdn bien, trtnh do phdt tridn ciia ndn kinh td da dat ra cbo cu dan Dia Trung Hdi nhu cdu sdng tao ra mdt thii chtr vidt gdm cdc kf'hieu dan gidn,

nhumg phai cd khd nang ghep chd rdt linh hoat thanh tir de the hien y nghT ciia

con ngudi

He thd'ng chii cdi ciia ngudi Hi Lap va ngudi Rd-ma da ra ddi tir dd He chti cdi Rd-ma, tiie la he A, B, C ban ddu gdm 20 chii, sau thdm 6, lam thdnh he thd'ng chii edi hoan ehinh nhu ngay nay

Hg cung cd he chti sd ma ngdy nay ta thudng dimg dd ddnh sd cdc dd muc ldn, ggi la "sd La Ma"

Su ra ddi ciia he thd'ng chii cai la mdt phdt minh va cd'ng hidn ldn lao ciia cu dan Dia Trung Hai cho nen van minh nhan loai

b) Su ra ddi cua khoa hgc

Nhiing hidu bidt khoa hgc thuc ra da cd ttr hang nghin nam trudc, tir thdi cd dai phuang Ddng Nhung phdi ddn thdi cd dai Hi Lap va Rd-ma, nhimg hieu bidt

dd mdi thuc su trd thanh khoa hgc

Vdi ngudi Hi Lap, Todn hgc da vugt ldn tren viec ghi chep va giai cdc bai rieng biet Nhiing nha todn hgc ma ten tudi vdn cdn lai ddn nay, da dd lai nhumg dinh If, dinh dd cd gid tri khai qudt hod cao

25

Dinh If ndi tidng trong Hinh hgc ciia Ta-let, nhiing cd'ng hie'n ciia trudng phdi Pi-ta-go ve tfnh chdt cua cdc so nguydn va dinh If vd cdc canh ciia tam giac vudng cting vdi tien de vd dudng thdng song song ciia Q-clft, sau nhidu the ki vdn la nhiing kidn thtrc co sd cua Todn hgc

c) Vdn hgc

Trudc ngUdi Hi Lap cd dai, d Ai Cap va Ludng Ha mdi chi cd van hgc dan gian Dd la nhUng bai thd, truyen huyen thoai dugc truyen mieng

tu ngUdi nay qua ngudi khae rdi mdi ghi lai

O Hi Lap, sau cdc anh hung ca ndi tie'ng ciia Hd-me la I-li-dt va 0-di-xe, da

xudt hien nhiing nhd van cd tdn tudi md nhung tdc phdm ciia bg de lai vdn cdn nguyen gia tri ddc ddo cbo den ngay nay Cdc nhd van dd chii ydu la nhiing nha bien kich va cdc tdc phdm ciia hg la nhUng kich ban ; bdi vi tbdi dy, kich (cd kem theo hdt) Id hinh thiic nghe thuat dd phd bien nha't va dugc ua chudng nhat Ngudi Rd-ma tu nhan Id hgc trd va ngucri thira kd' ciia van hgc - nghe thuat

Hi Lap Tuy nhien, dua tren mdt nen kinh te phdt tridn cao, d thdi hung thinh ciia Rd-ma cung da xud't hien nhiing nhd van hod, nhd tha ndi tidng nhu Lu-cre-xa, Vidc-gin v.v

Hinh 10 - Den Pac-te-ndng (Hi Lap)

26

Rd-ma co nhieu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nhu ddn dai, cdu mdng ddn nudc, trudng

dau oai nghidm, dd so, hoanh trdng va thie't thuc, nhumg khdng tinh td, tuoi tdn, mem mai, gdn gui nhu nhumg cdng trinh d Hi Lap

Hinh 11 - Da'u trudng d Rd-ma

Gia tri nghe thuat Hi J^ap duoc the hien nliw the nao 7

/

»AU HOt

1 Hay trinh bay vai trd cua thu cong nghiep trong nen kinh te cua cac qud'c gia cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma

2 Ban chat cua nen dan chu cd' dai la gi ?

3 Van hoa cd dai Hi Lap va R6-ma da phat then nhuthe nao ? Tai sao ndi cac hieu biet khoa hgc den day mdi trd thanh khoa hoc ?

11

Chuang ,

TRUNG QU6c THCfl PHONG KI^N

0 Trung Qud'c vao : *• ihe ki cudi trudc Cong nguyen

do su phat tridn san \uai, xa hgi phan hoa giai cap nen chd dg phong kidn dugc hinh thanh sdm Nha Tan da khdi ddu xay dimg bg may chinh quyen phang kidn Hoang do

cd quydn tuyet ddi Thdi phong kien, kinh td Tning Quoc piuit tridn nhai la nong nghiep nhung nen kmh te nay trai

qua thang tram tiieo >>\.x hulig thinh cua cac vuiTng trieu

Cuoi thai Minh, mam mdng (.(uaii he san xuai tu ban chii nghia duivc hiiih thanh nhuiig kliong j)hat tridn dugc Tren

CO sd nhtmg didu kien kinh te \a hoi nidi, ke thira nhfmg truyen thong cua nen van hod co nhan dan Trung Quoc dat dir^jc nhieu thanh tuu van hoa rue rd

1 Trung Qud'c thdi Tdn, Hdn

Ttr thdi cd dai, trdn luu vuc Hodng Ha va Trudng Giang cd nhidu qud'c gia nhd ciia ngudi Trung Qud'c Giiia cdc nudc nay thudng xuydn xay ra cdc cudc chien tranh nhdm xau xe vd thdn tfnh ldn nhau, lam thanh cue dien Xuan Thu - Chien Qud'c Ddn thd ki IV TCN, Tdn trd thanh nudc cd tidm lire vd kinh td vd quan su manh hon ca Dua vdo uu the dd, nha Tdn da ldn lugt tidu diet cdc dd'i thii, chdm diit tinh trang chia cdt lanh thd

28

Nam 221 TCN, Tdn da ^ '" ' 5i<*"^

thd'ng nhdt dugc Trung Qud'c

Thdi Tdn, edc giai cd'p mdi

dugc hinh thdnh Quan lai la

ngudi cd nhieu rudng ddt tu trd

thdnh dia chii Ndng dan ciing

bi phan hod Mdt bd phan giau

cd trd thanh giai cdp bdc lot

phdi nhan rudng ciia dja chii dd

cay cdy - ggi Id ndng ddn ITnh

canh Khi nhdn rudng, hg phai

nop mdt phdn hoa lgi cho dia

chil, ggi la td rudng dat Dd'n

ddy, quan he bdc lot dia td ciia

dia chil da thay the cho quan

he bdc lot ciia quy tdc dd'i vdi

ndng dan cdng xa Chd do

phong kidn dugc xdc lap

Tdn Thuy Hoang Id vi vua

khdi ddu viec xdy dung bd

may chfnh quydn phong kidn

tap quydn Vua Tdn xung Id Hodng dd, tu coi minh Id dang td'i cao, cd quydn hanh tuyet dd'i, quydt dinh mgi van dd ciia dat nudc Dudi vua cd he thdng quan van, quan vd Thira tudng diing ddu cdc quan van, Thdi uy diing ddu cdc quan

vd Day la hai chiic quan cao nhat ciia tridu dinh de giiip Hoang dd tri nudc ; ngoai ra cdn cd cdc quan coi giti tai chfnh, luomg thuc

Hoang de cdn cd mdt luc lugng quan sir ldm dd duy tri trat tu xa hdi, trdn dp cdc cudc ndi day trong nudc, tidn banh chidn tranh xam lugc vdi bdn ngoai Hodng dd chia ddt nudc thdnh cdc qudn, huyen ; dat cdc chiic quan Tbdi thii (d quan) vd Huyen lenh (d huyen) Cdc quan lai phdi hodn toan tuan theo menh ldnh ciia Hodng dd vd luat phdp ciia nha nudc

Nhd Tdn tdn tai dugc 15 nam, rdi bi cudc khdi nghla ndng dan do Trdn Thdng, Ngd Qudng ldnh dao lam cho suy sup Luu Bang, mdt dia chii phong kidn ldn ngdi, lap ra nhd Han (206 TCN - 220)

Hinh 12 - Tuong ngudi bang dai nung

trong khu lang mo Tan Thuy Hoang

Cac hoang dd tridu Hdn tidp tuc ciing cd bd may cai tri, md rdng hinh thuc tidn cir cd con em gia dinh dia chii tham gia vdo chfnh quydn

Til' ddt gd'c ciia Trung Hoa d viing trung luu sdng Hodng, nha Tan va nhd Han

da ldn lugt doat ldy viing thugng luu sdng Hoang (Cam Tiic), thdn tfnh viing Trudmg Giang cho ddn luu vuc sdng Chau, lan ddn phfa ddng Thien San, xam lugc Tridu Tien vd ddt dai ciia ngudi Viet cd

<^'^)

^ V^e sg do to chdc bo mav nha nudc didi Tan

2 Su phdt trien chd do phong kidn dudi thdi Dudng

Cac cudc chien tranh lien mien hao ngudi tdn cua lam cho mau thuin giai cap ngay cang gay gat Ndng dan khap ndi vung day khdi nghTa, cac the luc cat cUcung tranh gianh l i n nhau, nha Han lung lay rdi sup

dd Trung Qud'c lai budc vao thdi ki loan lac keo dai

Sau may t h d k i rd'i ren, L y U y d n dep tan dugc phe ddi lap, ddn dp khdi nghia ndng ddn, ldn ngdi Hodng dd, lap ra nhd D u d n g (618 - 907)

Chd do phong kidn Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nd

So vdi cdc tridu dai trudc, kinh td phdt tridn tuomg dd'i todn dien Ciing vdi cdc bien phdp gidm td thud, bdt suu dich, nha Dudng ldy ddt cdng va rudng bd

hoang chia cho ndng dan ggi la che do qudn dien Khi nhdn rudng, ndng dan

phai thuc hien nghTa vu dd'i vdi nhd nudc theo chd do td, dung, dieu*^\ Ngudi

ta cting dp dung nhiimg kT thudt canh tdc mdi vdo sdn xudt nhu chgn gidng, xdc dinh thdi vu Nhd vay, sdn lugng tang nhidu ban trudc Thii cdng nghiep va thuang nghiep budc vao giai doan thinh dat Xudng thii cdng (ggi la tdc phudng) luyen sdt, ddng thuydn cd hdng chuc ngudi lam viec

Vdo thdi Dudng, ttr cdc tuydn dudmg giao thdng da dugc binh thdnh trong cdc thd ki trudc, hai "con dudng to lua" trdn dat lidn va tren bidn cung dugc thiet lap, md rdng

Vd chfnh tri, nha Dudng tidp tuc ciing cd chfnh quyen trung uong, ldm cho

bd may cai tri phong kidn dugc hodn chinh Cac hodng dd nha Dudng cir ngudi than tfn cai quan cdc dia phuang, dac biet giao cho cdc cdng thdn hoac ngudi

than tdc giir chtrc Tiei do sif, tran ai cac midn bien cuong Ddng thdi, nha Dudng

md cdc khoa thi dd tuydn chgn (khdng chi trong gidi quy tdc ma cd con em dia chil) nhiimg ngudi dd dat ra lam quan Nhu the, che dg phong kien da tao dieu kien cho quy tdc, dia chii dugc tham gia vdo bd mdy cai tri tir trung uong ddn dia phuang Chfnh quydn phong kien thdi Dudng dugc tang cudng nhdm nang cao quydn luc tuyet ddi ciia Hodng de

(1) To : thue rudng (bang liia) : diiiiii : thue than (bang lao dich) ; dieu : thue hd khau (bang vai lua)

30

Cdc hodng ddnha Dudng tidp tuc chfnh sdch xam lugc md rdng lanh thd Nha Dudng dem quan ldn chidm viing Ndi Mdng, chinh phuc Tay Vuc, xam lugc bdn ddo Tridu Tidn, cung cd chd do dd hd dAn Nam (lanh thd Viet Nam hdi dd), dp Tdy Tang phdi thdn phuc Nhd vay, Trung Qud'c dudi thdi Dudng trd thanh mdt

dd qud'c phong kie'n phdt tridn nhd't

Den cudi thdi DUdng, mau t h u i n xa hpi trd nen sau sac, ndng dan sdng trong canh cung cUc do td thue qua nang ne, sUu dich lien mien Nan ddi thudng xuyen dien ra Ndng dan lai ndi day chd'ng chinh quyen, tieu bieu la cudc khdi nghTa do Hoang Sao lanh dao nd ra vao nam 874 Nha Dudng bj lat dd, Trung Qud'c rdi vao thdi ki Ngu dai - Thap qud'c nhung Trieu Khuong D i n lai tieu diet dugc cac the lUc phong kien khae, lap ra nha Tdng vao nam 960 Sau dd, mien Bae Td'ng lai bi nUdc Kim danh chiem Den cudi the ki XIII, ca hai nUdc Kim va Nam Tdng lan lUdt

bi Mdng Co tieu diet

^^ ~ Nhifng bieu hien sif thinh tri ve kinh te, chinli tri cua xii hgi phong kien Trung Quoc difd'i thcfi Duong la gi i'

3 Trung Qud'c thdi Minh, Thanh

Dau the kl XIII, tren thao nguyen Mdng Co hinh thanh nha nudc phong kie'n chuyen che quan sU do Gien-git Khan (Thanh Cat Tu Han) lam vua Nam 1271, vua Mdng Co la Khu-bi-lai (Hdt Tat Liet) len ngdi Hoang de, thie't lap trieu Nguyen d Trung Qud'c (1271 - 1368) Dudi sU thd'ng trj ciia nha Nguyen, nhan dan Trung Qud'c lien tiep dUng len dau tranh Nam 1368, khdi nghTa ndng dan lat dd dUdc nha Nguyen Chu Nguyen ChUdng len ngdi Hoang de 6 Nam KinhC), lap ra nha Minh ( 1 3 6 8 - 1 6 4 4 )

Cdc vua tridu Minh da thi hdnh nhidu bien phdp nhdm khdi phuc va phdt trien kinh td Ddn ddu thd ki XVI, mdm mdng quan he sdn xudt tu ban chu nghTa

da xua't hien d Trung Qude

Mpt sd nghe da cd nhdng xudng thii cdng tUdng ddi ldn O Giang Tay cd nhiing trung tam lam dd gdm Idn nhU Canh Difc cd tdi 3000 Id sU Cd nhuTig chil xudng det nam trong tay hang van lang bae tien vdn, hang chuc khung ciri va hang chuc thg NhUng ngUdi thg nay lam thue de lay tien cdng Bay gid, cac nha budn Idn cung xuat hien Hp cd nhieu vdn va nguyen lieu, dem giao cho cac hd thii cdng lam de thu thanh pham Cac thUdng nhan bao mua, dem hang di trao ddi khap trong va ngoai nUdc Hoat dgng ciia hp tham nhap vao ca fTnh vUc ndng nghiep nhU miia xuan

hg xuat vd'n cho ndng dan trdng mfa, mua ddng thu lai bang dUdng

(1) Ddi Minh Thanh To (1403 - 1424), kinh dd ddi len Bae Kinh

Cac thanh thi d thdi Minh mgc len nhieu va rdt phdn thinh Bdc Kinh, Nam Kinh khdng chi la trung tam chfnh tri ma cdn la trung tam kinh te ldn

Minh Thdi Td rdt quan tam ddn viec xay dung chd do quan chii chuyen chd tap quydn nhdm cham diit tinh trang hdn chie'n va muu phdn Nam 1380, dng quydt dinh bd cdc chiic Thira tudng Thai uy va thay vao dd la cdc Thugng thu phu trdeh cdc bd Nha Minh da lap ra 6 bd (Lai, Hg, Ld, Binh, Hinh, Cdng), hoan chinh bd may quan lai Cdc quan d tinh chiu sir cbi dao cua cdc bd d tridu dinh Hoang dd tap trung mgi quydn hanh trong tay, true tidp ndm quan ddi Hodng dd cdn tang cudng phong tude va ban cap dd't dai cho con chdu trong hoang tdc, cdng thdn thdn tfn dd lam chd dira cho tridu dinh

Cud'i thdi Minh, viec bao chidm va tap trung rudng dat vdo tay giai cap quy tdc, dia chil didn ra nghiem trgng Cdc vuang cdng cd nhidu "hodng trang", rudng dat mdnh mdng Dia chir d dia phuomg cd tdi hang nghin mdu rudng Ngugc lai, ndng dan ddi ngheo vi ft rudng, suu dich va td thud' nang nd Nhidu ngudi phdi cdm rudng, ban vg dg con, hoac bd que huang di tha phuomg cdu thuc Khdi nghTa ndng dan lai nd ra Cudc ndi day cua Ly Tu Thanh lam cho tridu Minh sup dd

1 ^iji'-'ji.^»

Hinh 13 - Toan canh Cd cung Bdc Kinh

Giiia liic dd, mdt bd tdc d Ddng Bdc Trung Qud'c Id Man Thanh da ddnh bai

Ly Tu Thanh, lap ra nha Thanh (1644 - 1911) Gid'ng nhu tridu Nguydn trudc ddy, nhd Thanh thi hdnh chfnh sdch dp biic ddn tdc Giai cap thd'ng tri Thanh budc ngudi Trung Qud'c phai theo phong tuc ciia ngudi Man tir y phuc ddn ddu tdc Mac dii cdc hodng dd Thanh dting cdc bien phap vd vd, mua chugc giai cap dia chil ngudi Han, gidm nhe td thud cho ndng dan, khuydn khfch khdn hoang, nhumg khdng thd lam cho mau thudn dan tdc diu di Cdc cugc khdi nghTa ndng dan nd ra d khdp noi da lam cho chfnh quydn nhd Thanh suy yeu ddn

32

Lgi dung co hdi trdn, tu ban phuomg Tdy dua nhau nhdm ngd, xdm lugc

Trung Qud'c Chfnh sdch "be quan tod cang" ciia nha Thanh khdng nhiing khdng

ban chd dugc viec thuong nhan chau Au dua nhidu hdng lau vdo Trung Qud'c ma

cdn gay ndn cudc xung dot kich liet, ddn ddn su suy sup cua chd do phong kidn

4 Vdn hod Trung Qud'c thdi phong kidn

Dudi thdi phong kidn, nhan dan Trung Qud'c dat dugc nhidu thdnh tuu van

hod rue rd, ddc ddo

Trong ITnh vuc tu tudng, Nho gido gitr vai trd quan trgng Ngudi ddu tidn khdi

xudng Nho hgc la Khdng Tif Thdi Han Vti Dd, Nho gido trd thdnh cdng cu sdc

ben phuc vu cho nhd nudc phong kidn tap quydn, trd thdnh co sd If luan va tu

tudng ciia chd do phong kie'n Trung Qud'c

Cac quan niem ve quan he giUa vua - tdi, cha - con, chdng - vg la

giudng mdi, ki cUdng ciia dao dUc phong kie'n Nho giao, mac du sau nay cd ft nhieu thay ddi qua cac thdi dai, nhung v i n la cdng cu tinh than

de bao ve che dp phong kien Nho giao mpt mat de xudng con ngudi phai tu than, ren luyen dao ddc pham chat ; mat khae giao due con ngudi phai thUc hien dung bdn phan ddi vdi qud'c gia la tdn quan (trung thanh vdi nha vua); ddi vdi gia dinh, con phai giU chu hieu va phuc tung cha NhUng ve sau, cting vdi sU suy ddi ciia giai cap dia chii phong kien, Nho giao cang td ra bao thii, ldi thdi va kim ham su phat trien ciia

xa hpi

Phat gido d Trung Qude cung thinh banh, nha't la vdo thdi Dudmg Cdc nhd su

nhu Huydn Trang, NghTa TTnh da tim dudng sang An Do dd tim hidu gido If ciia

dao Phdt Ngugc lai, nhidu nhd su ciia cdc nudc Ai Do, Phu Nam ciing ddn

Trung Qud'c truydn dao Kinh Phat dugc dich ra chii Hdn ngay mdt nhieu Khi

Bdc Td'ng mdi thdnh lap, nha vua cung tdn siing Phat gido, cho xdy chiia, tac

tugng, in kinh va tidp tuc cir cdc nha su di tim hidu them vd dao Phat tai An Do

34

Sir hgc bdt ddu tir thdi Tay Hdn da trd thanh ITnh vuc nghidn ciiu ddc lap, ma

ngudi dat ndn mdng la Tu Md Thidn Bd Sifki do dng soan thao Id mdt tdc phdm

ndi tie'ng, cd gid tri cao vd mat tu lieu va tu tudng Ddn thdi^Dudng, co quan bidn

soan lich sir ciia nha nudc, ggi la Sif qudn, duge thanh lap

Van hgc la mdt trong nhirng ITnh vuc ndi bat nhdt ciia ndn van hoa Trung Qud'c dudi thdi phong kidn Tho Dudmg phdn dnh todn dien bd mat xa hdi bay gid vd da dat ddn dinh cao ciia nghe thuat Ten tudi nhidu nhd tho cdn sdng mdi ddn ngdy nay, tieu bieu nhat Id Ly Bach, Dd Phii, Bach Cu Di Tidu thuydt la mdt hinh thiic van hgc mdi phdt tridn d thdi Minh, Thanh

6 Trung Qud'c, tai cdc thdnh phd ldn thudmg cd nhting ngudi chuydn lam nghd kd chuyen vd su tfch lich sir Dua vao dd, cdc nha van da vidt thdnh tieu thuydt Nhidu tdc phdm ldn, ndi tidng da ra ddi trong giai doan nay nhu

Tam quoc diin nghia ciia La Qudn Trung, Thuy hif ciia Thi Nai Am, Tdy du ki

ciia Ngd Thtra An, Hong Idu mgng ciia Tdo Tuydt Cdn

La Quan Trung viet Tam quoc dl§n nghTa dUa vao cau chuyen dugc luu

truyen trong dan gian ve ba ngudi LUu Bj, Quan Vu va TrUdng Phi ke't nghTa 6 vudn dao Npi dung cd ban ciia tac pham mieu ta cupc da'u tranh ve quan sU, chi'nh tri phUc tap giUa ba nudc Nguy, Thiic, Ngd

Tac pham Tiiu^ hd ciia Thi Nai Am tudng thuat lai dien bien ciia cupc

khdi nghTa ndng dan do Tdng Giang lam thii ITnh tai viing LUdng Sdn Bae Tac pham da ca ngdi tai muu lugc, Idng qua cam cua nhufng anh hiing

ao vai nen da bi chfnh quyen dUdng thdi cam lUu truyen NhUng hinh anh cua cac anh hung hao ban Ludng Sdn Bae v i n an sau vao Idng dan va da tao them ngudn sire manh tinh than cd vu cupc da'u tranh chd'ng phong kien ciia ndng dan Trung Qud'c

Ngd ThUa An ke chuyen sU Huyen Trang va cac dd de tim dudng sang

An Dp lay kinh Phat trong cac tap Tay du ki ndi tieng Tfnh each ciia

cac nhan vat dUdc bieu hien tren sudt doc dudng day nguy nan trac trd Cudi cung thay trd Huyen Trang da dat dUdc muc dfch

l-iong lau mong ciia Tac Tuyet Can viet ve cau chuyen hung suy cua

mdt gia dinh quy tpc phong kie'n va tinh yeu ciia mgt ddi trai gai Gia Bao Nggc va Lam Dai Ngpc Qua dd, tac gia da ve len bp mat cua

-xa hpi phong kien trong giai doan suy tan

Hinh 14 - Mdt doan Van If trudng thanh

Cdc ITnh vuc Todn hgc, Thidn van hgc, Y dugc

dugc nhidu thanh tuu quan trgng

ciia Trung Qud'c cting dat

Quyen Ci^u chuang toan thuat thd\ Han neu cac phUdng phap tinh dien

tich va khd'i lugng khae nhau To Xung Chi (thdi Nam - Bae trieu) da tim ra sd Pi den 7 sd le

Thdi Tan, Han, Trung Qud'c phat minh ra nong Ijcti, chia 1 nam thanh

24 tiet de ndng dan cd the dua vao dd ma biet thdi vu san xua't TrUdng

Hanh cdn lam dugc mdt dung cu de do dpng da't gpi la dia dong nghi

TU rat sdm, Trung Qud'c da cd nhieu thay thudc gidi Noi tieng nhat la Hoa Da (thdi Han), ngudi dau tien ciia Trung Qud'c da biet dung p h i u

thuat de chUa benh Tac pham Ban thao cWOng muc ciia Ly Thdi Tran

la mpt quyen sach thudc rat cd gia tri

Vd mat kT thuat, Trung Qude cd 4 phdt minh quan trgng : gidy, kT thudt in,

la bdn va thudc sung Dd la nhiing cd'ng hidn rdt ldn ciia nhan dan Trung Qud'c

vdi ndn van minh the gidi

Trung Qud'c cd nhidu cdng trtnh kidn tnic nghe thuat dac sdc : Van If trudng thanh, nhiing cung dien ed kinh, nhiing btrc tugng Phdt sinh ddng cdn dugc luu giir de'n ngay nay

35

Hinh 15 - Tuong Phat bang ngpc thach trong cung

dien duoc tac tii mot khdi ngoc thach trang va duoc kham da quy

Hav tim hieu them ve 4 phat muili lon cua Trung Quoc thoi phong kien

r .AU HOI

1 Che do phong kien Trung Quoc dugc hinh thanh nhu the nao ?

2 Su thinh trj ciia che do phong kie'n du6i thdi Duong dugc bieu hien nhuthe nao ?

3 Hay neu nhu'ng thanh tUu van hoa chii yeu ciia Trung Quo'c thdi phong kie'n

36

dugc ggi la tieu lite dia Nam A Dien tfch ,An Dp kha

rdng ldn han 3 trieu km-, gap khoang 10 lan Viet Nam

va gan 15 lan nirdc A.nh Hai bd bidn lai cd hai da_\ nui Ddng Gat va Tay Gat ngan cach bdi cao ngu\en De-can

Do toan mii cao rimg ram, rimg nguyen sinh nen lanh thd An Do bi ngan each nhau dang ke giiia Ddng va Tay Bae va Nam Chi cd mien Bae la bang phang bai luu \uc cua hai con sdng ldn Xua kia phai ke ca con sdng d

Tay Bdc An Do ggi la sdng An (iiichis) Nhd nd ma co ten ggi An Do va lanh thd An Do {Hindustan), noi khoi ngudn ciia ndn van hoa 4n Do Cdn a Ddng Bae ban dao

la liru vuc sdng Hang {Gaiv.ia) rgng ldn \a mau md la

que huong nai smh truong nen van hoa tru_\en ihdng cua

van minh An Dd

1 Thdi kl cdc qude gia ddu tien

Khodng 1500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, viing sdng Hdng d Ddng Bdc cd dieu kien thuan lgi, mua thuan gid boa ndn da tidn bd vugt ldn, cd vai trd ndi trdi trdn

cd midn Bdc An Do

Tii cdc bd lac trdng liia vd chan nudi tren bd sdng Hdng, bdt ddu hinh thanh mdt sd nha nudc ddu tidn, dumg ddu la cdc tidu vuang, thudng xuyen phdt trien kinh td, xay dung ddt nudc ldm manh va tranh gianh dnh hudng vdi nhau Den khodng 500 nam trudc Cdng nguydn, nudc Ma-ga-da ldn manh hom ca, dugc nhidu nudc khdc tdn phuc

NgUdi Hi Lap da tUng den tham kinh do ciia Ma-ga-da la Pa-ta-li-pu-tra,

ke lai : cd phd dai 2 km, tren ben dudi thuyen, dpe hufu ngan sdng _Hang Vua md dau nudc nay, Bim-bi-sa-ra, dugc coi la cung thdi va la ban cua Phat td