IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies

• IT infrastructure: – Set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise – Set of firmwide services including: • Computing platforms providing computing services •

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IT Infrastructure and

Emerging Technologies

Instructor: Truong Hong Tuan

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• What are the current trends in computer hardware

• Network and internet technology

• Secure information system

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

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• IT infrastructure:

– Set of physical devices and software required to

operate enterprise

– Set of firmwide services including:

• Computing platforms providing computing services

• Telecommunications services

• Data management services

• Application software services

• Physical facilities management services

• IT management, education, and other services

– “Service platform” perspective

• More accurate view of value of investments

IT Infrastructure

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The services a firm is capable of providing to its customers, suppliers, and employees are a direct function of

FIGURE 5-1

CONNECTION BETWEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUCTURE, AND BUSINESS CAPABILITIES

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• Evolution of IT infrastructure

– General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959

to present

• 1958: IBM first mainframes introduced

• 1965: Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced

– Personal computer era: 1981 to present

• 1981: Introduction of IBM PC

• Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software

– Client/server era: 1983 to present

• Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers

• Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered)

• Various types of servers (network, application, Web)

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• Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

– Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present

• Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications

– Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present

• Cloud computing: computing power and software applications supplied over the Internet or other network

– Fastest growing form of computing

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• Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.)

– Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present

• Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications

– Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present

• Cloud computing: computing power and software applications supplied over the Internet or other network

– Fastest growing form of computing

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Illustrated here are the typical

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Illustrated here are the typical

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A MULTITIERED CLIENT/SERVER NETWORK (N-TIER)

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• Technology drivers of infrastructure

evolution

– Moore’s law and microprocessing power

• Computing power doubles every 18 months

• Nanotechnology:

– Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size

of a virus

– Law of Mass Digital Storage

• The amount of data being stored each year doubles

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Since the first magnetic storage

device was used in 1955, the

cost of storing a kilobyte of

data has fallen exponentially,

doubling the amount of digital

storage for each dollar

expended every 15 months on

average Cloud storage services

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• IT Infrastructure has seven main components

1 Computer hardware platforms

2 Operating system platforms

3 Enterprise software applications

4 Data management and storage

5 Networking/telecommunications platforms

6 Internet platforms

7 Consulting system integration services

IT Infrastructure Components

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There are seven major

components that must be

coordinated to provide the firm

with a coherent IT

infrastructure Listed here are

major technologies and

suppliers for each component

FIGURE 5-9

THE IT INFRASTRUCTURE ECOSYSTEM

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• Computer hardware platforms

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• Operating system platforms

– Cloud computing (Google’s Chrome OS)

• Enterprise software applications

– Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle – Middleware providers: IBM, Oracle

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• Data management and storage

– Database software:

• IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL – Physical data storage:

• EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Western Digital

– Storage area networks (SANs):

• Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network

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• Networking/telecommunications platforms

– Telecommunication services

• Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access

• AT&T, Verizon – Network operating systems:

• Windows Server, Linux, Unix – Network hardware providers:

Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, \Juniper Networks

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• Internet platforms

– Hardware, software, management services to support company Web sites (including Web- hosting services), intranets, extranets

– Internet hardware server market: IBM, Dell, Sun (Oracle), HP

– Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (Visual Studio and NET), Oracle-Sun (Java), Adobe, Real Networks

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• The mobile digital platform

– Smartphones (iPhone, Android, and Blackberry)

• Data transmission, Web surfing, e-mail, and IM – Netbooks:

• Small lightweight notebooks optimized for wireless communication and core tasks

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• BYOD (Bring your own device)

– Allowing employees to use personal mobile devices

in workplace

• Consumerization of IT

– New information technology emerges in consumer

markets first and spreads to business organizations

– Forces businesses and IT departments to rethink

how IT equipment and services are acquired and managed

Current Trends in Hardware Platforms

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– Reduces hardware and power expenditures

– Facilitates hardware centralization

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• Cloud computing

– On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network

• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

• Platform as a service (PaaS)

• Software as a service (SaaS)

– Cloud can be public or private

– Allows companies to minimize IT investments

– Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability

– Hybrid cloud computing model

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In cloud computing, hardware

and software capabilities are a

pool of virtualized resources

provided over a network, often

the Internet Businesses and

employees have access to

applications and IT

infrastructure anywhere, at any

time, and on any device

Figure 5-10

CLOUD COMPUTING PLATFORM

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• Green computing (Green IT)

– Practices and technologies for manufacturing, using, disposing of computing and networking hardware

– Reducing power consumption a high priority – IT responsible for 2% U.S power demand

• High performance, power-saving processors

– Multi-core processors – Power-efficient microprocessors

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– Used in mobile devices, local area networks, Web

Current Trends in Software Platforms

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• Software for the Web

– Java:

• Object-oriented programming language

• Operating system, processor-independent

– Ruby and Python

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• Web Services

– Software components that exchange information

using Web standards and languages

– XML: Extensible Markup Language

• More powerful and flexible than HTML

• Tagging allows computers to process data automatically

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• SOA: Service-oriented architecture

– Set of self-contained services that communicate with

one another to create a working software application

– Software developers reuse these services in other

combinations to assemble other applications as needed

• Example: an “invoice service” to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices

– Dollar Rent A Car

• Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines’ Web site

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HOW DOLLAR RENT A CAR USES WEB SERVICES

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• Software outsourcing and cloud services

– Three external sources for software:

• Software packages and enterprise software

• Software outsourcing

– Contracting outside firms to develop software

• Cloud-based software services

– Software as a service (SaaS) – Accessed with Web browser over Internet – Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers

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In 2014, U.S firms will spend more than $279 billion on software About 35 percent of that will originate outside the firm, either from enterprise software vendors selling firm-wide applications or individual

Figure 5-12

CHANGING SOURCES OF FIRM SOFTWARE

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– Mashups

• Combinations of two or more online applications, such

as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content

• Tie user to platform

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• Dealing with platform and infrastructure

• Contractual agreements with firms running clouds and

Challenges of Managing IT Infrastructure

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• Management and governance

– Who controls IT infrastructure?

– How should IT department be organized?

• Centralized

– Central IT department makes decisions

• Decentralized

– Business unit IT departments make own decisions

– How are costs allocated between divisions, departments?

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• Making wise infrastructure investments

– Amount to spend on IT is complex question

• Rent vs buy, cloud computing

• Outsourcing

– Total cost of ownership (TCO) model

• Analyzes direct and indirect costs

• Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO

• Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space, and energy

– TCO can be reduced

• Use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of

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• Competitive forces model for IT

infrastructure investment

1 Market demand for firm’s services

2 Firm’s business strategy

3 Firm’s IT strategy, infrastructure, and cost

4 Information technology assessment

5 Competitor firm services

6 Competitor firm IT infrastructure investments

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COMPETITIVE FORCES MODEL FOR IT INFRASTRUCTURE

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5.2 DATABASE AND

INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

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• Problems with the traditional file environment

(files maintained separately by different

– Lack of data sharing and availability

Managing Data in a Traditional File Environment

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The use of a traditional

approach to file processing

encourages each functional

area in a corporation to

develop specialized

applications Each

application requires a

unique data file that is

likely to be a subset of the

master file These subsets

of the master file lead to

data redundancy and

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• Database

– Serves many applications by centralizing data and controlling redundant data

• Database management system (DBMS)

– Interfaces between applications and physical data files

– Separates logical and physical views of data

– Solves problems of traditional file environment

• Controls redundancy

• Eliminates inconsistency

• Uncouples programs and data

Capabilities of Database Management Systems (DBMSs)

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A single human resources database provides many different views of data, depending on the information requirements of the user Illustrated here are two possible views, one of interest to a benefits specialist and one

of interest to a member of the company’s payroll department

FIGURE 6-3

HUMAN RESOURCES DATABASE WITH MULTIPLE VIEWS

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• Relational DBMS

– Represent data as two-dimensional tables – Each table contains data on entity and attributes

• Table: grid of columns and rows

– Rows (tuples): Records for different entities – Fields (columns): Represents attribute for entity – Key field: Field used to uniquely identify each record – Primary key: Field in table used for key fields

– Foreign key: Primary key used in second table as look-up field to

identify records from original table

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• Capabilities of database management systems

– Data definition capability: Specifies structure of database content, used to create tables and define characteristics of fields

– Data dictionary: Automated or manual file storing definitions

of data elements and their characteristics

– Data manipulation language: Used to add, change, delete, retrieve data from database

• Structured Query Language (SQL)

• Microsoft Access user tools for generating SQL

– Many DBMS have report generation capabilities for creating polished reports (Crystal Reports)

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• Referential integrity rules

• Used by RDMS to ensure relationships between tables remain consistent

• Entity-relationship diagram

– Used by database designers to document the data model – Illustrates relationships between entities

– Caution: If a business doesn’t get data model

right, system won’t be able to serve business

well

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• Business intelligence infrastructure

– Today includes an array of tools for separate

systems, and big data

• Contemporary tools:

– Data warehouses – Data marts

– Hadoop – In-memory computing – Analytical platforms

Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision

Making

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– Typically focuses on single subject or line of business

Tools for Improving Business Performance and Decision

Making

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A contemporary business

intelligence infrastructure

features capabilities and

tools to manage and

analyze large quantities and

different types of data from

multiple sources

Easy-to-use query and

reporting tools for casual

business users and more

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5.3 NETWORKING AND

INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES

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• Networks in large companies

– Hundreds of local area networks (LANs) linked to

firmwide corporate network

– Various powerful servers

Components of Networks and Key Networking

Technology

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Today's corporate network

infrastructure is a collection of

many different networks from

the public switched telephone

network, to the Internet, to

corporate local area networks

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• Key digital networking technologies

– Client/server computing

• Distributed computing model

• Clients linked through network controlled by network server computer

• Server sets rules of communication for network and provides every client with an address so others can find

it on the network

• Has largely replaced centralized mainframe computing

• The Internet: largest implementation of client/server

computing

Components of Networks and Key Networking

Technology

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