relative clause

Mệnh đề không giới hạn (Non-Restrictive Clause) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ xác định. Những mệnh đề loại này chỉ thêm thông tin cho câu và có thể bỏ đi mà câu vẫn đủ nghĩa.. Bogota, thủ đô củ[r]

Topic 5

Lesson 1: Introduction Introduction ( giới thiệu).

Mệnh đề quan hệ/ mệnh đề tính từ là mệnh đề phụ trong câu (không thể đứng riêng một mình) Nó bắt đầu bằng:

a relative pronouns (đại từ quan hệ) : WHO, WHOM, WHICH, WHOSE, THAT.

b relative adverbs (trạng từ liên hệ) : WHERE, WHEN, WHY.

Ex1: A man who dares to do it dares to do anything

Ex2: We talked to the man who was from Beijing

II.Use

WHO * Thay cho danh từ, đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một chủ từ

* Lưu ý “Who” trong cấu trúc:

Noun/ pronoun (person) + who + verb

Ex1: The man has met your boss.He come from Italy.

S

→ The man who comes from Italy has met your boss

relative clause

Ex2: We have met the girl She studies in the shool.

→ We have met the girl who studies in the school

relative clause

WHOM * Thay cho danh từ/ đại từ chỉ người, có chức năng của một đối từ.

* Lưu ý: “Whom” trong cấu trúc

Noun / pronoun + whom + subject + verb

Ex1: We like the man You talked to him yesterday.

O

We like the man whom you talked to yesterday

relative clause

Ex2: Is that the man ? You have been waiting for him.

O

Is that the man whom you have been waiting for ?

relative clause

WHOSE * Thay thế cho sở hữu cách (possessive cases)

* Xuất hiện trong hai cấu trúc

- noun/ pronoun + whose + noun + verb

- noun/ pronoun whose + noun + subject + verb

Ex1: The girl looks disappoited Her examination result its so bad

The girl whose examination result is so bad looks disappointed

Ex2: That is the girl I took her hat by mistake yesterday

That is the girl whose hat I took by mistake yesterday

WHICH

* Thay thể cho danh từ, địa từ chỉ vật

* Có thể làm chủ từ hoặc đối từ

* Lưu ý các cấu trúc

- noun / pronoun + which + verb

- noun/ pronoun + which + subject + verb

Ex1: She show me the table It was made by her father

She shows me the table which was made by her father

Ex2: Do you like this car ? Mr Tan bought it last month

Do you like this car, which Mr.Tan bought last month ?

Note: “Which” có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho một mệnh đề đứng trước nó (= and this/ and that)

Ex: Tom is so lazy, and this makes Mrs Green worried

Tom is so lazy, which makes Mrs Green worried

WHERE

* Thay cho trạng từ, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn (place) (eg.here, there, in that place )

* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc:

noun/ pronoun ( = a place) + where + subject + verb

Ex: We visit the hospital We were born there/in that hospital

We visit the hospital where we were born

WHEN

* Thay cho trạng từ, cum từ chỉ thời gian (time) (on that day, in the year )

* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc :

noun / pronoun (= time ) + when + subject + verb

Ex: She will never forget the day She first met him on that day

She will never forget the day when she first met him

WHY

* Thay cho cụm từ chỉ lý do ( reason) (for this/ that reason)

* Thường xuất hiện trong cấu trúc

noun/ pronoun ( reason) + why + subject + verb

Ex: She has just told me the reason She left the company for that reason

She has just told me the reason why she left the company

Notes:

Chúng ta có thể sử dụng: “ Preposition (in/ at / on / from ) + “which” để thay cho “where, when hay why”

Ex1: She has just told me the reason why/ for / which she left the company.

Ex2: We visit the hopital where/ in which we were born.

THAT

- "That" có thể được sử dụng để thay thế cho “who, whom, which, where, when, why” trong mệnh đề để xác định

Ex: Here is the man whom/that you want to meet.

-That “ thường được sử dụng sau THE FIRST , THE LAST, THE ONLY, THE VERY, TẬP HỢP GỒM NGƯỜI VÀ VẬT

Ex1: Tom is the only student that didn’t pass the examination

Ex2: We saw the people and the vehicles that were moving to the market

B PRACTICE

Excercise 1: Fill in each space with Who Which, where, when or whose.

1 What is the name of the girl ís wearing a white blouse ?

2 I don’t like the food is very spicy.

3 Last week, my father returned to his home village, he was born.

4 I’ll never forget the day you gave me a surprise birthday party.

5 He is the man friends always trust him.

6 My friend Tom sings Western folk songs very well can compose songs.

7 I like reading books tell about different people and their culture.

8 On my Mom’s birthday my father gave her roses were very sweet and beautiful.

9 He is the man is wearing a blue shirt.

10 She is the woman son is a famous singer.

II Chose one correct answer to complete the following sentences

1 This is the man has asked me to marry him (who / which / whose / whom)

2 Daisy always well dressed, has won the beauty contest (that is / who is / that / who are)

3 He came in and didn’t say anything, _ worried all of us (that / whom / whose / which)

4 Gloves are things you wear on your hands (whose / who / which / whom)

5 A butcher is someone sells meat (who / whom / which / whose)

6 I’m in love with Chris, is a wonderful person (who / that / whom / which)

7 The bus we got are very old (on that / on which / which on / whose on)

8 I like cars dependable in the winter (that are / which is / who are / whose are)

9 I know a man three horses (who owns / which owns / he owns / that owning)

10 Documentary films are the films I find most interesting (who / that / whose / what)

11 It’s this computer program my father created.(that / whom / who / what)

12 Mine is the one has a green luggage bag.(what / whom / who / that)

13 The CD Victor bought is on the table.(whose / that / who / whom)

14 “ films are you talking about?” “Gone with the wind.”(That / Which / Who / Whose)

15 The book we discussed was a best-seller (which / who / whom / whose)

16 How about the shirt you wore Saturday night? (which / whom / who / whose)

17 The person wallet is missing should report to the office (which / whose / who / that)

III Combine these sentences using the words given in brackets.

1) There are some words They are very difficult to translate (Using: which)

2) The man is a famous actor You met him at the party last night (Using: whom)

3) His house is big It is not very far from here.(Which)

4) That is the boy We took him to the theater last night ( Whom )

5) The student writes well I’ve read her composition (nối câu dùng “whose” )

6) We lived in grandfather’s old house I told you about it (which )

7) Ba lives on Trang Tien Street He likes playing the guitar (who)

8) Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991.It is a volcano in the Philippines (which)

9) It snows in Lang Son in the winter of 2002.Lang Son is on the Ky Cung River

10) Venus is a planet.It is closest to the Earth

Topic 7

Lesson 2: Restrictive and non- restrictive.

* Restrictive and non-restrictive clause( Mệnh đề xác định )

1.Định nghĩa chung.Phân loại.

a Định nghĩa Mệnh đề liên hệ ( Relative clauses) là mệnh đề:

 bắt đầu bằng đại từ liên hệ ( Relative pronouns): who, whom, which, that, where, when, whose

 bổ nghĩa cho danh từ trong câu và đi sau ngay danh từ đó

Ví dụ: - The man who works for my father is my friend’s brother

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Người đàn ông làm việc cho cha tôi là anh trai của bạn tôi

Mệnh đề liên hệ trên bắt đầu bằng “who” bổ nghĩa cho “the man” và đi sau “the man”

b.Phân loại Mệnh đề liên hệ có hai loại sau:

 Restrictive clause: Mệnh đề giới hạn là mệnh đề cần thiết cho nghĩa của câu

Ví dụ: - Women who go out to work have to do both housework and social work

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Mệnh đề “who go out to work” bổ nghĩa cho “women” Câu này có nghĩa là chỉ có những phụ nữ đi làm mới phải làm công việc nhà và công việc xã hội

 Non-restrictive clause: là mệnh đề bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ riêng hoặc danh từ xác định Nó chỉ thêm nghĩa cho danh từ và có thể bỏ đi mà câu vẫn đủ nghĩa Mệnh đề này được tách khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phảy (.)

Ví dụ: - Mr Jones, who is a famous scientist has made a new discovery.

RELATIVE CLAUSE

Ông Jones, một nhà khoa học lớn, vừa làm một khám phá mới

Trong câu này , nếu ta bỏ ” who is a famous scientist” thì câu vẫn đủ nghĩa

II Non-restrictive relative clause(Mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn)

2 Mệnh đề không giới hạn Có thể bắt đầu bằng: who, whom,, which, whose, where

Ví dụ: - Mr.Cox, who is the manager of the bank, saw the robber.

Ông Cox, người là giám đốc của nhà băng, đã nhìn thấy tên cướp

- Ann, whom I know very well, has just talked to you

Ann, người mà tôi biết rất rõ, vừa nói chuyện với bạn

- The car, which he bought yesterday, crashed this morning

Chiếc xe mà anh ta mới mua hôm qua bị tai nạn sáng nay

- The book is about Dennis Thatcher whose wife became Prime Minister

Quyển sách nói về Dennis Thatcher mà vợ ông ấy trở thành thủ tướng

- They worked in Sydney, where they were born

Họ làm việc ở Sydney, nơi họ được sinh ra

Lưu ý Đại từ liên hệ THAT có thể thay thế cho các đại từ WHO, WHOM, WHICH trong mệnh đề giới hạn

nhưng không được dùng trong mệnh đề không giới hạn

Ví dụ: - The boy who / that plays football very well is my best friend.

Cậu bé người chơi bóng rất giỏi là bạn thân nhất của tôi

- Tom, who plays football very well, is my best friend

Tom, người chơi bóng rất giỏi, là bạn thân nhất của tôi

- The city which/ that is well-know for its beaches attracts a lot of tourists

Thành phố nổi tiếng nhờ những bãi biển thu hút rất nhiều khách

- Vung Tau, which is well-known for its beaches, attracts a lot of tourists

Vũng Tàu nổi tiếng nhờ những bãi biển thu hút rất nhiều

II.RELATIVE PRONOUNS & NON-RESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVES

 Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định (non-restrictive clause) khi nó mang

thông tin rất phụ, không ảnh hưởng lớn đến danh từ, hoặc đại từ mà nó bổ nghĩa

Mệnh đề không xác định được tách ra khỏi mệnh đề chính bởi một hay hai dấu phảy

 Thông thường một mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:

a Tiền vị tự ( preceding/antecedent) là một danh từ riêng ( a proper noun)

Ex: Tom, who has just left school, is looking for a job.

b Tiền vị tự có các từ xác định: THIS,THAT, THESE, THOSE đi phía trước.

Ex: We admire those people, who are from China.

c Tiền vị tự là một trường hợp sở hữu cách ( a possessive case)

Ex: My car, which I bought last year, is still in good condition

d Tiền vị tự là cụm danh từ gồm: noun +preposition phrase( eg The man from Hanoi, the book on the table )

Ex: The man form Ha noi, who is very friendly, has told me about the story

e Tiền vị tự là một gerund/gerund phrase

Ex: Jogging, which thousands of people practise everyday, is very good exercise.

Có lẽ bạn không ngạc nhiên khi biết mệnh đề liên hệ (Relative Clauses) còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính từ (Adjective Clauses) vì nó bổ nghĩa cho danh từ trong câu Suy ra, Restrictive Adjectives chính là Non-Restrictive Relative Clause (Mệnh đề liên hệ không giới hạn).

Ví dụ: Paul O’Gray, who died two years ago , was a kind and loving man.

Mệnh đề không giới hạn (Non-Restrictive Clause) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ xác định Những mệnh đề loại này chỉ thêm thông tin cho câu và có thể bỏ đi mà câu vẫn đủ nghĩa Chúng được tách ra khỏi mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phảy (,) và phổ biến trong văn viết hơn là văn nói

Thế nào là danh từ xác định ? Danh từ xác định có thể là:

- danh từ riêng: tên người, tên thành phố, quốc gia

- đi sau các tính từ chỉ định (Demonstives): this, that, these, those

- đi sau các tính từ sở hữu (Possessives): my, your, his, her, their

- đi sau các thuộc từ (Attributes) thường là cụm từ bắt đầu bằng một giới từ, (in this class, of the school )

Ví dụ: - Bogota, which is the capital of Colombia, is a big city.

Bogota, thủ đô của Colombia, là một thành phố lớn.

-This village, where we spent our childhood, has changed a lot

Thành phố này, nơi mà chúng tôi trải qua thời thơ ấu đã thay đổi nhiều

- My friend, who understands all difficult lesson, is always ready to help us

Bạn của tôi, người hiểu tất cả các bài học khó, luôn sẵn sàng giúp đỡ chúng tôi

- The flood in the Sound of VietNam, which caused a lot of damage, is now over

Trận lụt ở miền nam Việt Nam, gây ra nhiều thiệt hại, bây giờ đã

Practice:

I Combine the following sentences by using Who, that, which, where or whose.

1) Last month I went to Hai Phong My uncle is working there.

2) I read about the child His life was saved by his pet dog.

3) Look at the girl She is wearing a white dress.

4) That is the picture of his town He grew up in that town.

5) Mr Quang will be here soon He will be able to help us.

6) The blue whale is considered the largest animal that has ever lived It can grow to 100 feet and 150 tons 7) Nhung has some tests Her health hasn’t been good recently.

8) Viet is one of my closest friends I have known him for 9 years.

9) The storm caused a lot of damage Nobody had been expecting the storm.

10) Dr Feilds predicted another earthquake He lectured at Browning Hall lastnight.

II Correct one mistake

1) I enjoyed the book that you told me to raed it

2) Phong still remembers the man who he taught him to play the guitar when he was a boy

3) I don’t like to spend time with people which lose their tempers easily

4) She sits next to a person who his name is Ahmed

5) We don’t forget the typhoon which it swept through our village five years ago

6) One of the people which I admire most is my aunt

7) Football is the only sport in which I am interested in it

8) Mr Ba has some good advice for anyone they wants to learn a second language

9) Students who living on campus are close to their classrooms and the library

10) Uncle Ho was born in Lang Sen that is a small village in Nam Dan ,Nghe An

1.Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề khởi đầu bằng:

*Các đại từ quan hệ (relative pronoun)

- Who: dành cho từ chỉ người- dùng làm chủ từ.

e.g: The little boy Who is wearing a blue shirt is the best pupil in my class

( Cậu bé mặc áo sơ mi xanh là học sinh giỏi nhất lớp tôi)

The doctors are looking after the young man who was wounded yesterday morining

(Các bác sĩ đang chăm sóc cậu thanh niên bị thương sáng hôm qua)

-Whom: dành cho từ chỉ người-dùng làm túc từ.

e.g: The old man whom you met last week is the best surgeon in this hospital.

(ông già mà bạn gặp tuần trước là bác sĩ giải phẫu giỏi nhất trong bệnh viện này)

- Whose + danh từ: Whose là từ sở hữu quan hệ, dùng như định từ cho danh từ đi kèm Nó được phép dùng chỉ

người hay chỉ vật Trong mệnh đề quan hệ, whose + noun có thể là:

+ chủ từ (subject):

e.g: I’m talking to the old man whose daughter is my friend.

(Tôi đang nói chuyện với ông già mà con gái của ông ta là bạn tôi) – (whose daughter: chủ từ của is)

+ túc từ: (object):

e.g: That was metting whose purpose I could not understand

(Đó là một cuộc gặp gỡ mà tôi không thể hiểu nổi mục đích)

(Whose purpose: túc từ của could not understand)

-Which: dành cho từ chỉ đồ vật và động vật, có thể được dùng như:

+ chủ từ (subject)

e.g: The cat which is playing with the ball is very intelligent

(Con mèo đang chơi với trái banh thì rất thông minh )

(Which: chủ từ của is playing)

+ túc từ (object):

e.g: The new T.V which I bought last week gives very beautiful pictures (Cái truyền hình mới mà tôi mua lần

trước rồi cho hình ảnh rất đẹp)

- That: (xin xem ở: "UNIT 8" mục 2)

*Các trạng từ liên hệ ( Relative adverbs):

-Where: nằm sau danh từ chỉ nơi chốn (noun of place)

e.g: I always miss the small village where I was born and grew up

(Tôi luôn luôn nhớ ngôi làng nhỏ nơi mà tôi sinh ra và lớn lên)

- When:

eg: I can never forget the rainy morning when I first met her at the airport

(Tôi không thể nào quên được buổi sáng mưa dầm mà tôi gặp gỡ cô ấy lần đầu tiên tại phi trường)

- Why: nằm sau danh từ chỉ lý do, thường là chữ reason.

e.g: Tell me the reason why you were late for school yesterday

(Hãy nói cho tôi nghe lý do mà bạn đi học trễ hôm qua)

RELATIVE CLAUSES

See also Pronouns

There are two different types of relative clause:

1 A "defining" or identifying clause, which tells us which person or thing we are talking about

2 A "non-defining" or non-essential clause, which gives us more information about the person

or thing we are talking about This kind of clause could often be information included in brackets ( )

Example:

The farmer (his name was Fred) sold us some potatoes

The farmer, whose name was Fred, sold us some potatoes

It is important to see the difference between the two types of clause, as it affects:

a the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause,

b the punctuation - you must use commas with a non-defining clause.

1.DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

As the name suggests, these clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about Obviously, this is only necessary if there is more than one person or thing involved.

Example:

Elephants who marry mice are very unusual.

In this sentence we understand that there are many elephants, but it is clear that we are only talking the ones

who marry mice.

Punctuation

Commas are not used in defining relative clauses.

Relative pronouns

The following relative pronouns are used in defining relative clauses:

Possessiv

Notes:

1 The relative pronoun stands in place of a noun.

This noun usually appears earlier in the sentence:

The

woman

who/that spoke at the

meeting

was very knowledgeable

Noun,

subject of

main

clause

relative pronoun referring

to 'the woman', subject of 'spoke'

verb + rest of relative clause verb + rest of main clause

2 Who, whom and which can be replaced by that This is very common in spoken English.

3 The relative pronoun can be omitted (ø) when it is the object of the clause:

The mouse that the elephant loved was very beautiful.

OR The mouse the elephant loved was very beautiful.

Both of these sentences are correct, though the second one is more common in spoken English.

loved was very beautiful

Noun,

subject of

main clause

relative pronoun, referring to 'the mouse, object of 'loved'

verb + rest of relative clause verb + rest of main clause

(You can usually decide whether a relative pronoun is an object because it is normally followed by another

subject + verb.)

4 Whose is used for things as well as for people.

Examples:

The man whose car was stolen.

A tree whose leaves have fallen.

5 Whom is very formal and is only used in written English You can use who/that, or omit the pronoun

completely :

The doctor whom/who/that/ø I was hoping to see wasn't on duty.

6 That normally follows words like something, anything, everything, nothing, all, and superlatives.

Examples:

 There's something that you should know

 It was the best film that I've ever seen

Examples:

 A clown is someone who makes you laugh

 An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries

 The plums that were in the fridge were delicious I have eaten them

 Where are the plums (that) I put in the fridge?

 Has anyone seen the book I was reading?

 Nothing that anyone does can replace my lost bag

 Let's go to a country where the sun always shines

 They live in the house whose roof is full of holes

2.NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

The information in these clauses is not essential It tells us more about someone or something, but

it does not help us to identify them or it

Compare:

1 Elephants that love mice are very unusual (This tells us which elephants we are talking about).

2 Elephants, which are large and grey, can sometimes be found in zoos (This gives us some extra

information about elephants - we are talking about all elephants, not just one type or group)

3 John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren (We know who John's mother is, and

he only has one The important information is the number of grandchildren, but the fact that she lives in Scotland might be followed with the words "by the way" - it is additional information)

Punctuation

Non-defining relative clauses are always separated from the rest of the sentence by commas The commas have a similar function to brackets:

My friend John has just written a best-selling novel (He went to the same school as me) > My

friend John, who went to the same school as me, has just written a best-selling novel

Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses

Possessive whose

Notes:

1 In non-defining clauses, you cannot use “that” instead of who, whom or which.

2 You cannot leave out the relative pronoun, even when it is the object of the verb in the relative clause:

He gave me the letter, which was in a blue envelope.

He gave me the letter, which I read immediately

3 The preposition in these clauses can go at the end of the clause, e.g This is Stratford-on-Avon, which you have all heard about.

This pattern is often used in spoken English, but in written or formal English you can also put the

preposition before the pronoun: e.g Stratford-on-Avon, about which many people have written is Shakespeare?s birthplace.

4 Non-defining clauses can be introduced by expressions like all of, many of + relative pronoun:

two of etc? + whom + which

Examples:

a There were a lot of people at the party, many of whom I had known for years.

b He was carrying his belongings, many of which were broken

5 The relative pronoun which at the beginning of a non-defining relative clause, can refer to all

the information contained in the previous part of the sentence, rather than to just one word

a Chris did really well in his exams, which was a big surprise (= the fact that he did well in his

exams was a big surprise)

b An elephant and a mouse fell in love, which is most unusual (= the fact that they fell in love is

unusual)

Examples:

a My grandmother, who is dead now, came from the North of England.

b I spoke to Fred, who explained the problem.

c The elephant looked at the tree, under which she had often sat.

d We stopped at the museum, which we?d never been into.

e She?s studying maths, which many people hate.

f I?ve just met Susan, whose husband works in London.

g He had thousands of books, most of which he had read.

3.WHERE TO PUT THE PREPOSTITION IN A RELATIVE CLAUSE

There are often prepositions in relative clauses, and the relative pronoun is the object of the

preposition This means that the preposition can sometimes be omitted

1

2

3 The preposition is normally placed at the end of the relative clause:

Is that the man (who) you arrived with?

Do you know the girl (that) John is talking to?

4 In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and

in this case the pronoun cannot be omitted:

The person with whom he is negotiating is the Chairman of a large company.

It is a society to which many important people belong.

However, this is unusual in spoken English.

Examples:

 The jungle the elephant lived in was full of strange and unusual animals

 He was very fond of the mouse that he lived with

 The tree under which they had their home was the largest and oldest in the jungle

 In the middle of the jungle was a river that all the animals went to every day

 It was the stream in which the elephant and the mouse preferred to swim

I.Mệnh đề quan hệ theo sau một giới từ (Relative clause following a preposition)

Chúng ta hãy xem ví dụ sau đây:

e.g:

The old man is working here The doctors are looking after him

(ông già đang làm việc ở đây Các bác sĩ đang chăm sóc ông ấy)

Dùng đại từ quan hệ để nối cặp câu trên chúng ta có hai cách viết

Cách 1: