Morphemes Textbook Exercise and Answer Key

Definition of a morpheme:1 it is a word or apart of a word that has meaning.2 it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.3 it recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning.First, we recognize it as a word and can find it listed as such in any dictionary. Second, it cant be divided without violation of meaning. For example, we can, by dividing straight stret, get the smaller meaningful forms of traittret,rateret,and ateet,but the meanings of these violate the meaning of straight. Furthermore, when we divide it in these ways we get the meaningless remainders of s,st,and str. Third, straight recurs with a relatively stable meaning in such environments as straightedge, straighten, and a straight line.

:ج اربي ىبأ : ذبتصلاا 0119519500

20 : S.R

A, Definition of Morpheme1- it is a word or apart of a word that has meaning

2- it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders

3- it recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning

First, we recognize it as a word and can find it listed as such in any dictionary Second, it can't be divided without violation of meaning For example, we can, by dividing straight / stret/, get the smaller meaningful forms of trait/tret/,rate/ret/,and ate/et/,but the meanings of these violate the meaning of straight Furthermore, when we divide it in these ways we get the meaningless remainders of / s-/,/st-/,and /str-/ Third, straight recurs with a relatively stable meaning in such environments as straightedge, straighten, and a straight line

Exercise 8-2:

Write the meaning of the italicized morphemes:

1- antedate - مثل before -

2- reply يزخأ جزي again -

3- manly هثشَ like -

4- keeper ظفحَ ني one who -

5- unable ردال زُغ not -

6- rainy زطًنات ىظتَ marked by -

7- cheapest اًصخر زخكلأا most -

8- inactive طُشن زُغ not -

9- impossible نكًي زُغ not -

10- malfunction(noun) ئُط bad -

B- Free and Bound morphemes A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning, such as the words straight or bright Exercise 8-3

Underline the bound morphemes It is possible for a word order to consist entirely of bound morphemes

1- speaker ثذحتي 6-biomass

2- kingdom حكهًي 7- intervene

a word that has the principal meaning

Award may contain one base and one o more affixes Readability

Exercise 8-4:

Underline the bases in these words

3- failure مشف 8- friendship حلاذص 13- subway ٍعزف كَزط

4- famous رىهشي 9- befriend ةحاصَ 14- falsify ف شَ

5- infamous رىهشي زُغ 10-bostonian ٍنىتظت 15- unenlived ٍحَ لا

EXERCISE 8-5:

Write in the blanks the meaning of the italicized bound bases

Be content to indicate the base in a loose way with Spelling

1.audience, audidle, audinon , auditory عًظَ hear

2 suicide ,patricide, matricide, infanticide متثَ kill

3 oral, oration , oracie , oratory ثذحتَ speak lmouth

4.aquaplane , aquatic, Aquarian , aquanaut ءاعو wter

5 photography Biography Calligraphy حتاتك writing

6 corps, corpse , corporation, corporeal ذظجنا body

7 monochrome, monologue , monorail, monogamy ذحاو one

8 pendulum, pendant , suspenders , impending عَكه hang

9 manual Manicure , manuscript , manacle ٌوذَ hand

01.eject, inject, project, reject ٍيزَ throw

Exercise 8-6:

Look up in your desk dictionary the meanings of the bound bases

italicized in the words below Write the meanings of these bound bases in the first column In the second column write another English word that contains the same base

1- ضرلأا نع حتاتك geo graphy earth writing geology

2- ءاُحلأا bio logy life study oceanography

3- باتكنا ةحَ biblio phile book lover biochemistry

4- مخذتَ intervene come mythology

5- ىهفَ comprehend seize Francophile

6- زثكتَ recur run convene

7- فشكَ inspect look apprehend

4- contradict ذض against

5- Devitalize فعضأ do the opposite

6- Disagreeable ضىفزي not

7- Insecure نيآ زُغ not safe

Imperfect صلان not complete

Illegible ءوزمي زُغ not readable

I nfixes are bound morphemes that have been inserted within a word un get at able and accountabler

Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a bse , such as shrinkage , fail – ure,noisy, realize, nails, dreamed ,suffixes may pile up to the

number of three or four, whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the negative un- before an – other prefix

In normalizers we perhaps reach the limit with four suffixes

Norm plus the four suffixes –al, ize, -er, s

F.inflection & suffixes

The inflectional suffixes can be schematized as follows :

Inflectional:

1-} – s pl { عًجهن Dogs, bushes Noun plurl عًجهن

possessive حُكهًهن دزفًنا

possessive عًجنا حُكهًهن

4- } –s 3 d { Runs, catches Preserit third- person

singular لوأ فَزصت 5- } – ing vb { Discussing Present participle

7- } - d pp { Chewed , eaten Past participle

جناح فَزصت

8- } Er cp { Bolder, sooner,

The words to which these suffixes are attached are called stems

the base or bases and all the derivational affixes Thus, the stem includes

stem of cowboys is cowboy and that of beautified is beautify

suffixes differ from the derivational suffixes in the nflectional

The i

following the ways, to which there are few exceptions

1- They do not change the part of speech

Examples: sled, sleds ( both nouns )

Cough, couged ( both nouns)

Cough, coughed (both verbs )

2- they come last in a word when they are present

Examples : waited, villainies, industrializing

3- they go with all stems of a given part of speech

Examples: he eats, drinks, dreams, entertains, motivates

4- they do not pile up; only one ends a word

Examples : flakes, working, higher, written

An exception here is } s p l p s { , the plural possessive of the noun , as

S p l ) )

2- four pledges were initiated 3-

Shirley pledges to do her best (s 3 d )

4- the pledge ' s shirt was torn ( s s g p s )

5- the pledges ' shirts w ere torn ( s p lp s)

6- we were discussing the editorial ( Ing vb)

7- the novel was shorter than l had expected ( er cp )

8- they waited at the dock ( D p t )

9- which is the longest route ? ( est sp )

10 – have you taken calculus yet ? ( D p p )

11- chris played well in the second set ( D p t )

12- the dealer weighed the piultry ( D p t )

13- would you mind repeating the question? ( Ing vb)

14- the sheets were soon ironed ( s p l )

15- he never locks the door ( s3rd) `

G Derivation & Suffixes

1- The words with which derivational suffixes combine is an arbitrary

matter to rnake noun from the verb adorn we must add- ment- no other suffix will do- whereas the verb fail combines only with – ure to make a noun , failure

The words in the second column are formed by the addition of a

derivational suffix to those in the first column After every word in both columns indicate its part –of – speech classification by

N(noun),V(verb),Aj(adjective),or Av(adverb).some of the words may

belong to more than one part of speech

1-break v-N breakage N

3- organiz ation

4-purif ication

5- realist ic

Exercise 8-15:

Add an inflectional.

1- kindness -

-2- beautify -

-3- quarterly

-4- popularize -

-5- depth -

-6- pressure

-7- arrival

8- orientate -

-9- friendly -

-10- funny -

EXERCISE 8 – 16: Give all the words in the derivational paradigm of each 1- sin

-2-

kind. -3-

live. -4-

transport. -5-

audible.(aud=hear) -H SUFFIXAL HOMOPHONES

Infiectional morpheme( -er cp ) has tow homophones the first is the de-

rivational suffix ( -ern) , which is attached to verbs to form nouns this is a

highly productive suffix, that is , it is used to produce hundreds of English

nouns, such as hunter, fisher , camper, golfer , lover

The second derivational- er morpheme appears ate end of such words as chat- ter, mutter, ficker, glitter, patter, this ( - er r p ) conveys the meaning of repetition The acceptance of this ( - er r p )

Exercise 8-17

Identify the italicized – er as

1- ( - er cp ) infiectonal suffix, as in bigger

2- ( - er n ) derivational suffix, as in singer

3- ( - er rp) derivational suffx, as in flutter

1- this is a heavier tennis racket than I want ( Er cp )

2- we watched the shimmer of the evening light on the waves (Er rp )

3- the fighter weighed in at about 180 pounds (er n)

4- He was tougher than he looked ( er c)

5- The jabber of voices came through the open door ( er rp )

The verbal inflectional suffix ( ing vb ) has two homophnes in – ing

One is the nominal derivational suffix ( -ing n m ) , which is found in words

such as meetings , weddings, readings

The second homophone of ( Ing vb ) is the adjectival morpheme

Ing nm )

- ing aj ) as in a charming woman

)

The verbal ( - ing vb) can usually occur after as well as before the noun it modi fies , for example ,

I saw a burning house

The adjectival ( - ing aj ) can be precede by a qualifier such as very,

rather , quite

Or by the comparative and superlative words more and most , as in

Exercise 8 -18

Identify the – ing's of the italicized words by these symbols :

v-al = verbal ( - ing vb)

n-al= nominal ( - ing nm )

aj- al = adjectival- ing aj )

1- it was a charming spot

2- jim lost both fillings from his tooth

3- she saw the waiting cab

4- it was exciting to watch the flight

5- old sayings are often half- true

6- from the bridge we watched the running water

7- that barking dog keeps everyone awake

8- he told a convincing tale

9- the shining sun gilded the forest floor

10- matisse's drawings are magnificently simple

11- a refreshing shower poured down 12- the attorney made a moving appeal

13 – a moving elephant is a picture of grace

14- what an obliging fellow he is !

15- that was a touching scene Oral exercise 8 – a: The verbal inflectional {-D pp} has a homophone in the adjectival derivational {-D aj},as in: Helen was excited about her new job

She was a devoted mother The adjectival {-D aj}is characterized by its capacity for modification by qualifies such as very, rather, quite, and by more and most Example: A rather faded tapestry hung over the fireplace The verbal {-D pp},on the other hand, does not accept such modifiers The seems test for adjectival {-ing aj}is applicable to adjectival {-D aj};for example, " the tapestry seems faded " but not* " The guests seem departed." Exercise 8-19: 1- you should read the printed

statement. -v -2- Merle was a neglected

child. -n -3- This is a complicated

question. -Aj -4- his chosen bride had lived in India

-v -5- He bought a stolen

picture. -v -6- The invited guests all

came. -v -7- We had a reserved seat

-v -8- The skipper was a reserved (= quiet)ma n

-Aj -9- A celebrated painter visited the campus

-Aj -10- A worried look crossed his face

-Aj -The adverbial derivational suffix {-LY av}, is added to most adjectives to form adverbs of manner, as in rich, richly

This adverbial {-LY} has as a homophone the derivational suffix

{-LY}, an adjectival morpheme that is distributed as follows:

1- It's added to monosyllabic nouns to form adjectives that are inflected with –er, -est

Examples: love, lovely; friend, friendly; man, manly

2-it's added to form adjectives that are not inflected with -er-,est;

Examples: dead, deadly, live , lively , kind, kindly , sick , sickly

4- It is added to a short list of " time " nouns to form adjectives

Examples: day , daily, hour , hourly , month, monthly

Exer cise 8-21

Identify the italicized- ly as either (1) ( -ly av ) adverb ial derivational

suffix, as in glumly , or (2)( - ly aj ) adjectival derivational suffix, as In fatherly

1-the witness testified falsey

2- grace has a deadly wit

-3-janet always behaved with ama idenly demeanor

2 -4- he tiptoes softly into the room

-1 -5- Jimmy receives aweekly allow ance

-2 -6- the dear old lady has aheaven ly

disposition. -2 -7- she spoke quietyly to her grands on what a timely suggestion!

-1-8- What a manly child!

9- what amannery child!

-10 – it was a cowardly act

Exercise 8-22 This is an exercise reviewing the inflectional and derivational suffixes label the italicized suffixes as ds ( derivational suffix) , is

( in flectional suffix) , or amb- ( ambiguous between a derivational or inflectional suffix ) 1- prines - 11-quickly

-2- princess - 1 -2-rectify -

3- findings - 13- brotherly

4- friendlier - 1 4- respectable

-5- shows - 1 -5- younger

6- weaver -16- hearing

-7- leaner - 1 -7- drier -

8- satirize - 18- grievance

-9- sputter -1 -9- droppings -

10-brighten -20-

sunny -1- noun feminine forms

English has asmall group of nouns with feminine derivational suffixes

Feminine Masculine

Suffix

Fiancée Fiancé

1-e

Comedienne Comedian

2-enne

Patroness Patron

3- ess

Henrietta Henry

4- etta

Usherette Usher

5- ette

Masseuse Masseur

6- euse

Georgina George

7- ina

(heroine Hero

George

Spinster Spinner

Hero

Seamstress(=- ster+

ess )

Seamster 10- stress

Aviatrix Aviator

11- - I x

J- noun diminutive forms

In English six diminutive suffixes can be found there are morphemes that convey a meaning of smallness or endearment or both they are the

following :

1- - ie, -I,y as in auntie , betty, sweetie , willy

2- - ette as in dinette, towelette

3—kin, ikin, kins as in babykins

4- ling as in duckling , darling( =little dear )

5- et as in circlet

6- - let as in booklet, starlet

Exercise 8- 24

Consulting a dictionary and the suffix list a bove, give a noun diminutive form for each of the following words

1- bob - 6- lamb 11- hatch

2- goose - 7- pack - 1 2- drop

-3- statue - 8- pup - 1 -3- lad -

4- pig - 9-eagle - 14- disk -

5- dear - 10- ann - 15- cigar -

l- Allomorphs

the morpheme ( - d pt ) has three phonemic forms :

1-, after alveolar stop – t – or –d -, the sound is – ad – as in parted –

parted – and faded – faded –

2- after a voiceless con sonant other than – t – it is – t -, as in passed – past – and laughed – laft –

3- after a voiced sound other than – d- it is – d - , as in seemed –simd-

and begged – begd-

Allomorphs

The related forms of a ' set like the three forms or ( - d pt ) , have the

same meaning and are in complementary distribution They are called

allomophs , or positional variarits , and belong to the same morpheme so

we say that the morpheme ( - d pt ) has threeallomorphs / -t, / and / d / this is expressed in the formula :

7- fame , famous , infamy , infamous -

8 – vision, televise , revise -

9- sun , sunny , sunward -

10- atom, atomic -

- conditioning : phonological and morphological

( - d pt ) , we saw that the three allomorphs / ~ - d ~ -t / were in

complementary distribution and that this distribution was determined by the phonological environment, in this case by the preceding sound the

same was true of the plural morpheme ( - s p l )

Where the addition of / -ez / -z / or / -s / was also determined by the

sound immediately preceding the suffix In these and

Their phonological environment Instead the use of / -e n / as the plural

of ox is determined by the specific morpheme ox : in other words , ox

simply takes / - en / and that's that likewise the occurrence of the plural

o allomorph in a few words – swine , deer , sheep , trout , pike , quail ,

grouse , and others – is determined

The environment that requires a certain allomorph only by identifying

specific

we say that the selection of allomorphs is morphologically conditioned yester day we parted / parted /

yester day we loughed / laft /

yester day we played / pled /

yester day we sang / seŋ / ( or / saŋ / )

9

words

one of the interesting things about word compounds is that their meaning

in not predictable through examining their individual word parts we learn the meaning of compounds as a unit of course , if we already know the meaning of a compound , we can under stand how the parts of the com – pound add up to its meaning the probler natic nature of compounds can

be I llustated by the fact that although are dhead is a person with red hair ,

a blackhead is not a person with black hair thumor can of course , be ce cre – ated around possible contrived meanings of compounds as the

following joke I llustates :

cannidal chief to victim: what did you do for a living ?

victim : l was an associate editor

chief : cheer up , after tonight you 'llbe edifor – in –chief ?

A- definition of " word "

A word is … Any segment of a sentence bounded by successive points at which pausing is possible

b- simple and complex words

1- simple words conist of a single free morphenme

Examples : slay , flea, long , spirit

2- complex words contain , as their immediate constituents ( Ics ) , either two bound forms or abound and a free form

Examples of two bound forms as Ics :

Matri / cide tele / vise

Ex / clued cosmo / naut

Examples of bound and free forms as ICS :

DIPSO / mania lion / ess

Tele / phone eras / er

Exercise 9 – 2:

Make the first Ic cut in the words below that permit such cutting then

classify each word using sor simple and cx for complex

1- knave - 8- purst - - 15- enable -

2- knavish - 9- oyster - 16- mete -

3- graph -10- misanthrope - 17- renter - -

4- telegraph - 11- philosophy - 18 – hydrometer -

5- aquanaut -12- cannibal - 19 – discography -

6- bicycle - 13 - refusal - 20 – shiny -

7- pure - 14 – dental -

Examples :

Green / house out / side no / show

Under / go over / ripe attorney / general

A small number of compound w o r d s have three or four free forms as coordinate I cs

Examples:

Happy / - go / - h u cky spic / and / span

Compound words resemble grammatical structures in that they imply ,

though they do not state , a grammatical relationship here are a few of the structures implied :

Implied grammatical structures

Examples:

1- subject + verb earthquake ( … earth quakes

Crybaby (….baby cries)

2- verb + opjecct killjoy ( … Kills joy )

3- verb + adverbial stopover ( … Stops over )

Downpour ( … pours down )

Stay – at – home (… Stays at home)

Underestimate ( … estimates under )

4- subject + be + adjectival High chair ( … chair is high )

5- subject + be + nominal girl friend ( …friend is a girl )

6- subject + be + adverbial in group ( … group is in )

7- prepositional phrase extrasensory ( beyond the senses)

8- adjective modified by

Prepositional phrase carefree(… free from care )

9- coordination Give – and – take

Exercise 9 – 3

Using the nine number given above , indicate the number of the

grammatical structure implied by each compound word

1- workman - 7- praiseworthy -

2-fternoon - 8- outg -

3- pickpocket - 9- fly – by – night -

4- quicksand -10- student teacher -

5- knockdown -11- over heat -

6- airtight - 12- rough- and- ready -

Compound words can be distinguished from grammatical structures in

three ways

1- compound words cannot be divided by the insertion of intervening

material between the two parts , but grammatical structures can be so

divided as illustration , let us compare two sentences:

a- she is a sweetheart

B – she has a sweet heart

In the first the compound word sweet heart is indivisible : you cannot

insert anything between sweet and heart but in the second sentence you could say

She has a sweeter than her sister

She has a sweet , kind heart

She has asweet, sweet heart

Thereby dividing the components sweet and heart thus sentence b

contains a grammatical structure , not a compound word following this principle of di

When sweet potatoes means the yellow kind the expression cannot be di- vided and is therefore a compound word but when the words refer to

white potatoes that are sweet, then division is possible , as in

She loves sweet , fresh potatoes

And we have a grammatical structure

2- a member of a compound word cannot participate in a grammatical

structure compare hard ball and baseball hard ball is a grammatical

structure of modifier plus noun, and its first member, hard , can participate

in the structure very hard:

It was a very hard ball

But one cannot say

It was a very baseball,

As baseball is a compound word ambiguous cases can occur in

sentences like

3- some compound nouns , you may recall , have the stress pattern

( ") , as in blue – bird that distinguishes them from a modifier plus a noun , as in blue bird, which structure carries the stress pattern (") , for the same reason, a swimming teacher is different from a swimming teacher you

Exercise 9-4

Indicate whether each italicized expression is a compound word (cd)

Or a grammat- ical structure (gs)

Pay no attenti on to spaces, for they can be deceptive

1-Jim' s new car is a hardtop -

2- this jar has a rather hard top -

3- It was a jack- in – the – box -

4- there was a plant in the box -

5- a hot dog is not a hoi dog -

6- he has a dog I the manger attitude -

7- she has a strong hold on him -

8- she has a stronghold in the women's club -

9- George found his father –in law -

10 – George found his father in trouble -

11- they bought it on the black marker -

12- the electricity went off, and we were caught in a black ,

Completely lightless, marker -

13- Henry is a desingning teacher - -

14- Henry is a desingng feacher -

Exercise e-5

For a review of the three classes of words , identify the following items witems with these symbols

S simple word cd compound word

Cx complex word gs grammatical structure

Make the ic cuts for cx and cd

1- Sharpshooter - 12 – rat – a – tat -

2- Sharp shooter - 13- beauty -

3- act - 14- beautify -

4- react - 15- geometry -

5- rattlesnake - 16- bulls eye -

6- bass book - (of target) -

7- apparatus - 17- bull's eye

8- Glowworm - (of bull) -

9- import - 18- outlast -

10- ripcord - 19- biochemical -

11- unearth - 20- inaccessible -

Processes of word Formation

A compounding

Compounding is simply the joining of two or more words into a single word as in hang glider Airstrip, cornflakes, busybody, downpour, cutoff, skydive, alongside, breakfast, long-haired, devil- may- care, high school

B.Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes

or bound bases with existing words As in disadvise, emplane, deplane, teteplay, ecosystem, coachdom, counsellorships Re- ask

c Invention

Now and then new words are totally invented such as Kodak nylon Dingbat, goof

D Echoism

Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both

leaving a part to stand for the whole Lab, dorm, exam, gym, prom,, math, psych ,mike

Exercise 10-2:

Give the original words from which these clipped words were

formed.cosult a dictionary as necessary:

1- ad - 9- curio -

2- disco - 10- memo -

3-Taxi - 11-Fred -

4- cab - 12 –al -

4-ok -

Give the originals of these blends

5- squall + squeak = -

Exercise 10 – 8

1- the noun greed is a back – formation from the adjective greedy

Of words that constitute an analogy for the creation of greed

- - - - - - - -

J – AnITONOMASIA

ANTONOMASIA MEANS THE FORMATION OF A COMMON

NOUN , A VERB , OR AN Adjective from the name of a person or place

k- reduplication

reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a

morpheme usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant , as in pooh – pooh , tip lop, and hanky – panky

11

Inflectionar paradigms

A paradigm is a set of related forms having the same stem but different affixes a s a reminder , here is a derivational paradigm with the stem head : ahead be – head header headlong , headship head subhead

Noun paradigm

Plural + possessive Possessive

Plural Stem

Forms :

Inflectional

S p l p s ) )

s p s ) -

) ( s – p l )

Suffixes :

Doctors, Doctor's

Doctors doctor

Models :

women'swoman's

women

woman

Verb paradigm

Present

Third – person present past past

Forms : stem singular participle tense participle

-

Inflectional

D p t) ( - d pp )

) (Ing vb -

-) Suffixes ( s 3 d

models : show shows showing showed showed (shown )

ring rings rings ringing rang rung

cut cuts cuts cutting cut cut

comparable paradigm

forms : stem comparative superlative

-

Inflectional suffixes :

models sweet sweeter sweetest lively livelier liveliest

friendly friendlier friendliest

friendly friendlier friendliest

soon sooner soonest

exercise 11-1

write the paradigmatic forms of these nouns for sorne slots you moy

may have two forms or none

stem plural possessive plural + possessive