Vowel letters in English are pronounced according to their position in the word, i.e.. If there are two ways of expressing the vowel sound, give both variants, translating the words int
Trang 1Yerevan State Linguistic University after V Brusov
Writing Skills
Compiled by Samvel Karapetyan
Yerevan – 2006
“Lingua”
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Writing Skills – A textbook for students of Yerevan State
Linguistic University after V Brusov γ½ÙâÕ` í³Ùí»Ĩ γñ³ơ»ïÛ³Ý, -ºñ.: §ỈÌÝ·í³¦, 2006, 103 ¿ì:
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ºñÏñâñ¹ µ³ƠÝâõÙ Ý»ñϳ۳óí³Í »Ý ݳỊ³¹³ịâõỆ³Ý ³Ûị ϳ٠³ÛÝ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ ³í»ĨÌ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïê³Ï³Ý ¹³ñÓÝ»Ĩâõ ÙÌìâóÝ»ñÂ, ơ³ñ½ ݳỊ³¹³ịâõỆâõÝÝ»ñ Ìñ³ñ ϳơ³Ïó»Ĩâõ Ó¨»ñÂ, ³Ý³-í³ñï ݳỊ³¹³ịâõỆâõÝÝ»ñ ï³ñµ»ñ³Ï»Ĩâõ ϳÝâÝÝ»ñÂ, âõñÌßÌ Ịâịù í»ñ³ơ³ïÙ»Ĩâõ ¨ ٻ쵻ñ»Ĩâõ ÑÙïâõỆâõÝÝ»ñÂ:
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¹³ị³í³Ý¹Ù³Ý ÂÝʳóùâõÙ Âịï Ýơ³ï³Ï³Ñ³ñÙ³ñâõỆ³Ý:
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Trang 4Contents
Lesson 1 Section 1 Spelling: English Syllables……… 5
Section 2 Sentence Structure Emphasis in Writing
Variations in sentence openings……….……… … 10 Section 3 Writing Practice Reproduction Writing ………… 12
Lesson 2 Section 1 Spelling: Consonant Doubling……….…… 15
Section 2 Sentence Structure Emphasis in Writing………… 19 Section 3 Writing Practice Unfinished Stories……… 21
Lesson 3 Section 1 Spelling: Mute Final e.Final –y and its
Modifications Diagraphs -ei- and -ie-…….………… …… 23
Section 2 Sentence Structure Emphasis in Writing
Inversion Cleft Sentences……… … ….…… 28 Section 3 Writing Practice Unfinished Stories ……… …… 30
Lesson 4 Section 1 Spelling: Silent Consonants……… ……… 31
Section 2 Sentence Structure Parallel structures
Appositives Absolute participial construction ……… 37 Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Technique
Description ……… ……… 41
Lesson 5 Section 1 Spelling: Diagraphs -gu-, -qu-, -ch-, -ph-… … 43
Section 2 Sentence Structure………….……… … 49
Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Technique
Character Sketch ……… ……… 53
Lesson 6 Section 1 Spelling: Suffixes -en, -ness, -er, -or ……… … 55
Section 2 Sentence Structure Sentence Fragments … …… 58
Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Technique
Character Setting ……… ……… 62
Lesson 7 Section 1 Spelling: Suffixes -able, -ible, -ant, ance, -ent,
-ence, -ency……….…… 65
Section 2 Paragraph Structure…….……… 69 Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Writing… … … 72
Lesson 8 Section 1 Spelling: Suffixes -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous
Prefixes en-, in-, de-, dis-……….…… 76
Section 2 Paraphrase: Write it in your Own Words ………… 80 Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Writing…… …… 83
Lesson 9 Section 1 Spelling: Homophones ……… …… 85
Section 2 Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing ……… 90 Section 3 Writing Practice.Composition Writing……… 93
Supplementary Material……… ….……… 96
Trang 5Lesson 1
Section 1 Spelling: English Syllables
A The First Type of Syllable. Vowel letters in English are pronounced according to their position in the word, i.e according to the type of syllable they form Traditionally there are four types of syllables The first, the open syllable, may consist of:
1 consonant + vowel: go, me, by;
2 consonant + vowel + consonant (except r) + silent e: take,
Pete, like, tone, tune;
In the open syllable the pronunciation of vowel letters (except
y) coincides with their alphabetical definition: a /ei/, e /i:/, i and y
/ai/, o /ou/, u /ju:/; however, these same sounds may be represented
by other means, i.e other combinations of letters, and in different position:
/ei/ represented by a) ai (in the middle of the word) or ay (when final): main, rain, may, ray; b) ea: break, great, steak; c)
eigh: neighbour, weigh, freight; d) a followed by nge, ste: range, strange, haste, paste; e) ei (in the middle of the word) or ey (when
final): veil, vein, grey, prey;
/i:/ represented by a) ee: sleep, meet, keep; b) ea: sea, leaf,
lean; c) ie: chief, brief, belief; d) ei: receive, perceive, seize;
/ai/ represented by a) i before mb, nd, ld: mind, mild, kind,
climb, child; b) igh: sigh, night, playwright; c) uy: buy, guy;
/ou/ represented by a) oa: coat, toast, road; b) o before ld, st:
cold, told, post, ghost; c) ou: shoulder, poultry, soul; d) ow: know,
sow, low; also remember: sew
/ju:/ or /u:/ represented by ui: suit, bruise, cruise; /ju:/ represented by a) ew: new, few, dew; b) eu: neutral, pneumonic; /u:/ represented by oo: soon, pool, tool;
Exercise 1 Write the following words in spelling If there are two ways of
expressing the vowel sound, give both variants, translating the words into Armenian
5
Trang 6/seil/, /breik/, /geit/, /plein/, /greit/, /weist/, /tʃein/, /ri 'mein/, /ə 'gein/, /iks 'plein/, /iks 'kleim/, /kən 'tein/, /pein/, / 'peintə/, /teil/, /meil/, /stein/, /weit/, /peid/, /reid/, /trein/, /leid/, /reiz/, /ə 'freid/, /preiz/, /peil/, /vein/, /meid/, /dei/, /wei/, /prei/, /trei/, /said/, /bai/, /taip/, /spi:tʃ/, /sli:v/, /bi:t/, /bi:n/, /bri:d/, /ri:d/, /hi:l/, /sti:l/, /wi:k/, /bi:tʃ/, /ti:θ/, /gi:s/, /si:/, /fli:/, /fi:d/, /tri:t/, /i:st/, /li:st/, /si:t/, /spi:k/, /ri:zn/, /tri:zn/, /hi:t/, /mi:t/, /bri: δ/, /di 'zi:z/, /rein/, /'pleirait/, /tʃi:f/, /ri 'si:v/, /bi 'li:f/, /si:z/, /pi:s/, /steik/, /stoun/, /kout/, /kould/, /louf/, /roud/, /roust/, /fould/, /goust/, /gout/, /soul/, /bou/, /groun/, /dju:/, /sju:t/, /bru:z/, /nju:z/, /ʤu:s/, / 'neibə/, /sait/
B The Second Type of Syllable, the closed syllable, consists of a
consonant + a vowel + one or more consonants including double r (a single r forms other types of syllable)
The letter a in the syllable of this type is pronounced as /æ/:
apple, map, battle
The letter e is pronounced as /e/: get, tell, letter The /e/ sound can also be represented by the letters ea: deaf, spread, health
The letters i and y are pronounced as /i/: sit, pit, system,
mystery
The letter o is pronounced as /ɔ/: hot, bottle, sorrow
The letter u is pronounced as /ʌ/: hurry, butter, summer The
/ʌ/ sound can also be represented by : a) the letter o: above, love,
among; b) the combination ou: cousin, trouble, enough; also
remember: blood, flood, twopence
Exercise 2 Copy the sentences, choosing a suitable word given in
transcription from the list to fill in the blanks: (/'bru:ziz/, /dipt/, /ʌnjən/, /houl/, /steik/, /hi:ld/, /bi:tʃ/, /breθ/, /wi:t/, /koul/, /slipt/, /rʌf/, /
'braidgrum/, /'leδ /, /su:p/, /dju:/ (2), /'medou/, /stil/, /gousts/, /sould/,
Trang 7/tʌf/, /toust/, /sju:/, /gouts/, /kʌpl/, /wip/, /koutʃ/, /koust/, /'kʌriʤ/, /hei/)
1 We drank a … to the bride and … 2 He … out of bed and went up to the window 3 He … his hand into the bag and brought out a handful of … 4 The tourists were taken to the …
in a … 5 … waters run deep 6 He thought how cruel it was to
… such a little boy 7 Our ship was wrecked off the Spanish … 8 These shoes must be … and … 9 His ungloved hands were … and cold 10 A hot … dropped from the fire and burnt a … in the carpet 11 Halfway up the mountain he stopped to take his … 12
A … is a piece of grassland especially one kept for … 13 … are kept for their milk, flesh and hair 14 If the dinner waits another minute, the … will be as … as … 15 Tom realized that it would take a lot of … to enter the dark and empty cave 16 The house is haunted by … 17 There were drops of … on all the leaves 18
My salary is … tomorrow 19 Don’t worry, your son is going to be all right in a … of days 20 A delicious smell of … … hung in the air 21 Nobody thought that Soames would … Bosinney for that money 22 The boy fell downstairs and the next day he was covered with …
C The Third Type of Syllable A syllable of this type consists of a
vowel followed by r (or r + another consonant) It represents a long
vowel sound
The letter a in syllables of this type is pronounced /a:/: tar,
target, large Remember some other ways of representing this sound
in the words: clerk, heart, hearth, and also: laugh, draught, aunt The letter o is pronounced /ɔ:/: sword, forth, corn Remember
the words where this sound is represented by the letter combination
a) oar: board, boar, coarse; b) au: pause, laundry, saucer; c) aw:
law, draw, shawl, awful; d) augh and ough (before t): ought, fought, caught, haughty; e) our: course, court, source
The letters e, i, y, u are pronounced as /3:/: a) er: term, berth,
perfect; b) ir or yr: first, birth, myrrh, myrtle; c) ur: curve, furnish, curse
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Trang 8Note that in some words the sound /3:/ is represented as ear:
earth, pearl, learn
Exercise 3 Supply the missing letter (letters) for the sound /3:/ If there are two ways of expressing the sound, give both variants, translating the words into Armenian
t_rm, f_r, b_rth, st_r, _ _rly, G_rman, sh_rt, s_rname, ret_rn, b_rch, ins_rt, d_rty, s_rpent, s_rface, f_rm, n_rve, th_rsty, c_rtain, t_rn, p_rse, m_rcy, _ _rn, sp_r, sk_rt, s_rmon, s_ _rch, p_ _rl, c_rse, b_rn, em_rge, _rgent, h_rt, m_rth, b_rst, dist_rb, conf_rm, s_rve, conc_rn, t_rnip, b_rst
Exercise 4 Copy the sentences, choosing a suitable word from the list to
fill in the blanks:
(hearth, burn, fault, cause, applause, source, law, haunt, lawyers,
thaw, haughty, oar, draught, awkward)
1 The … is considered the centre of family life 2 It’s not
my … that you don’t know anything 3 The boy caught at the … and his friends pulled him into the boat 4 What is the … of your information? 5 The meeting was at nine o’clock which was an … time for many people 6 You’ll catch cold if you sit in a … 7 The nobles used to treat the common people with … contempt 8 His appearance on the stage called forth a storm of … 9 He stretched his cold hands to the fire which was … in the fire-place 10 Carelessness is often the … of fires 11 The … must take its course; … cannot save you from punishment 12 The wrong-doer is constantly … with fear of being caught 13 It usually begins … at the end of March
D The Fourth Type of Syllable A syllable of this type ends in r
followed by e or some other vowel
A is pronounced /εə/: stare, declare, spare Remember the words where this sound is rendered by the letter combinations: a) air:
chair, despair, fair; b) ear: bear, wear, pear
Trang 9E in this type of syllable renders the diphthong /iə/: here,
sphere, severe Remember the words where this diphthong is
represented by the letters: a) eer: queer, sheer, steer; b) ear: hear,
appear, fear; c) ier: pierce, pier, fierce
I and y render the diphthong /aiə/: wire, admire, gyre, lyre The same sound may be represented by the combination iar: briar, diary
U renders the diphthong /juə/: pure, secure, furious
O is pronounced as /ɔ:/: boring, wore, sore
Exercise 5 Supply the missing letter (letters) If there are two (or more)
variants give both, translating the words into Armenian
c_re, aff_ _r, p_re, h_re, f_ry, sh_ _r, sw_ _r, requ_re, w_re, qu_ _r, f_ _rce, w_ _r, d_re, h_ _r, f_rious, nightm_re, p_ _r, d_ _ry, sp_ _r, squ_re, st_ _r, rep_ _r, r_ _r, f_ _r, t_ _r, exp_re, d_ring
Exercise 6 Copy the sentences, choosing a suitable word from the list to
fill in the blanks:
(spare (2), fear, admire, dairy, tear, tyre, despair, pierce, desire,
sheer, hire, sincerely, severe, diary, bear)
1 Your behaviour leaves much to be … 2 They couldn’t go any farther because one of the … had gone flat, and they had no … one 3 We … people who succeed in spite of difficulties 4 Reading this book is a … waste of time 5 I … he is in great danger 6 English people often sign their letters: yours … , followed by their name 7 If you want to get there in time, you’ll have to … a cab 8 Be careful, you will … your dress on that nail!
9 Few animals and almost no trees can … this … climate 10 The boys rushed to the rabbit It was Bob’s arrow that had … the little animal 11 A … farm produces milk and butter 12 A feeling of
… came over him as the boat sank deep into the water 13 The children rose half hungry after the … meal 14 Only a few people now keep a …
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Trang 10Section 2 Sentence Structure Emphasis in Writing
Variations in sentence openings The English language is
characterized by fixed word order, which means that the subject normally comes before the predicate This does not mean, however, that the subject always opens the sentence; it would be too monotonous A necessity may arise in the course of writing to lay a special stress on this or that idea, detail, etc This can be done by various means – lexical, morphological or syntactical Variety can be introduced by placing appositives, attributes, adverbial modifiers or subordinate clauses first, as you will see from the following examples
1) A single-word modifier:
e.g Cardinal Richelieu was shrewd and powerful and had
enormous influence upon the King of France – Shrewd and
powerful, Cardinal Richelieu had enormous influence upon the King
of France
The professor closed the door to the classroom quickly –
Quickly, the professor closed the door to the classroom
2) A phrase modifier:
e.g Oxford has developed rapidly as an industrial and
commercial centre since the 1930s – Since the 1930s, Oxford has
developed rapidly as an industrial and commercial centre
(prepositional phrase)
The inspector looked through several suitcases to find the
hidden papers – To find the hidden papers, the inspector looked
through several suitcases (infinitive phrase)
The Normans, after settling in Northern France, crossed to
England and conquered it in 1066 – After settling in Northern
France, the Normans crossed to England and conquered it in 1066
(gerundial phrase)
Confucius learnt a great deal about human nature, studying
people’s actions - Studying people’s actions, Confucius learnt a
great deal about human nature (participial phrase)
Francis sat in silence with a dumb look on his face baffled by
what had happened – Baffled by what had happened, Francis sat in