Hacker TOEIC Reading ( part 3)

Hacker TOEIC Reading ( part 3)

HACKERS PRACTICE

Choose a Correct option for each sentence

01 It is definite (that/what) she will commence with the presentation tomorrow

02 It is not certain (whose/which) of the representatives will be sent to one of our important clients

03 Investors are afraid (that/what) the war on terror will cause stock shares to plummet

04 They questioned her regarding her skills instead of (if/whether) she had the appropriate experience

05 (Who/Whoever) has an interest in the position of field manager should send a résumé to the main

Office

06 It is difficult to know (that/what) to expect on the first day of a job

07 He was of the opinion (that/which) the marketing team needed a new leader

Identify the noun clause and state its position in each sentence

08 Suppliers will have to decide when the time is right to make a change

09 How the company manages to stay afloat with all its debt is a mystery

10 The motorists were concerned about what roads had been blocked due to the accident

11 New office chairs are what the receptionists have requested numerous times

12 The company was founded on the idea that quality service should be provided to everyone

13 The accountant doesn’t understand why 10 percent of profit must go to pension funds

14 The fact is that some exports will have to be cut back because of inventory shortages

Answers: p 552 WWW.nhantriviet.com

Chapter 18 Noun Clauses - 201

days is a disappointment to the entire staff to work for the competition, Mr Graham saiq

he would always be loyal to Sanford and Sons,

(C) Although (D) So

(A) whenever (B) while (C) whether (D) whereas

02 Our supervisor wants to know the

final revisions will be made to the contract 09 We want all staff to be aware

security

codes will be changed on the following

(A) concerning (B) of

03 At 6:00, club members joining the (C) that (D) which

Special clambake at the beach should be at

the entrance of the Lakeside Center 10 Please remember

the vacation policy

has been changed this year

04 The major issue we face is the fact

within the next month our spending will 11 Next week’s workshop will focus on

exceed the budget

to be an effective and trustworthy leader in

(C) rather than (D) what

05 As the manager of the hotel, | can assure you

that room you choose will be of the 12 A key to closing a deal is to realize

highest standards

knowing how to negotiate means having a

sense of how people think and feel

(C) whose (D) whichever

(A) so that (B) in that (C) and that (D) that

06 The tailor shop is requesting the customer

to return the expensive suits were 13 Employees are reminded

they should mistakenly packed with his purchase

limit their use of office Supplies, as budget

(A) what (B) whoever

cuts will be taking effect immediately

(C) this (D) that (A) if

(B) that

(C) still (D) yet

i

07 Doctor William will give a speech at

the Remond Hotel remains undecided 14 Although staff members have some leeway

when it comes to daily activities, the supervisor — (C) Whether (D) It

determines —_ tasks get done by whom

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15 The new employees wondered 18 The chairman of Rochelle Petrochemicals is of

they would be given health care and some the opinion the new manufacturing plant

16 Martin’s job is so demanding he 19 We will be holding a meeting this afternoon to

takes occasional three-day leave to get away decide needs to be revised before the from the pressures of office work report goes to print

TỶ leaves the office last will be required 20 For those who have made an investment,

to make sure all the lights are off and lock all happens during the first year is an

Part 6

Questions 21-23 refer to the following letter

This is in reply to your letter of complaint dated September 25 We credited your account for the

amount which you disputed in your communication However, one of our employees later gave you

another credit for the same situation Could you check you have the correct amount in

21 (A) where (B) though

(C) whereas (D) whether your account? To remedy the problem, we have the extra amount The adjustment should

22 (A) withdrawn (B) retreated

(C) abolished (D) foregone

be reflected in your October account statement, which was sent out yesterday

We apologize for our mistake and any difficulty it may have caused |

The woman who lives next door is kind

| found a shop where | can get a discount

Who lives next door and where | can get a discount function as an adjective modifying their antecedents (the woman and a shop) These relative Clauses are also called adjec tive clauses

Relative clauses are divided into two types: defining and non-defining

A defining relative clause is used to Clearly define who or what is being referred to

Without this information, it would be difficult to know who or what is being mentioned,

A non-defining relative clause provides additional information which is not essential to understanding the meaning of a sentence

Defining relative clause | have two sisters who are teachers

Non-defining relative clause | have two sisters, who are teachers

In the first sentence, the defining clause who are teachers defines the two sisters |t can

be inferred that besides these two sisters, the speaker may also have other sisters who are not teachers

In the second one, the non-defining clause who are teachers adds more information to

the two sisters It can be understood that the speaker has only two sisters and they are

both teachers

A non-defining relative clause may modify the whole sentence before it

Charlie became a lawyer, which surprised his friends

A relative clause is formed by relative pronoun (subject) + verb or relative adverb + subject + verb

The reporter met the designer, who is now the company’s president

The bookstore has a cafe where yOu Can enjoy classical music

In the first sentence, the antecedent designer is modified by the relative clause formed by the relative pronoun (who) + verb (is), Who could be Seen as Conjunction + pronoun (and he/she)

In the second sentence, the antecedent a cafe is modified by the relative clause formed

by the relative adverb (where) + subject (you) + verb (can enjoy) Where could be seen as conjunction + adverb (and there)

Relative pronouns include who, whom, whose, which, that; relative adverbs are when where, why, how

01 Positions and Functions of Relative Clauses

@ A relative clause can come between the subject and verb or at the end of a sentence

The tourists whom Eric guided were from Germany

| can’t find the book which was on the desk

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» The pronoun those cannot start the relative clause The relative pronoun which must be used

We often go to a restaurant there we can eat hearty meals

where

» The adverb there cannot start the relative clause The relative adverb where must be used

® It is important to use relative pronouns correctly Do not confuse a relative pronoun starting a

relative clause and a conjunction starting a noun clause

| know the boy what broke this fence

» This sentence needs a noun clause to be the object of the verb know, so the noun clause conjunction

what must be used

® Only a finite verb (a verb that is conjugated) can be used in a relative clause

The company will reply only to those who meeting our requirements

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or NO Recently the director released the list of

(D) - best completes the sentence engineers have been nominated to lead

the bridge project

traded online are sold directly by the owner (A) which (E) what

are generally known to be safe, but some may interfere with a wound’s Capacity to heal

(A) whatever (B) what

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Q)2 Relative Pronouns ;

«) When the.antecedent is a person, the relative pronoun who(m) is used When the antecedent is

a thing or an animal, the relative pronoun which is used

We are-looking for someone whieh is intelligent and dedicated

who

» The relative pronoun who is used because the antecedent refers to a human (someone)

The files whe are stacked on his desk are due next week

| Know the person who is standing in line

= The relative pronoun who/which comes in the position of the subject of the relative clausy Hence, the finite verb is follows who/ which

The girl (whom/who) | met yesterday is my best friend

He took the medicine (which) the doctor prescribed

» The relative pronoun whom/who/which comes in the position of the object of the-relative clause Hence, a subject (I/the doctor) and a finite verb (met/prescribed) follow whom/who/which In this case, the object relative pronoun whom/who/which can be omitted

| had to meet with my neighbor, whose dog | have been watching

The students are writing a report, the topic of which is Korean history

» The possessive relative pronoun whose modifies the noun dog If the antecedent is a thing (a report), of which can replace whose and be put after the noun it modifies

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), 2 Gecko is an organization mission is to

or (D) - best completes the sentence provide financial relief to families left homeless by

1 Any contract is not signed by the naiural easier:

members of the Board of Directors would - ({Â) which (B) that

have'no legal power even though its terms ÍC) whom (D) whose

may have already been executed 3 Job candidates are presently unemployed (A) who (B) which ` or are studying to obtain a degree must furnish (C) whom (D) of which this information on their application forms

(A) who (B) which

en

206 — Hackers TOE EIC Reading ‘ www.nhantriviet.com

03 Usage of Relative Pronouns

@ Preposition + relative pronoun

e When the noun in the first sentence and the object of the preposition in the second sentence refer to the same person/thing, the two sentences may be joined into a complex sentence using the structure preposition + relative pronoun

| ran into a woman + | had worked with her

— | ran into a woman whom | had worked with

— | ran into a woman with whom | had worked

e An appropriate preposition will be used depending on the meaning of the antecedent or the verb in the relative clause

| had a holiday during which | was able to see my family (@ during the holiday)

This is the book about which we talked yesterday (© talk about)

e Acomplete clause follows the structure preposition + relative pronoun

You have a sponsor io whom you must submit a report

@ Indefinite pronoun + of + relative pronoun

one/each some/any many/much/most seats eleitoe ronoun (whom/which/whose + noun)

— F11 6V Si Sa ed

The program enrolls 20 students + All of the students are women

— The program enrolls 20 students, and all of them are women

— The program enrolls 20 students, all of whom are women

© Omitting subject relative pronouns

The subject relative pronoun in the structure subject relative pronoun + be may be omitted

The place (which was) chosen for the reception is beautiful

| want to know the person (who is) responsible for this mess

The park (which is) around my house is open for day use only

» In the above relative clauses, which was, who is, which is may be omitted Only the key words — the past participle chosen, the adjective responsible, and the prepositional phrase around my house — remain

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or 2 There were more than 100 graduate students

(D) — best completes the sentence in attendance at our internship fair, many of

had prior work experience

1 Electronic delivery methods such as e-mail

which international communications are made (G)them (Ð)thai

Time [day, year, time] = when |

——————-—= _ ——_=. :

2 Thursday is the last day when classes meet

The place where | had lunch has a great salad bar

The article explains the reason why customers are so indecisive

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® Relative adverbs may be replaced by the structure preposition + relative pronoun

The conditions where (= in which) the laborers work are unacceptable

The day when (= on which) he proposed to me was the best day of my life

© Acomplete clause follows a relative adverb; an incomplete clause follows a relative pronoun

Tomorrow is the last time when we will be able to see €ach other before you go

» The complete clause follows the relative adverb when

That is the boy who broke my window

~ The incomplete clause follows the relative pronoun who

(D) - best completes the sentence 2 The new shuttle Service, has been

operating since last year, serves all of the city’s main stopping points

1 Any person would like to visit the

208 — Hackers TOEIC Reading

exhibition must have a written statement of (A) whio (B):which

permission from administration

3 She applied to the company she had

previously worked when just out of university

(C) of which (D) where

Answers: p 52

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F~

HACKERS PRACTICE

‘Choose a correct option for each sentence

01 Mr Gomez is familiar with Asian culture, (which/they) will help him as the liaison for Hong Kong

02 All applicants (which/who) are waiting in line must have their documents ready

03 Any staff writer (whose/that) proposal is selected for funding will receive an all-paid vacation

04 The company purchased mobile communication devices (those/that) serve both as phones and

e-mail portals

05 Customers (who/they) wish to sign up for a store membership may stop by the information desk

06 Working for the firm allows you to purchase stock options (which/who) are offered as incentives

07 People (whom/whose) names are on the waiting list must call again tomorrow

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect If it is correct, write

“correct”; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s)

08 On your desk is the receipt for the airline tickets where must be picked up tomorrow

09 The number of entertainment programs that is directed at young adults is steadily increasing

10 The upcoming workshop is the first one that the company having organized

11 Miscommunication between coworkers is a problem when has caused a lot of tension in the office

12 The main building, that houses the superior officers, has an electronically monitored gate

13 The company manufactures diet pills and sleeping tablets, both of them are top sellers

14 The Surroundings where the employees work are pleasant

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Chapter 19 Relative Clauses — 209

01 The director developed a list of criteria for

08 Mr Thompson collected a list of employees development,

he feels will boost the

were unable to attend the officia| company’s prestige

company picnic

(A) which (B) that

02 A conference to discuss the terms of the 09 Enclosed with this letter isa Pre-addressed,

Settlement will be held at a time and place Stamped envelope

to mail your ị

to both parties involved

application for membership to our club | (A) acceptance (B) acceptingly

(A) which (B) in which (C) accept (D) acceptable

03 Interpid Travel employed eight certified

10 The company is requesting that high-level

agents, all of were trained at the executives complete a survey details Same institute in Manhattan

what their main tasks consist of

04 Conference attendees confirm their

11 The package was sent to Mr Jones attendance early will be eligible for pre- was returned to us when the mail carrier

assigned Seating

could not locate the address on the shipping

05 Ata meeting yesterday, we studied the most

recent budget proposal, the board

12 GasCo sells more than 8 million gallons of oil thinks will help pull the corporation out of debt a year, half of

is Consumed in the (A) whether (B) where

United States alone

(C) which (D) that

06 Changes in our Organizational structure

have created ways for employees to explore

13 Please tell the person in charge to let us Opportunities

were previously not know

the assessment forms have available,

been completed by the participants

(C) what (D) whatever

07 People entering business administration need 14 A ‘dinner will take place next Friday to honor

a broad knowledge of the culture in Richard Perkins,

has been a great they will eventually put their professional

asset to this bank for over thirty years

training to work

(A) who (B) which

15 When the director asked respon- 18 The Mother Nature Garden Show,

sibility the project was, he was told that it was annually demonstrates the newest technology

16 Mr McKenzie has been working on

the campaign longer than anyone else will 19 We are currently seeking a partner firm

take charge of the project marketing principles are similar to

(B) which (C) whose (D) where

17 Only Speedy Shipping offers a variety of

delivery options utilize both air and 20 An employee performance during

sea transportation a specified period is satisfactory is entitled

The correct date for the press conference is on December 16 In my last communication, |

21 (A) consequently (B) properly

(C) mistakenly (D) substantially

told you that it would be on December 12 | got the date mixed up with an appointment | have with

a reporter from Business Week You probably already know that Alan and | arranged for

22 (A) have (B) to have

(C) having had (D) would have special bus service between the hotel where the conference will be held and our offices This is to

facilitate the transport of staff, guests and equipment to the hotel I'm trying to verify the names of

the delegates - will be using the service to make certain that we have a sufficient number

23 (A) whose (B) whom -

An adverb clause is a dependent clause functioning as an adverb in a

sentence It indicates time, place, condition, etc

Please call me before you leave

if he falls, he will get hurt

Before you leave and If he falls are adverb clauses of time and condition Without them, the sentences are still complete and make sense

An adverb clause is formed by adverb clause conjunction + subject + verb

Once you have time, pay a visit to your grandmother |

| The adverb clause in the sentence is formed by the adverb clause conjunction (once) + subject (you) + verb (have)

Conjunctions that start an adverb clause include once, when, if, although, because, whatever, etc

In case the verb in the adverb clause is be, subject + be may be omitted

| would like to get it done today if (it is) possible

01 Positions and Functions of Adverb Clauses

@ An adverb clause is a dependent clause that comes before or after the main clause

In case we don’t get in touch next week, I'll see you after the holidays

| like to have a cup of coffee while I’m getting ready in the morning

@ An adverb clause functions as an adverb, which cannot be confused with a noun clause func-

tioning as a noun

Adverb clause | _will lend you money if you pay me back tomorrow

Noun clausé | demand that you pay me back

» The adverb clause functions as an adverb of condition, while the noun clause functions as a noun coming

in the position of the object of the verb demand

© An adverb clause cannot be confused with a relative clause modifying a noun

Adverb clause | She began cleaning when she learned that visitors were coming

Relative clause Our home is a warm place where we can enjoy each other's company in safety

» The adverb clause does not modify any noun, while the relative clause modifies the antecedent a warm

place

@ An adverb clause conjunction may also start a participial phrase (V-ing, p.p.)

After buying food at the market, he prepared himself a delicious meal

The oil will burn quickly unless placed on a low flame

» The adverb clause conjunction after/unless starts the participial phrase buying food at the market/ placed

on a low flame

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), Bi the minimum wage has increased in

or (D) - best completes the sentence some countries over the past few years, it is

still below poverty level in many places

Singapore, there will be an open position (A) However AB) That '

(A) So (B) Wherever 3 Customers who hear music on an open tele-

likely to hang up

They hope to finish the report before the library

» The present simple tense (closes) time,

used in: the main €lause -.-

2 Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Time

Conjunctions until

He was not allowed to play until h before

They lit the candles before they turned out the lights

They stopped working as

ple tense is used instead of the future simple tense

, not the future simple tense (

b clauses of time

€ had done his homework

Sis, the patient was shocked

sby read a Magazine

some time

since | got home last night

' the singer gave an encore

nt once we confirm payment

SOON as dusk settled in

wHELelose, closes

will close), is used in the adverb clause of

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C),or

- 2 Stare members have reported hundreds of (D) - best completes the sentence:

phone calls the promotion was aired

1 all of the appropriate paperwork has

on television and radio a few hours ago

been filed, you will be Officially registered as (A) by

(B) before

an accountant at this firm

(A) Whether (B) Once

3 Patrons who arrive more than twenty minutes

(C) As if (D) Yet

the opera begins should wait in the

lobby until the doors to the main hall are opened

rrr

3 Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Condition and Concession

@ Below are some common conjunctions in adverb clauses of condition

if lí you would like a confirmation call, please include your phone number | unless (= if ~ not) Let’s go to the movies tomorrow, unless you have other plans

as long as You can use my Car as long as you take good care of it

providing / provided (that) You will get a discount providing you purchase two sets |

on condition that Refunds are offered only if purchases are returned within two weeks |

in case (that) We have a back-up speaker in case Mr Sanchez arrives late

in the event (that) Call a customer representative immediately in the event that your credit

Decide which of the choices — (A), (B), (C), or 2 The CEO has decided to bring Perry James

(D) — best completes the sentence along on his business trip he is

1 The value of the dollar will continue to drop InexDeTen age ahd qncerquallige:

the American economy undergoes a (Ai - - (B) so

(A) unless (B) whether 3 Please refer to the enclosed manual or call one

fine-tune your device

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04 Conjunctions in Adverb Clauses of Reason, Purpose, Result

Exception and Others

«) Below are some common conjunctions in adverb clauses of reason, purpose, and result

| because, as, since You should ask Mr Carter since he is the expert

| now that Now that we are all here, let’s begin the meeting

| in that We are different in that you prefer to keep your opinions to yourself

| so that, in order that He made changes in the presentation so that

® Except that, but that

| have no problem with Daniel except that he never shows up on time

© As if, as though, (just) as

It seemed as though there was something wrong with Jeff today

® Given that, considering (that)

It is surprising how well Michael is doing, considering that he only got out of the hospital last week

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or 2 A number of our staff were late coming to the

(D) - best completes the sentence office today

the eastbound A-train got

1 A gathering of all the company’s senior

managers has been arranged we (A) it

(B) because can discuss problems involving customer (C) that (D) unless

that exports have failed to recover

(A) in order (B) so that

the economy, the government is appealing to

(C) because (D) such corporate entities for help

(A) Considering (B) Even so (C) In case (D) Unless

216 - Hackers TOEIC Reading

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whenever (= at-any time when, no matter when)

wherever (= at any place where, no matter where)

however (= by whatever means, no matter how)

We were greeted with smiles wherever (= at any place where) we went in that small town

You can visit our office whenever (= no matter when) you want

However (= No matter how) much that house is, I’m willing to pay the price

» In case however means no matter how, it can be replaced by the structure however + adjective/ adverb + subject + verb

`

ee

| J0 127 however + adjectiVe/adverb + subject + verb

[ecole they visit the resort in Napa Valley, they never get bored, 1D) )90ig21eie1001091882)10/-512041.90/1117) hOwever

SO.UsSed-as-a.connecting-adverb:

øni time, however, some oí the items inside were damaged

®@ The compound relative pronouns whoever, whatever, whichever may also start an adverb

clause

whoever (= no matter who)

whatever (= no matter what)

whichever (= no matter which)

Whoever (= No matter who) calls on the phone, tell them I'm coming back from my trip tomorrow

cf Whatever we have to do is alright with me

> In this senterice, whatever starts the noun clause as the subject of the sentence Compound relative

pronouns are presented in Chapter 18 — Noun Clauses

T -

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or 2\ much your company is.paying you, |

(D) — best completes the sentence can guarantee twice that salary if you work for

us

it if you would fill out this service evaluation (A) Whatewer (B) However

(A) whichever (B) whoever 3 Electronic communications make it possible

(C) whenever (D) whatever —_ 1o do business you are in the world,

whether in or out of the country

(A) whenever (B) whomever (C) wherever (D) whatever

by the time, until by, until

in case (that), in the event (that) in case of, in the event of Concession although, even though, while despite, in spite of

Reason because, as, since because of, due to

Purpose so that, in order that So as to/in order to + V

Exception except that, but that except (for), but (for)

Others given that, considering (that) given, considering

The meeting was postponed because of urgent matters

» The adverb clause conjunction because starts the clause, while the preposition because of comes the noun phrase urgent matters _ before

Decide which of the choices — (A), (B), (C), or 2 Housing prices stabilized interest

(D) — best completes the sentence rates on mortgages rose sharply due to the

1 Our office can begin filling out the order See Dn TH Augiuation

x the completed request form and (A) during (B):in addition

instructions are sent via fax (C) while

(D):meantime

a the company has been selling the

Same product for thirty years, it is still popular

with consumers all over the country

(A) In spite of (B) Nevertheless (C) Therefore (D) Although

Answers: p Sra

218 — Hackers TOEIC Reading

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Choose a correct option for each sentence

01 (As/For) my car broke down, | missed the meeting

02 (Also/Although) his opportunities are wide open, he'd like to stay with the small company

03 We can't confirm your order (until/while) you provide a transaction receipt

04 (Even though/In spite of) the restaurant is always crowded, people still wait in line to be able to

get a table

05 Please provide an e-mail address with unlimited Storage (therefore/in case) we have to send large

files

06 The library will be open to the public by February (so/if) the remodeling is completed before the

second week of January

07 Mr Anderson has been given his own office (so that/hence) he can work in peace

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect If it is correct, write

“correct”; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s)

08 They moved into the office even the electricity had not been turned on yet

09 Despite the director retired last week, nobody has taken his place as of yet

10 Total profit rose by 20 percent during Mr Jameson acted as president of the company

11 The assembly line was stopped although a machine broke down

12 The hostess will mail out the invitations as soon they arrive from the printing shop

13 We have to postpone the picnic while the weather forecaster said it would rain

14 Nobody will be permitted inside this building unless when accompanied by a security guard

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Part 5

01 The telephone information service is available 08 The company decided to change its policy

round the clock it is a special holiday regarding holiday breaks the labor (A) regardless (B) whether

union initiated a strike

(B) where

02 The new work schedule cuts back on extra

hours improving employee efficiency 09

Frank prefers having a quick meal at with longer lunch breaks

his desk, Carl would rather have a leisurely

lunch at a good restaurant

(C) after (D) since

(A) As soon as (B) While (C) Because of (D) However

03 At this company, quarterly bonuses are

awarded, all of the sales goals 10 Mr Gonzales should inform his assistant

04 The loan agency has been closed for inves- (C) that (D) due to

tigation Claims were made that the

Owner dipped into overhead funds 11

deciding whether or not to purchase (A) when (B) due to

an investment property, it is important to

12 Harold Grist became the company’s top senior

manager successfully leading the firm

06 The club is so exclusive that visitors are through a period of near bankruptcy

not permitted to use its services (A) with

(B) in accompanied by a member (C) after

(D) like

(A) without (B) otherwise

13 Employees are being asked to pull overtime

the current project has been

07 Some of the suggestions proposed by completed ,

the assistant manager had to be declined (A) while (B) until

they did not reflect the company’s (C) during (D) upon

approach to employee relations

you sign the document, you should (C) because (D) anyway

carefully review the details of the contract

(A) Because (B) Since (C) Before (D) While

220 — Hackers TOEIC Reading

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15 This color copier will last beyond its warranty 18 the bank approves his application for

the machine is periodically maintained a small business loan, Gary intends to open

and worn-out parts are replaced his shop by the end of the year

(C) unless (D) as long as (C) The fact what (D) Until

16 accompanied by an adult, children 19 Included in this month’s subscription is a

under the age of twelve are admitted free into coupon for a discounted year membership

(C) in addition to (D) such as

17 An additional 78,000 job opening is available

for entry-level workers increasing 20 the raw material needs of the

foreign investments have spurred companies company, we have had to explore other

to establish new factories means to obtain the supplies we require

Please note that beginning August 15, Pantheon Furniture a policy change ensuring our

21 (A) implements (B) have implemented

(C) will implement (D) implemented customers that any item they buy from our warehouse is of excellent quality From that date, most

merchandise can be returned within three months A full refund will be guaranteed, the

22 (A) provided (B) once

(C) while (D) though item being returned does not show any sign of damage or overuse We have written up specific

guidelines as to what merchandise is covered by the policy adjustment We request all supervisors

to inform their staff of the policy and take steps to ensure that it will be complied with

23 (A) close (B) modern

(C) new (D) nearest Barbara

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section 6

Special Structures

Chapter 21 - Comparison Chapter 22 — Parallelism, Inversion

@,

223

Comparison is used to Say how things or people are similar and how

they are different There are three types of comparison

The comparison of equality is used to compare

two people or things that are equal in

quantity or characteristics

Peter is as old as John

The comparative is used to compare two people or things that are not equal in quantity

or characteristics, Peter is older than John

The superlative is used to indicate that one Person or thing has the highest degree of

quantity or characteristics when compared with the whole group

Peter is the oldest man in the band

In these examples, different structures with the adjective old are shown Generally, adjectives and adverbs can be used in comparison

An adjective or adverb has different forms in the comparison of equality, the comparative, and the Superlative

For an adjective /adverb that consists of only one syllable, or two syllables ending in -er,

"Y -0OW, -Some, the comparisons are as follows

Comparison of equality Comparative

Superlative (adjective/ adverb + -er) (the + adjective /adverb + -est) old older

the oldest

clever cleverer

the cleverest

For an adjective/adverb that consists of two syllables ending in -able, -ful, -ous, -ive,

or more than two syllables, the comparisons Comparison of equality are as follows

Comparative Superlative (more + adjective /adverb) (the + most + adjective / adverb) useful more useful the most useful

important * more important the most important Below are some irregular adjectives /adverbs in comparison

Comparison of equality Comparative

Superlative good/well better

the best bad/badly worse

the worst many/much more

the most little less

01 Comparison of Equality

@ The comparison of equality is used to compare two people or things that are equal in quantity

or characteristics The structure is as + adjective /adverb + as

Her hair was as black as coal

The order was shipped as quickly as possible to the customer

© Another form of the comparison of equality is the structure the same (+ noun) + as

Nelly has the same dress as | do

Nelly’s dress is the same as mine

@ Some adverbs that can modify adjectives or adverbs in the comparison of equality are nearly,

~ best completes the sentence twice hours on average as skilled

professionals in any field -

1 Management has decided to rotate workers to

(A) efficiency (B)- efficiently 3 In order to serve you best, we ask that you

(C) more efficient (D) efficient take the time to fill out our questionnaire in

ủVW\Vw9

Last month’s test was harder than this one is

She acted more cleverly than usual

cf The lesson we took up in Class today was harder

More participants than last year came to the convention

©) The definite article the is not used in the comparative, but it must be used in the following Cases:

¢ The + comparative, the + comparative

The more you eat, fatter you will become

the

» This structure is known as double comparative There must be the and the comparative form of the adjective If not, the sentence will be wrong,

¢ The + comparative + of the two

Daniel is more intelligent of the two

more work there will be to do over the weekend

i Unfortunately the shipment will be delayed, (A) Longer (B) Longest

as our factory is experiencing more (C) The long (D) The longer

technical problems we anticipated

3 Sending the memos by fax is far than

attempting to deliver them by express mail

(B) quickly

(C) quicker (D) quick

Answers: p 553 |

Hackers Skill If there is than ina sentence, the adjective must be in the comparative form, and if there

is the comparative form ina sentence, than, not any other words, must be used

This apple is sweet (— Sweeter) than the one | ate yesterday

We spent more money when/as (— than) expected on travel

226 — Hackers TOEIC Reading

WWW.nhantri om

WEEiso

@ The superlative is used when more than two people or things are compared The structure is

~ superlative form of adjective/adverb + noun + of ~/in ~/that-clause |

He is the funniest boy of all the children

It is the thickest book in the world

It is the most informative documentary (that) I've ever seen

cf The gtt#ekest responses of the interviewee made the manager skeptical

quick

» When the phrase starting with of does not refer to a group of comparative people or things, the superlative cannot be used

an Wort le noun se the ere Tact

nes The, most common c9 SẺ Te) n Ho Supsratve are ©ne of i + Seah - sea H191 v1 e

s _ ât]east, 0U) 2 0 cày gieo vi RLS DS ot A a vey" Xã et

@ The superlative adjective is always preceded by the, or sometimes, a possessive adjective

Snoopy was.most favorite cartoon character when | was a kid

the/my

> The/my is needed before the superlative adjective,

© By far and quite are the adverbs used to emphasize the superlative adjective/adverb

He was by far the worst roommate

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or 2, Although less popular than the phonograph, the

(D) —- best completes the sentence _ projection box was the of the home

viewing devices available in the early 1900s

1 Of the many laborers at this plant, the

highly skilled will be transferred (A) success (B) successful

to a newly opened facility (C) most success (D) most successful

(A) so (B) most ˆ ˆ 3 Erickson Brands offers customers the

Hackers Skill When there is of ~, in ~ , or that-clause referring to a whole group, the superlative

form is expected in the sentence

Bill is the slower (— slowest) of all the typists

This building is the tall (— tallest) that | have ever seen

| more than + noun There are e 10,000 books in the library

less than + noun five percent of the Subscribers chose not to renew |

* More than and less than also come belore an adjective to emphasize it |

The meal-he had at the cafeteria left'him 4 ore than satisfied Ie

did Pete put the phone down than it rang again |

| other than “ner

(han comflakes, crispy bacon is her favorite breakfast food

rather than

The demonstrator stood his ground rather than run away like the others

_would rather a than <n would call er read a book at home than watch a movie at the theater |

„2h

The comparison of equality and the comparative may also be used to replace the Superlative

form

® Comparative + than any other ~

This show is the+4uariest than any other sitcom on TV

funnier This sentence is equivalent to This show is the funniest among all sitcoms on TV

° Have + never/ hardly/rarely + been + comparative

Herbs have never been more popular than they are now

* No other ~/nothing + as + adjective + as

No other ~/nothing + comparative + than

we”

Decide which of the choices — (A), (B), (C), 2 | would rather make the reservation now

or (D) ~ best completes the sentence risk not getting a ticket down the road

1 Customers wanting refunds must bring in i Wan (B) B58

the product and its receipt one (C) whereas

(D) rather

week after the date of purchase 3 Garson’s Manufacturing boasts in its advertise-

(A) no more than (B) no later than ment that it can produce steel rods than

(C) no later as - (D).no more as any other producer in the business

(C) fastest (D) the fastest

Answers: p iad

228 — Hackers TOEFIC Reading

HACKERS PRACTICE

01 Due to flight cancellations, the convention will be held tomorrow rather (as/than) today

02 Second-hand car parts were obtained (easiest/more easily) in the past than they are now

03 Club members are allowed to join the raffle contest as (often/more often) as they wish

04 (Hardly/No sooner) had the package arrived than we received a call from the sender

05 Mr Hanson’s proposals are (by far/far) the most far-sighted and well-balanced of all the propositions submitted

06 Purchasing the entire program is less costly (than/rather) buying and installing components

separately

07 | believe Mr Smith would be (much/just) as competent as the other candidate

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect If it is correct, write

“correct”; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s)

08 The nearer you live to a major transportation " more are your home will be

09 Although the building had been remodeled, the windows were the same style to the previous ones

10 Martha is the more talented designer that | have ever encountered

11 Buying commodities in bulk is more economically than making several trips to get the same item

12 The turnout for the grand opening was even greater when anticipated

13 Please bring as much samples as you can to the interview

14 The number of people interested in world affairs is much high than it was three years ago

Answers: p 553 Www nhantriviet.con , Chapter 21 Comparison — 229

- _ www.luyentoeicvn.com

Part 5

01 Improving our customer outreach program 08 Due to the alleged scandal, the corporation

is important than reorganizing our was receiving more attention

that office system right now

which was good for business

(A) better (B) more

(C) well (D) greater

02 Recent changes in the regulations and 09 In the field of industrial arts and applied

procedures at the American embassy have sciences, there are

positions open made it to get a visa in a timely for entry-level candidates

manner

(A) lesser (B) fewer (A) such difficult (B) not difficult (C) sort of

(D) much (C) fewer difficult (D) more difficult

10 Piles of old newspapers must be stacked

03 A meeting sometime after the project deadline and tied as as possible before being fits for my schedule than trying to loaded into the truck and brought to the plant,

(B) tighter (A) better (B) good

(C) tightly (D) tightest

(C) any better (D) any good

11 Bringing all of the brochure and website

04 At this firm, young, motivated candidates who information up to date is the

task the show enthusiasm have value as

office team has ever faced

(B) challenging

(A) a lot ° ”(B) also

(C) more challenged (D) most challenging (C) as much (D) so many

,

12 The senior officers have decided that the

05 It is the company’s position that moving into a Current computers are

adequate for market with competition will result in what the staff must accomplish daily

(A) a few (B) least

(C) more than (D) such (C) often (D) less

13 Of the two machine Operators, the

06 did the manager leave on vacation qualified will be the one to run the new

than the most important client walked in equipment in the factory

(B) lot

(C) The sooner (D) Any sooner

14 Installing a new blower for an air ventilation

07 The company is currently much it was five years ago than system may seem expensive but actually

costs in the long run than repairing

(A) weaker (B) weakest an existing one

15 The more a camera is, the more 18 Orders are filtered to separate departments

the customers are willing to spend on the when they arrive given to the

features that it provides shipping personnel right away

(C) sophisticating (D) sophistication (C) rather a: (D) rather than

16 Commercial businesses are pleased that with 19 This is to remind you that employees are

the current state government, taxes have required to submit personal information

been lower than they are now changes to the administrative department

(C) no latet (D) no longer

17 In determining whether to close a bank branch,

the impact on the majority of community 20 All persons who wish to register for the Skills

members is the important factor in Marketing Workshop must sign up at the

Re: Your trip to Spain

| am really sorry that it has taken me such a long time to finalize the details of your planned trip to

Spain | am expecting word from our branch in Spain on our activities for the week that

21 (A) receiving (B) to receive

(C) received (D) receives you will be there For the time being, here is an unconfirmed

22 (A) date (B) procedure

(C) ticket (D) schedule August 22: Scott Beal will pick you up at the Madrid Barajas Airport and bring you to your hotel

August 23: The Administrative Department is planning a tour of the branch in Toledo, Spain

| will send you an updated itinerary no than the end of this week

23 (A) lateness (B) latest

(C) later (D) lately Sincerely,

Parallelism is the usage of two or more words, phrases, or clauses that

are similar in grammatical form

The interview was brief and informal

Lectures will be held either in English or in French

In the first sentence, brief and informal are joined by the coordinating conjunction and,

and parallelism is formed since they are both adjectives,

In the second sentence, in English and in French are joined by the correlative conjunc-

tion either or , and parallelism is formed since they are both prepositional phrases

Inversion is the reversal of the normal order of the Subject and the verb

in a sentence It is often used in formal speech to put emphasis on a certain part of a sentence

Never was Paula angrier than when she lost her ring

To form inversion, the modal verb, the auxiliary verb have/be, before the subject For Ordinary verbs, the auxiliary verb do/does/did or the main verb be is put is added before

the subject, and the main verb is changed to a bare infinitive

You can get a newspaper only in the morning (Subject + modal verb)

— Only in the morning can you get a newspaper

She has been thinking only lately about her future career (Subject + have)

— Only lately has she been thinking about her future career

The students were never so scared of the teacher (Subject + be)

— Never were the students so scared of the teacher

Richard rarely steps out of the house on weekends (Subject + ordinary verb)

— Rarely does Richard step out of the house on weekends

01 Parallelism

@ In parallelism, there must be a correct combination of words having the same parts of speech,

for example, nouns with nouns, verbs with verbs, etc

Nouns His patience and intelligence made him a great leader

Ver The researcher will collect and analyze the data

The hostess at the party served hot and hearty food

Adverb The motorist in the left lane was driving recklessly and dangerously

@ In parallelism, there must be a correct combination of phrases or clauses of similar structures,

for example, gerunds with gerunds, noun clauses with noun clauses, etc

Gerun Filling out applications and interviewing for jobs can be tiresome

| ! | need to fix the ceiling and (to) paint it

Decorations hanging on the wall and from the ceiling were taken down

Noun ciat He wanted to tell me what he did and how he felt

Decide which of the choices - (A), (B), (C), or 2 Mr Muir has been working on the assignment

(D) - best completes the sentence for the past three months and to

complete it by next week

1 For many companies, liaison offices

have proven effective and when

establishing international connections in

numerous countries

(C) to plan (D) planned

3 The responsibilities of a representative include

(C) profiting (D) profitable managing the special requests of customers

(A) to achieve (B) achieving (C) achieved (D) achievement

Hackers Skill When there is a coordinating conjunction or correlative conjunction in the sentence, all

the components involved must be parallel in grammatical form

For a middle-aged man, he is witty and energy (—- energetic)

The program includes both to cook (—- cooking) a meal with a group and preparing a dish individually

WWW.nhantriviet.com Chapter 22 Parallelism, lnversion - 233

www.luyentoeicvn.com

® In conditional sentences, inversion is used in formal contexts in which if or other conditional words are omitted and the sentence starts with Should for (conditional) type 1, Were for (con- ditional) type 2, and Had for (conditional) type 3

| Type 1 Should + subject + bare infinitive, subject + will + bare infinitive

Type 2 Were + subject ~, subject + would + bare infinitive

| Type 3 Had + subject + p.p., subject + would have + p.p

Should you wish to visit, Mrs Cameron will schedule a tour (© If you should wish ~)

Were it not for my wife, | would be completely disorganized (¢ If it were ~)

Had he started cooking earlier, we would have eaten our meal on time (@ If he had started ~)

® Inversion must be used in a sentence beginning with a negative word, such as never, neither,

nor, hardly, seldom, rarely, little, etc

Never had he seen such an efficiently run business ( He had never seen ~)

Hardly had he fallen asleep when the alarm went off (“ He had hardly fallen ~)

© Inversion must be used in a sentence beginning with only + adverb /adverb phrase /adverb clause

xo TT,

Only recently has Sharon begun to make her home look tidy ( Sharon has only recently begun ~)

2: lnversion may'be PT after Ey Tarte m :

.! like t0 see movies, as do mọ

icture when making management decisions

a popular one with our customers, we would (A) Inter ered (B) ra interiere

have dropped the plan in its early stages (C) interfering (D) interfere

(A) realize (B) realized 3 Only after a consensus was taken did the

to forego having his

employees do mandatory overtime work

(A) decide (B) decides (C) decided (D) deciding

= l

234 - Hackers TOFIC Reading

al

Ï

HACKERS PRACTICE

Choose a correct option for each sentence

01 Tungsten Company’s razor-sharp knives are designed to be (durable/ duration) and slip-free

02 (Ever/Seldom) does the team get into arguments about tasks

03 Walking and (stretching/stretch) are two of the top suggested methods of daily stress relief

04 The printing department will create and (distributing/distribute) company business cards to all staff

05 (Should/Whether) you want more information on the subject, please call Ms Terrell

06 Only now does Kelly (understand/understood) the importance of organization

07 Buston usually manufactures safe and (reliably/reliable) kitchen products

Decide whether each of the sentences below is correct or incorrect If it is correct, write

“correct”; if it is incorrect, point out the mistake(s) and provide (a) correction(s)

08 Mr Richardson is giving hope and encourage to our staff

09 Motorists must stay on the right side of the road and in single file

10 Have Annie prepared better, she could have given an excellent presentation

11 Both technical train and on-site experience are required for this position

12 Henry often stops outside his door and turn around to get his briefcase

13 The company promises incomparable customer support and satisfactory for all its products

14 Mr Lang’s team works more diligently than Mr Ford’s team does

HACKERS TEST

Part 5

01 Companies looking for and competent

Staff may find it difficult to do so, especially

when economic expansion leaves only the less

qualified job seekers

(A) experience

(C) experiences

(B) experienced (D) experiencing

02 Patricia Wells applied for a transfer as soon

as the branch in Honolulu opened,

did some of her co-workers

03 Please sign the last page of the rental

agreement and all the other pages

(A) initiate (B) initialize

(C) initial (D) initiation

04 Applications that do not have the required

documents will not be considered, and

will those that lack a clear career

objective

(C) neither (D) only

05 We are seeking applicants whose ideas

regarding design and layout are both creative

and

(A) originally

(C) origin

(B) originality (D) original

06 has the price of gasoline been

higher than it is now

(A) Ever

(C) Neither

(B) Either (D) Rarely

07 The résumé workshop teaches young

professionals how to display their

and skills using sophisticated language and

attractive formatting

(A) educate

(C) education

(B) educated (D) educational

236 — Hackers TOEIC Reading

www luyentoeicvn.com

( (3 Time limit: 14 minutes a

08 Had the synopsis earlier, we might

have been able to include Mr Roberson's proposal in our evaluation

(B) delivered

(D) been delivered

(A) deliver (C) be delivered

09 The department store has put out an

advertisement announcing that it will hold a one-week sale on and business clothing

(A) leisure (C) leisured

(B) leisurely (D) at leisure

10 The plan will be redesigned both to shorten

project duration and implementation

(B) to simplify

(D) simplifying

(A) simplified (C) simplifies

11 Thanks to the Internet, digital music has

not only become popular but is also across the globe

(A) profits ~ (B) profitably (C) profit (D) profitable

12 have department stores seen such

a decrease in sales of swimwear during the long hot months of July and August

(C) Although (D) Seldom

13 Make sure to call the office immediately should

have any problems accessing your bank account

(A) you (C) yours

(B) your (D) yourself

14 The manufacturer is not responsible for

injuries or harm caused by wrong use of the product, will they replace products broken by misuse

(D) but (C) and

15 Without sufficient contacts, finding an ideal

location and a good apartment can

be a time-consuming effort

(A) to rent (B) rent

(C) renting (D) rented

16 If you want to register to become one of our

_ subscribers, fill in this and simple

information form

(A) quick (B) quickly

(C) quicker (D) quickest

17 Only lately sales figures begun to

show some growth in comparison to last

month’s total revenue

18 The Entrepreneur's Dream Internet cafe has the collection of information available

on how to start your own business

(C) more widel (D) widest

19 More and more individuals are turning

to alternative therapies to treat a host of ailments and pain

(A) relieve (C) relieved

(B) relieves (D) relieving

20 With the marketing manager’s impending resignation, an opening for a highly and financially driven individual is now being

To: Donna Reynolds

(C) motivating (D) motivated

Part 6

Questions 21-23 refer to the following e-mail

From: Tim Shaw

Subject: Mentoring System

Donna,

| am sure you have heard something about the company's mentoring system for employees who

need guidance and assistance The other managers and | have been selecting mentors, and we

would like you to be a participant in the program for new hires As you may be aware, the program

is designed to accelerate the process Those who partake in the project must be willing

(C) hiring (D) application

to set aside time for the employees assigned to them Mentors will be assigned to new employees

in their respective departments so that it will be easier for them to provide information, assistance

and

22 (A) suggest

(C) to suggest

(B) suggesting (D) suggestions

We certainly hope that you will be willing to take part in this new system By volunteering, you will

be giving valuable help your co-workers

23 (A) on (B) from

(C) to (D) along

Answers: p 554

Chapter 22 Parallelism, Inversion 237

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TOEIC is an English test which measures the everyday English skills of non-native people working Q

in an international environment Therefore, TOEIC questions center round business, commerce, ang

industry Vocabulary items in the TOEIC test also involve business-related settings and situations

O Meaning and usage

Questions on vocabulary in the TOEIC test not only check lexical meanings but also grammatical: usage of lexis, It is, hence, important for examinees to understand not only the meaning but also the usage of business-oriented English vocabulary

_9 Testing Points :

Questions on vocabulary in the TOEIC test may be divided into three major types: collocations, con

tent words, and content words with similar meaning In this book, these types have been Categorized ˆ

and lists of lexical items that are frequently tested are provided

© Collocations: There are gap-fill questions in which one part of words that often go together, known q

as collocations or word partnership, is missing Examinees are required to select one of the given — options which best completes the gap to form a correct collocation

¢ Content words of the same part of speech: There are also gap-fill questions in which gapped state- | ments together with the four words of the same part of speech are given Examinees are required to select one of the given options which best completes the gap, based on the meaning of the optioni in

© Content words with similar or different meanings: There are also gap-fill questions in which gapped

statements together with the four options are given Examinees are required to select one of the gWvenl options which best completes the gap, based on the meanings of content words

oe _ Below are the two pie charts showing the percentage of TOEIC questions, based on vocabulary

aspects of meaning and parts of speech

Content words with different

Š €ollocations 20% › Verbs 30%

Content words with AdjectWes 25%

[Based on aspects of meaning] - J[Based on parts of speech]