Ebook Lịch sử và lý thuyết xã hội họcPhần 2

Du vdi ten goi nao, cac tac gia cua chu thuyet chtic nang deu nhan manh tinh lien ket chat che cua cac bo phan cau thanh nen mot chinh the ma mdi bo phan deu cd chtic nang nhat dinh gdp

Phan 3

XA HOI HOC HIEN DAI

Chu’o’ng 9

THUYET CHlfC NANG

1 M ot so lu a n d ie m goc

Lich sti cua thuyet nay gan lien vdi ten tuoi cua cac nha

xa hoi hoc nhU: Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1932), Athur Radcliffe- Brown (1881-1955), Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942), Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), Robert Merton (sinh 1910), Peter Blau (1918 - 2002) va nhieu ngUdi khac

Ve mat thuat ngti, chu thuyet chtic nang con dUdc goi la thuyet chtic nang-cau true hay thuyet cau trtic-chtic nang Du vdi ten goi nao, cac tac gia cua chu thuyet chtic nang deu nhan manh tinh lien ket chat che cua cac bo phan cau thanh nen mot chinh the ma mdi bo phan deu cd chtic nang nhat dinh gdp phan dam bao sU ton tai cua chinh the dd vdi tu cach la mot cau true tudng doi on dinh, ben vting

Mot sd" tac gia coi thuyet chtic nang-cau true la mot dang xuat hien tUdng doi cham cua thuyet chtic nang trong xa hoi hoc Parsons va Merton da tting sti dung thuat ngti nay va tting dUdc coi la tac gia cua thuyet chtic nang-cau true

Nhiing sau nay, chinh Parsons da cho rang cum tii “chtic

nang-cau true'’ la ten goi khong thich hdp trong ly thuyet xa

hoi hoc va dung thay vao dd la thuyet he thong1

De tranh tranh luan khdng can thiet, d day chi dung mot

ten goi chu thuyet chtic nang de chi mot tap hdp gom cac ly

thuyet cau true, cac ly thuyet chiic nang va cac ly thuyet ket hdp chiic nang vdi cau true nhii chiic nang-cau true, cau truc- chiic nang2 Cac ly thuyet nay tuy khac nhau ve nhieu diem nhiing deu thong nhat d nhiing luan diem goc, nhiing pham tru, khai niem cd ban va phiidng phap luan nghien ciiu

Nguon goc ly luan cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang la: thii nhat, truyen thong khoa hoc xa hoi Phap coi trong sii on dinh, trat tii cua he thong vdi cac bo phan cd quan he chiic nang- hiiu cd vdi chinh the he thong; va thii hai, truyen thong khoa hoc Anh vdi thuyet tien hoa, thuyet kinh te, thuyet vi ldi, thuyet hiiu cd phat trien manh3 Tii hai truyen thong nay da nay sinh nhiing y tiidng khoa hoc ve xa hoi nhii la mot sinh the hiiu cd dac biet vdi he thong gom cac thanh phan cd nhiing chiic nang nhat dinh tao thanh cau true o’n dinh

Comte la ngiidi dau tien de ra hiidng nghien ciiu tinh hoc

xa hoi de tim hieu cac quy luat duy tri sii o’n dinh, trat tii cua

1 Talcott Parsons The Present Status o f Structural-Functional Theory in

Sociology , trong Lewis A Coser (Ed ) The Idea o f Social Structure: Papers

in Honor o f Robert K Merton. New York 1975 Tr 67.

2 Do la nhiing ten goi khac nhau cua cac bien the t i mot chu thuyet chic nang trong lich s i xa hoi hoc.

3 Hansjurgen Daheim Thuyet chtic nang-cau true., trong Cdc ly thuyet xa

hoi hoc hien dai. Guter Endruweit (chu bien) Nxb The Gidi H a Noi -1999

Tr 49-160.

cau true xa hoi Ong cho rang do thieu sU phoi hdp nhip nhang giufa cac bo phan ma cau true xa hoi bi roi loan gay ra

sU bat thudng xa hoi NhUng dng chua sti dung khai niem chtic nang vdi tu cach la pham tru xa hoi hoc

Spencer da van dung hang loat cac khai niem sinh vat hoc nhu sU tien hoa, sU phan hoa chtic nang va dac biet la khai niem cau true va khai niem chtic nang de giai thich cac hien tudng cua sinh the/cd the xa hoi Spencer cho rang thdng qua qua trinh phan hoa, chuyen mon hoa ma xa hoi loai ngUdi da tien hoa tti hinh thtic ddn gian len phtic tap Ong chi

ra rang sU bien do’i chtic nang cua cac bo phan keo theo sU bien doi cau true cua ca chinh the xa hoi

Durkheim khdng nhting nghien ctiu chtic nang va cau true xa hoi ma con dUa ra cac quy tac sti dung cac khai niem nay lam cdng cu phan tich xa hoi hoc Durkheim de ra yeu cau la nghien ctiu xa hoi hoc can phai phan biet ro nguyen nhan va chtic nang cua sU kien xa hdi Ong cho rang viec chi

ra dUdc chtic nang ttic la ich ldi, tac dung hay sU thoa man mot nhu cau khdng cd nghia la giai thich dUdc sU hinh thanh

va ban chat cua sii kien xa hoi De lam dieu dd, can phai vach

ra cac tac nhan gay ra su kien xa hoi

Ddng gop vao xay dung thuyet chtic nang-cau true con cd cac nha nghien ctiu khac Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)1 nhan

1 Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) la nha xa hoi hoc, nha kinh te hoc ngiidi Italia

Tac gia cuon sach Luan ve xa hoi hoc dai ctfdng (Tattato di Sociologia

Generate) xuat ban nam 1916 Ngufdi dau tien diia ra thuat ngii "tinh hoa”

(elite) de chi mot thieu so' ngiidi thong tri da so ngUdi khac trong xa hoi Tac gia bang phan loai hanh dong xa hoi logic va phi logic Pareto coi xa hoi hoc

la mot khoa hoc tong hdp nghien ciiu xa hoi noi chung Ong viet rin g: Xa hoi ngiidi la doi tUdng cua nhieu nghien ctiu M ot so trong do tao thanh

manh vai tro cua trang thai can b ln g dong trong sii bien doi cau true xa hoi Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942)1 la ngUdi dau tien van dung khai niem chiic nang vao nghien ciiu cac nhu cau va chiic nang tam ly cua cac ca nhan Tuy ma thuat

la gia khoa hoc, nhung theo dng ma thuat cd nhiing chtic nang quan trong doi vdi con ngUdi nhu nghi le hoa va cung co niem tin, hy vong, sii lac quan cua con ngUdi trong cuoc dau tranh chong lai sU sd hai, nghi ngd va bi quan2 Thed dng, xa hoi dUdc to chiic de dap iing cac yeu cau va sii doi hoi tam ly cua ca nhan

Radcliffe-Brown (1881-1955)3 chu trUdng nghien ciiu chiic nang cua cac thiet che" trong he thong xa hoi Theo dng,

xa hoi hoc phai trd thanh khoa hoc tu nhien (thuc chiing) ve

xa hoi vdi nhiem vu chu yeu la phat hien ra cac quy luat cua

nhiing bo mon chuyen nganh: luat, kinh te chinh tri, lich s i chinh tri, lich

s i cac ton giao, v.v M ot so" khac con chua diidc phan biet bang cac ten goi cu the Theo Pareto, tong hdp tat ca cac nghien ciiu nao nham muc dich tim hieu xa hoi noi chung, chung ta co the dat cho cai ten la X a hoi hoc.

1 Bronislaw Kaspar Malinowski (1884-1942) la nha nhan hoc xa hoi chic nang ngiidi Ba-lan Lay bang tien sy toan-ly, nhung sau chuyen sang nghien

c iu nhan hoc xa hoi va (cung v6i Radcliffe-Brown) de ra thuyet cau tric-

ch ic nang de giai thich cac hien tUdng van hoa, xa hoi, kinh te, chinh tri trong moi hen he tao thanh mot chinh the cau true Ong giang day mon nhan hoc xa hoi tai trUdng Dai hoc Kinh te London, 1 927-1938 Ly thuyet

ch ic nang cua ong the hien ro nhat trong cuon: A Scientific Theory o f

nhieu triidng dai hoc d Anh, M y, Uc, N am Phi Tac pham chinh: Structure

and Function in Primitive Society (1952).

moi quan he xa hoi gitia cac ca nhan Ong coi cau true xa hoi

la hinh mau, mo hinh cua cac quan he xa hoi hinh thanh, bien doi trong dieu kien lich sti cu the

Moi quan he dac biet gitia khai niem cau true xa hoi vdi tmh cach la cong cu, phUdng phap phan tich va hien thuc xa hoi gom cac moi lien he xa hoi diidc Claude Levi-Strauss (sinh 1908)1 lam ro trong nghien ctiu no’i tieng cua dng ve nhan hoc cau true Ong diia ra “Nguyen tac can ban la khai niem cau true xa hoi khdng cd quan he vdi thiic te kinh nghiem luan nhiing lai cd quan he vdi nhting md hinh diidc xay diing theo thiic te nay”2 Nhiing, theo dng, chi nhting md hinh nao dam bao bon dieu kien sau day mdi diidc goi la cau true (1) cau true cd tinh he thong vdi nghia la sii bien doi cua yeu to" nay cua md hinh se keo theo sii bien doi cua cac yeu to" khac, (2) mdi sii bien doi tUdng ting vdi mot md hinh, do dd toan bo mot loai bien doi tao thanh mot nhdm nhting md hinh tudng ting, (3) tti bien doi cua mot yeu to" ctia md hinh cd the du bao sii phan ting cua ca md hinh, (4) md hinh dUdc xay diing de giup

1 Claude-Levi-Strauss (sinh 1908) la nha nhan hoc xa hoi ngiidi Phap Sinh

d Bruxelles, Bi nam 1908 N am 1914 gia dinh ong ve song d Versailles, Phap Ong hoc luat d Sorbome, nam 1928 diidc bau lam tong thii ky Lien

doan sinh vien xa hoi chu nghia Hoan thanh luan an tien sy ve Cau true ca

ban cua he than toe nam 1947 d Dai hoc Sorbone Giang day dai hoc d nhieu

ndi trong do co Hoa Ky Ong co cong thanh lap Phong thi nghiem nhan hoc

xa hoi va sang lap Tap chi Nhan hoc Phap M ot trong nhQng cong trinh

nghien ciiu noi tieng nhat cua ong la Nhan hoc cau true xuat ban nam 1958.

2 Claude Levi-Strauss Nhan loai hoc cau true, trong Boris Lojkine va Benoit de Treglode M o t so van d i v i xa hoi hoc vd nhan loai hoc Nxb Khoa

hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 293-294.

nhan thiic dUdc sii kien quan sat1.

Nhu vay, sU phat trien cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang la ket qua cua nhiing dong gop ly luan xa hoi hoc cua nhieu tac

gia khac nhau, nhung thong nhat d cho cho rang de giai thich

sii ton tai va van hanh cua xa hoi, can phan tich cau truc- chiic nang cua no, tiic la chi ra cac thanh phan cau thanh (cau true) va cac cd che hoat dong (chiic nang) cua chung

Cac luan diem goc cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang deu

nhan manh tinh can blng, on dinh va kha nang thich nghi cua cau true Thuyet nay cho rin g mot xa hoi ton tai, phat trien dUdc la do cac bo phan cau thanh cua nd hoat dong nhip nhang v6i nhau de dam bao sii can b ln g chung cua ca cau true; bat ky mot sU thay doi nao d thanh phan nao cung keo

theo sU thay do’i d cac thanh phan khac Sii bien do’i cua cau

true tuan theo quy luat tien hoa, thich nghi khi mdi trUdng song thay doi; sii bien doi cua cau true luon hu6ng t6i thiet lap lai trang thai can bang, o’n dinh Doi vdi cau true xa hoi, cac dai dien cua chu thuyet chiic nang viia nhan manh tinh

he thong cua nd vCfa de cao vai tro quan trong cua he gia tri,

he chuan miic xa hoi trong viec tao diing sii nhat tri, thong nhat, o’n dinh, trat tu xa hoi

PhUdng phap luan Thuyet chiic nang hudng vao giai

quyet van de ban chat cua cau true xa hoi va he qua cua cau true xa hoi2 Doi vdi bat ky sii kien, hien tudng xa hoi nao,

1 Claude Levi-Strauss Nhan loai hoc cau true, trong Boris Lojkine va Benoit de Treglode M ot so van de ve xa hoi hoc va nhan loai hoc Nxb Khoa

hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 1997 Tr 294-295.

2 Can chu y t6i y nghia phUdng phap luan cua khai niem cau true ma Claude Levi-Strauss da neu len nhu sau: “Khai niem cau true khong phai la

nhiing ngudi theo thuyet chiic nang deu hudng vao viec phan tich cac thanh phan tao nen cau true cua chung, xem cac thanh phan do co moi lien he vdi nhau nhii the nao va dac biet xet quan he cua chung doi vdi nhu cau chung cua sii ton tai, phat trien sii kien, hien tiidng dd.

Dong thdi, ve mat phiidng phap luan, chu thuyet nay ddi hoi phai tim hieu cd che hoat dong cua tiing thanh phan de biet chung cd chiic nang, tac dung gi doi vdi sii ton tai mot cach can bang, on dinh cua cau true xa hoi Vdi tat ca nhiing dac diem cd ban neu tren, chu thuyet nay cd the goi la thuyet cau truc-chiic nang hay thuyet chiic nang-cau true

2 M ot so k h a i n ie m co? b a n

Cau true vd he thong

Cac tac gia khac nhau cua thuyet chiic nang cd quan niem khdng giong nhau ve cau true, he thong va quan he giiia chung Tuy nhien, cd the neu mot each khai quat: cau true la kieu quan he giiia con ngUdi va xa hoi dUdc dinh

hinh mot each on dinh, ben viing VI du, cau true phan tang

xa hoi, cau true to chiic nhiem sd, cau true thi trUdng, cau

mot hoc thuyet triet ly, m a la mot phiidng phap” “N o trich lay nhiing sii kien xa hoi co trong kinh nghiem, dem vao trong phong thi nghiem Noi day, no co' cong de dinh chiing diidi hinh thiic khuon mau, liic nao cung xem trong khong phai nhiing ddn to, ma la nhiing hen quan giiia cac ddn to”

Trich theo Tran Thien Dao Chu nghia hien sinh & Thuyet cau true Nxb

Van hoc Ha Noi 2001 Tr 339 Claude Levi-Strauss da ap dung he tho'ng phUdng phap cau true vao nghien ciiu cau true lich dai (cac hang trong bang phan tich) va cau true dong dai (cac cot) cua than thoai Claude Levi-

Strauss “Cau true cua than thoai’, trong Hoi khoa hoc lich sii Nhiing van

d i nhan hoc ton gido. Nxb Da Nang 2006 Tr 214-241.

true he gia tri van hoa la nhiing hinh thiic bieu hien cu the cua cau true xa hoi.

Khai niem “he thong” nhan manh tinh chinh the, tinh

toan ven, tinh thong nhat cua cac thanh to" Vi du, Gordon

M arshall dinh nghia: “He thong la bat ky moi lien he co cau true hay dUdc dinh hinh cua bat ky mot so" cac yeu to nao ma he thong do tao thanh mot chinh the hay mot the thong nhat” 1

Ca hai khai niem nay deu noi tdi mot tap hdp cac thanh phan, bo phan co mo"i lien he chat che, hiiu cd tao thanh mot chinh the ton tai trong mo"i quan he tUdng tac, trao doi vdi mdi trUdng song xung quanh Ca hai khai niem deu nhan manh rang bat ky mot thay do’i d bo phan nao cung gay ra nhiing thay doi d bo phan khac va d toan bo cac bo phan khac Ca hai khai niem nay deu dUdc trien khai tren cac cap do khac nhau tii vl md den vi md, vi du mdi he thong ldn deu chiia diing nhieu he thong nho, tUdng

tu nhu vay mdi mot cau true ldn deu cd nhieu cac thanh phan cau true nho

Trong nhieu trUdng hdp, khai niem cau true dUdc dung vdi nghia tUdng tu nhu khai niem he thong Viec sti dung tUdng dudng hai khai niem nay the hien rd nhat trong ly thuyet cua Foucault, Parsons va Merton Vi du, trong cac

nghien ctiu cua Parsons, khai niem “cau true cua hanh dong

xa hoi” dUdc hieu la “he thong cua hanh dong xa hoi".

1 Gordon Marshall Oxford Dictionary o f Sociology 2nd Edition New York:

Oxford University Press 1998 1998 Tr 659.

Chiic nang

Chiic nang la nhu cau, ldi ich, sU can thiet, sU ddi hoi, he qua, tac dung ma mot thanh phan, bo phan tao ra hay thUc hien de dam bao sU ton tai, van dong cua ca he thong

Day la khai niem cd ban cua xa hoi hoc dUdc dinh nghia theo nhieu cach khac nhau Durkheim coi chiic nang nhu la cac nhu c&u chung cua cd the xa hoi va bat ky su kien xa hoi nao cung cd nhiing chute nang nhat dinh, tiic la cd su dap iing iing nhu cau nhat dinh cua xa hoi Ong cho rin g su trCtng phat khdng chi cd chiic nang ddi den bu hay tra thu ddi vdi nhiing thiet hai do toi pham gay ra ma con cd chiic nang duy tri trang thai dong thuan, nhat tri cao cua cong dong xa hoi trUdc mot sii kien xa hoi xay ra

Radcliffe-Brown chi ra rang cac nghi le ma thuat cd chiic nang giam b6t cam giac lo sd hiem nguy va tao ra cam giac yen tam, an toan xa hoi Nhu vay, chiic nang lien quan tdi hien tudng tam ly va hanh vi ca nhan song trong cong dong

xa hoi

Parsons cung coi chiic nang la nhu cau, la nhiing yeu cau, nhiing doi hoi cua he thong doi vdi tiing bo phan cau thanh cua no Diia vao bang phan loai cac chiic nang, tiic la cac nhu cau cua he thong, Parsons chi ra thanh phan cau true cua he thong xa hoi Chiic nang con dUdc hieu la qua trinh hoat dong dap iing nhu cau, tao ra ich ldi, thoa man yeu cau cua mot chinh the xa hoi

Dieu quan trong can chu y d day la chiic nang xuat phat mot cach tu nhien tii chinh sU ton tai va phat trien cua ca he thong gom cac bo phan tao thanh mot cau true nhat dinh Co

the hinh dung mot chuoi cac sU kien cua chiic nang nhu sau:

he thong -» nhu c&u —> chiic nang —> bo phan —» cau true —>

he thong.

Chiic nang vd loan chiic nang

Khi phan tich cau truc-chiic nang cua hien tUdng xa hoi, nha xa hoi hoc phan biet nhiing he qua tich cUc co ldi cho sii trat tU, o’n dinh, can bang cua hien tUdng dd vdi nhiing he qua tieu cUc khdng cd ldi, tham chi cd hai, gay mat trat tu, pha vd trang thai on dinh, can blng Merton goi nhiing he qua tich cUc la chiic nang (Function) va he qua tieu cUc la loan chiic nang (Dysfunction).

Chiic nang trdi, chiic nang an vd loan chiic nang

Merton, mot nha chiic nang luan noi tieng da phan biet: mot la, loai he qua noi troi dUdc bieu hien, dUdc thiia nhan, dUdc y thiic mot cach cd muc dich; va hai la, loai he qua tiem

an bieu hien chua rd rang, ngam ngam, chua dUdc thiia nhan cdng khai Merton goi loai he qua noi troi la chiic nang troi, chiic nang hien (Manifest function) va nhiing he qua chua bieu hien rd rang la chiic nang an, chiic nang lan (Latent function).

Ket hdp hai cach phan loai chiic nang (theo bang 2 x 2),

se cd bon loai chiic nang sau day:

• Chiic nang tich cUc noi troi;

• Chiic nang tich cUc tiem an;

• Loan chiic nang hien;

• Loan chiic nang an.

3 L y t h u y e t h e t h o n g x a h o i c u a T a l c o t t P a r s o n s

Luac sit

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) la nha xa hoi hoc ngudi My, tac gia noi tieng cua ly thuyet he thong xa hoi, ly thuyet hanh dong Ong hoc dai hoc chuyen nganh sinh vat hoc, sau do hoc

d triidng Dai hoc Kinh te Luan Ddn va viet luan an tien sy d

Dtic ve de tai Khai niem chu nghia tii ban trong van hoc Dtic

dtidng dai Ong giang day d khoa Kinh te hoc triidng Dai hoc

Tong hdp Harvard Trong thdi gian nay, dng cd cdng ldn trong viec gidi thieu Weber vdi xa hoi hoc My: dng da dich cuon

“Dao dtic Tin lanh vd tinh than chu nghia tii ban” nam 1930

Parsons da cd cdng dau trong viec diia xa hoi hoc vao giang day d triidng Dai hoc nay vao nam 1931 Nhiing dng trd nen no’i tieng trong gidi xa hoi hoc ke tti khi dng chd xuat ban

cuon sach “Cau true cua hanh dong xa hoi” nam 1937.

Parsons cd cdng sang lap ra Khoa cdc quan he xa hoi d

triidng Dai hoc To’ng hdp Harvard nam 1946 Dd la ndi thu hut sii tham gia cua nhieu nha nhan hoc, tam ly hoc va xa hoi hoc, trong sd" dd cd ca Gordon W Alport - tac gia cua ly thuyet tam ly hoc xa hoi va nhan cach, George Homans - tac gia cua

ly thuyet trao doi xa hoi theo hudng tam ly hoc doi lap vdi ly thuyet he thong xa hoi cua dng Parsons la tac gia ctia khoang

270 an pham nghien ctiu, trong so' dd cd nhting cong trinh xa

hoi hoc quan trong nhu: “He thong xa hoi” (The Social

System) (1951) va “Tien tdi mot ly thuyet tong quat v i hanh dong" (Towards a General Theory o f Action) (1951), (.Sociological Theory and Modern Society) (1967), (.Action Theory and the Human Condition) (1978).

Ly thuyet he thong - hanh dong

Chiu anh hucing cua nhiing nha ly thuyet xa hoi hoc noi tieng 6 chau A u1, ly thuyet cua Parsons cung tap trung vao giai quyet van de ve hanh dong xa hoi va trat tu xa hoi2 Nhin chung, Parsons sti dung khai niem cau true va khai niem he thong gan nhu tUdng dUdng nhau vdi nghia

la he thong cd cau true va ca hai deu cd chung nhting thanh phan nhat dinh3 Khai niem cau trtic nhan manh cac yeu to' tao thanh khuon mau, dinh hinh he thong mot cach tUdng do'i on dinh Khai niem he thong nhan manh mot tap hdp cac yeu to' dUdc s ip xep theo trat tu nhat dinh, nghia

la dUdc dinh hinh vtia doc lap vtia lien tuc trao doi qua lai vdi he thong mdi trUdng xung quanh

Ve mat ly thuyet, vdi tu cach la mot tap hdp ldgic cac

1 Ly thuyet he thong xa hoi cua Parsons chiu anh hucing to 16n ve mat ly

luan t i phia ba nha sang lap khoa hoc xa hoi hien dai la Pareto, Durkheim,

Weber va dac biet la Sigmund Freud X em Talcott Parsons The Social

System. Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press 1951 Tr XI.

2 Me! dau cuon sach He thong xa hoi day 575 trang cua minh Parsons da noi

ro muc tieu cua ong la vach ra mot khung khai niem de phan tich cau true

va cac qua trinh cua cac he thong xa hoi Talcott Parsons The Social

System. Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press 1951 Tr 7; Robert J Holton

Talcott Parsons: Conservative Aplogist or Irreplaceable Icon?, trong George

Ritzer and Barry Smart (eds) Handbook o f Social Theory London: Sage

Publications 2001 Tr 153.

3 Parsons viet: “Khi mot tap hop cac hien tudng phu thuoc lan nhau cho

thay tinh on dinh va tinh khuon mau du ro rang trong khoang thdi gian

nhat dinh thi ta co the noi la no co “cau true” va co the coi no nhu la mot “he

th on g Trong James Fargams Readings in Social Theory: the Clasic

Trandition to Post-Modernism. McGraw-Hill, Inc 1993 Tr 213.

khai niem1, Parsons xem xet he thong trong mot khong gian

it nhat co ba chieu nhu sau:

• Thii nhat la chieu cau true - he thong nao cung co cau true cua no;

• Thii hai la chieu chiic nang - he thong luon n&m trong trang thai dong viia tu bien doi viia trao doi vdi moi trUdng;

• Thii ba la chieu kiem soat - he thong co kha nang dieu khien va tu dieu khien2

Ly thuyet tong quat ve cdc he thong hanh dong Parsons

dinh nghia “hanh dong” la “mot qua trinh trong mot he thong

tac nhan-tinh huong ma he thong do co y nghia dong cd doi vdi tac nhan ca nhan, hay, trong trUdng hdp cua mot tap the, cac ca nhan thanh vien cua tap the”3 Parsons chi ra thuoc tmh cd ban cua hanh dong la ca nhan khdng nhiing “phan iing” doi vdi mot “kich thich” nhat dinh cua tinh huong ma

con phat trien mot he thong cac “ky vong” doi vdi cac doi

tUdng khac nhau cua tinh huong xa hoi

Cau true cua hanh dong gom cac yeu to' dUdc phan hoa va

1 Ve cuon H e thong xa hoi cua minh, Parsons viet: “Cuon sach nay ro rang la

bai luan ve ly thuyet co tinh he thong No khong phai la sU t h i nghiem

trinh bay ly thuyet ve mot hien tiiOng cu the nhat dinh, ma la sU co' g ln g trinh bay mot sd do khai niem diidc diln dat mot cach logic” Talcott

Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press -1951 Tr

ket hdp cua mot he thong tac nhan-tinh huong Theo Parsons,

mot ddn vi hanh dong (Unit act) diidc cau true bdi nam yeu to

vat chat va tinh than, khach quan va chu quan la1:

• Muc dich cua hanh dong;

• Phiidng tien de thiic hien hanh dong;

• Dieu kien dien ra hanh dong;

• Cac chuan miic de liia chon muc dich va phiidng tien hanh dong cho phu hdp;

• Sii nd liic: nhiing thao tac, cong viec can lam de thiic hien hanh dong

Cau true cua hanh dong2 diidc quy chieu, trien khai tren cac cap do he thong khac nhau, trong dd he thong xa hoi chi

la mot trong cac he thong cua nd Chinh vi vay, cd the goi ly thuyet cua Parsons ve hanh dong xa hoi la thuyet he thong hanh dong xa hoi

Parsons phan biet it nhat bon cap do he thong va cho rin g thdng qua qua trinh xa hoi hoa ca nhan, hanh dong cua con ngUdi hinh thanh va bieu hien tren cac cap do he thong tii cap hanh vi cua cd the len cap nhan cach, cap xa hoi va cap van hoa Dac diem cua tiing cap do he thong nhu sau:

1 Jeffrex Alexander Van hod vd thuyet chiic nang, trong Do Lai Thuy Theo vet chan nhiing ngiidi khong lo: tdn Guylivd phieu li/u ky ve cdc ly thuyet van hod. Nxb Van hoa Thong tin Ha Noi 2006 Tr 49-50.

2 Trong triidng hdp nay, Parsons goi cac khi'a canh cua hanh vi hen quan

trUc tiep tdi cac he thong thuoc “cap do van hoa” la hanh dong Talcott Parsons Several Interdependent Functions Define Society, trong Lynn Barteck and Karen Mullin Enduring Issues in Sociology CA: Greenhaven

Press, Inc 1995 Tr 62.

• Cap he thong van hoa1 tUdng iing vdi he thong bieu truing Bieu hien cu the cua no la he cac niem tin ton giao, he ngon ngii, he cac gia tri va chuan mule xa hoi Thong qua cd che xa hoi hoa ca nhan, cac he thdng van hoa cd kha nang bien cac gia tri chung cua xa hoi thanh he nhulng gia tri rieng cua mdi ngiidi va nhd vay thuc hien chiic nang kiem soat xa hoi, duy tri trat tii va bao ton cac khuon mau hanh dong cua cac ca nhan Tren cap do nay,

cd the hinh dung hanh dong la qua trinh giao tiep, qua trinh sii dung cac ky hieu, cac bieu tiidng, cac phiidng tien cua van hoa de tiidng tac

• Cap he thong xa hoi gom tap hdp cac ca nhan tiidng tac vdi nhau trong cac tinh huong nhat dinh Tap hdp nay gom hai hay nhieu hdn hai cac

tac nhan (actors - hanh the) la ca nhan hay nhdm

ngiidi tiidng tac vdi nhau trong mot tinh huong it nhat la cd khia canh vat the hay mdi triidng Moi tiidng tac giiia cac hanh the diidc cau true hoa thdng qua van hoa va he cac gia tri chung Tren cap do nay cd the hinh dung hanh dong xa hoi la hanh dong cua nhdm, hanh dong tap the

• Cap he thong nhan cach cd ddn vi cau thanh cd

1 Khai niem van hoa diidc Parsons dung de chi nhiing gi co the truyen nhan

(transmitted) nhii di san, truyen thong; nhiing gi co the hoc tap duoc va nhulng gi co the chia se duoc Ong viet: “Van hoa, do la, mot mat, san pham

va mat khac la yeu to' quyet dinh cua cac he thong cua tUdng tac xa hoi

ngUdi” Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree

Press 1951 Tr 15.

ban la ca nhan, la chu the hanh dong Tren cap do nay, Parsons dac biet quan tam tdi he cac nhu cau, dong cd, thai do hudng tdi ldi ich ca nhan, tdi ldi nhuan Hanh dong xa hoi trong tinh hudng nay

la hanh dong cd y thiic cua con ngUdi

• Cap he thong hanh vi bao gom cac qua trinh sinh ly, vat chat hiiu cd cua ddi song con ngUdi ma quan trong nhat la he thong hoat dong than kinh va he thong van dong Tren cap do nay, hanh dong la hanh

vi co dong cd, c6 dinh hudng, la hanh vi bi thuc day bcJi nhu cau thoa man mot cai gi dd nhat dinh

Tat ca cac he thong hanh dong tii cap hanh vi den cap van hoa deu phai dudng dau vdi nhiing van de chiic nang,

“nhiing nhu cau” cua tong the he thong, dd la van de thich

nghi, hudng dich, thong nhat va duy tri khuon mau Cac nhu cau cua he thong ddi hoi cac bo phan cau thanh cua nd phai dap iing, ttic la cd chiic nang hoat dong de thoa man nhu cau ton tai, phat trien cua he thong Cac nhu cau chiic nang cua

he thong la nhiing ddi hoi manh den miic nd buoc bo phan nao hoat dong khdng dung chiic nang se phai thay dd’i tham chi bi teo di, hay pha san va hinh thanh bo phan thay the Bo phan nao hoat dong cd hieu qua se trUdng thanh, ldn manh

Cdc bien dinh hinh hanh dong Con ngUdi hanh ddng

khdng tuy tien hoac khdng hoan toan theo y muon chu quan

ma luon hanh dong trong mot tinh huong xac dinh doi hoi phai lUa chon Khi xet he thong cua hanh dong tii goc do cua cac tac nhan, tiic la cua nhiing ngUdi tudng tac vdi nhau va vdi mdi trUdng thi cd the thay he thong cua hanh dong la he thong cua cac sU lUa chon ma cac tac nhan dd thuc hien khi

doi mat vdi cac kha nang, cac tieu chuan hay cac doi tUdng cua tinh huong.

Hanh dong dUdc dinh hinh thanh cac kieu, loai hay dang thiic khac nhau la do tac dong cua nhting yeu to' dinh hudng

ma Parsons goi la cac bien khuon mau (Pattern variables)1

Parsons neu ra nam bien khuon mau cua viec xac dinh vai tro Co the hinh dung cau true cua he thong xa hoi la cau true cua cac he thong hanh dong dUdc xac dinh trong moi tUdng quan cua cac bien khuon mau ThUc chat, nam bien khuon m&u tao thanh nam moi tUdng quan lUdng cUc, trong dd mdi tac nhan la ca nhan hay nhdm cd the quyet dinh hanh dong theo hudng nay hay hudng khac Su lUa chon tUdng ting vdi mdi bien khuon mau la2:

• Su lUa chon dong cd, tinh cam gitia sU thien vi va

sU vd tU;

• Su lUa chon ldi ich gitia ldi ich ca nhan va ldi ich

tap the;

• Su lUa chon chuan mUc dinh hudng-gia tri gitia

chuan mUc pho bien va chuan mUc dac thu;

• Su lUa chon phUdng thtic hanh dong gitia gianh

lay va gan cho;

• Su lUa chon quy md cua ldi ich gitia ldi ich dac

trUng rieng va ldi ich pho bien chung.

Tuy nhien, viec hanh dong rdi vao cUc nay hay cUc kia

1 Co the coi do nhii la mot cach phan loai hanh dong xa hoi.

2 Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Ilhnais: The Pree Press

1951 Tr 66-67.

hoac n lm d mot diem nhat dinh tren tiing moi tiidng quan neu tren phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nhii xa hoi hoa, thiet che hoa, sii kiem soat xa hoi.

Tom lai, ly thuyet tong quat ve cac he thong cua hanh dong nhan manh khia canh quan he khi coi he thong cua hanh dong la he thong cua cac moi lien he cua cac cd the tudng tac lan nhau va tudng tac vdi cac yeu to phi xa hoi trong mdi trUdng hay tinh huong1 Thuyet nay, tiic la thuyet

he thong hanh dong xa hoi, nhan manh khia canh chinh the khi cho rin g he thong cua hanh dong la he thong duy tri-ranh gidi Thuyet nay nhan manh khia canh cam tinh cua cac he thong hanh dong khi cho rang viec nghien ciiu hanh dong

phai xuat phat tCf quan diem cua ngUdi hanh dong, “tdc

nhan" Thuyet nay nhan manh tinh xu hudng cua cac he

thong hanh dong khi chi ra cac khuon mau van hoa, cac dinh hudng gia tri, cac bien khuon mau cua sii dinh hudng vai tro

va cac dieu kien tien quyet cua hanh dong Thuyet ve cac he thong hanh dong cua Parsons la mot ly thuyet tong quat, phiic tap gom cac thuyet ve van hoa, thuyet ve he thong xa hoi, thuyet ve nhan cach va thuyet ve hanh vi ddi hdi sii nghien ciiu tiep theo ve ly luan va thuc nghiem

Thuyet he thong xa hoi

Mot so khai niem ca ban cua ly thuyet ve he thong xa hoi

Theo Parsons, xa hoi la mot kieu hay loai he thong xa hoi dap

iing dUdc tat ca cac ddi hoi chiic nang cd ban cua mot su ton

1 Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press

1951 Tr 543.

tai lau ben tu: cac nguon liic ben trong cua no1 He thong xa

hoi la he thong cua cac qua trinh tudng tac giiia cac tac nhan (Actors), do do, Parsons cho rang, cau true cua he thong xa

hoi ve cd ban la cau true cua cac moi lien he giiia cac tac nhan tham gia vao qua trinh tiidng tac2

Ddn vi cua he thong xa hoi Parsons phan biet bori ddn vi

cua he thong xa hoi nhu sau3:

• Mot la dong tac xa hoi (Social act) do mot ngUdi thuc hien va hudng vao mot ngUdi hay nhieu ngUdi khac nhu la doi tUdng,

• Hai la vi the-vai trd vdi tmh cach la mot tieu he thong cd to’ chiic cua mot ngUdi hay nhieu ngUdi chiem giii nhiing vi the da cho va hanh dong hudng vad nhau theo cac xu hudng tUdng tac nhat dinh.

• Ba la ban than tac nhan - ngUdi hanh dong vdi tinh cach la mot ddn vi xa hoi, mot he thong cd to chiic cua tat ca cac vi the va vai tro dat ra doi vdi ngUdi dd nhu la mot doi tUdng xa hoi va vdi tinh cach la “tdc gid” cua mot he thong cac hoat dong- vai trd.

• Bon la ddn vi tong hdp, la mot tap the vdi tinh cach la mot tac nhan va mot doi tudng.

1 Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press

Tiidng iing vdi bon loai ddn vi he thong xa hoi la bdn loai cau true xa hoi: cau true cua cac dong tac xa hoi, cau true cua cac vi the-vai trd, cau true cua cac tac nhan hanh dong va cau true cua tap the.

Set do ly thuyet AGIL: He thong bon chiic nang

Parsons noi tieng trong gidi xa hoi hoc ve sd dd ly thuyet

he thong xa hoi viet t it la AGIL theo bon chui cai cua bon tieu

he thong Theo Parsons, he thong xa hoi dUdc cau thanh tii bon tieu he thong (he thong nho hdn), tudng iing vdi bdn loai nhu cau hay bon loai chiic nang cd ban cua he thong xa hoi Bon loai yeu cau chiic nang cua xa hoi la:

• Mot la: Thich iing (Adaptation - ky hieu la A) vdi

mdi trudng tu nhien-vat ly xung quanh

• Hai la: Hudng dich (Goal Attainment - G) - huy

dong cac nguon luc nhim vao cac muc dich da xac dinh

• Ba la: Lien ket (Integration - I) - phoi hdp cac hoat

dong, dieu hoa va giai quyet nhiing khac biet, mau thuan

• Bdn la: Duy tri khuon mau lan (Latent-Pattern

Maintenance - L) - tao ra sii on dinh, trat tu.

Tii dd, trong xa hoi hoc hien dai da xuat hien sd do noi tieng cua Parsons ve he thong xa hoi viet t it la sd dd AGIL,

con dUdc goi la sd do he thong hay md thiic “bon chiic nang”1.

1 Robert J Holton "Four-Function" Paradigm, trong George Ritzer and

Barry Smart (eds) Handbook o f Social Theory London: Sage Publications

2001 Tr 155.

Trong he thong xa hoi, tieu he thong (A) co chtic nang cung cap cac phiidng tien, nguon liic va nang liidng de thiic hien cac muc dich da xac dinh Trong he thong xa hoi, day chinh la tieu he thong kinh te Nen kinh te, cac doanh nghiep

va cac qua trinh kinh te diidc to chtic de thiic hien chtic nang thich ting ctia xa hoi doi vdi mdi triidng khan hiem cac nguon liic va dang bien doi khdng ngting

Tieu he thong hiidng dich (G) ddng vai trd xac dinh cac muc tieu va dinh hiidng cho toan bo he thong vao viec thiic hien muc dich da xac dinh Tieu he thong hiidng dich trong xa hoi chinh la he thong chinh tri vdi cac to chtic dang phai va cac cd quan chinh quyen trung lidng va chinh quyen dia phiidng cung nhieu ddn vi va cd quan quyen liic khac

Tieu he thong lien ket (I) thiic hien chtic nang g in ket cac ca nhan, cac nhdm va to chtic xa hoi, dong thdi kiem soat

xa hoi thdng qua giam sat, kiem tra, dieu chinh, trting phat

de giai quyet cac quan he mau thuan, xung dot nham tao nen sii on dinh, sii doan ket va trat tii xa hoi Tieu he thong lien ket gom cd cac cd quan phap luat, cd quan hanh chinh va bo may an ninh xa hoi

De ton tai mot cach on dinh va trat tii, mdi xa hoi can phai co tieu he thong bao ton (L) thiic hien chtic nang kich thich, dong vien cac ca nhan va nhdm xa hoi, dong thdi dam nhiem chtic nang quan ly va bao tri cac khuon mau hanh vi, ting xti cua cac thanh vien Tieu he thong L bao gom gia dinh, nha triidng, to chtic van hoa, tdn giao, khoa hoc, nghe tfruat Thdng qua cac cd che xa hoi hoa, hdp thtic hoa va thiet che hoa he cac gia tri, chuan nuic xa hoi cd kha nang dap ting nhu cau duy tri cac kieu hanh dong, cac khuon mau hanh vi de

bao dam trat til, on dinh, can b ln g va an toan xa hoi.

Cac tieu he thong quan he vdi nhau theo nguyen ly dieu khien hoc He thong d cap do cao hdn ve thong tin nhiing yeu

ve nang liidng (vl du he thong van hoa - L) chi phoi va kiem soat he thong ci trinh do cao hdn ve nang liidng nhiing kem ve thdng tin (vl du he thong kinh te - A)

Cac tieu he thong cd moi quan he qua lai vdi nhau theo nguyen ly chiic nang de tao thanh mot chinh the toan ven

C hlng han, tieu he thong kinh te cd moi quan he qua lai vdi nhau va vdi cac tieu he thong khac cua xa hoi de lay nguon

“dau vao” va cung cap “dau ra” la san pham, hang hoa va

dich vu VI du, doanh nghiep sii dung lao dong cua cdng nhan

cd trinh do chuyen mon va ky nang tay nghe do tieu he thong giao due tao ra va doi lai, nd tra cdng lao dong cho cdng nhan

de ho nuoi song ban than va gia dinh

Cac tieu he thong trao doi vdi nhau thdng qua mot loat cac phUdng tien va cdng cu xa hoi, vl du, tai san, tien bac, quyen liic, sii anh hUdng, sU g in bd va niem tin Mdi mdt cap tieu he thdng quan he trao doi vdi nhau thdng qua mot sd" loai phUdng tien chuyen biet PhUdng tien cd ban cua tieu he thong A la tien, von; cua tieu he thong G la quyen liic; cua tieu he thong I la sii anh hudng; va cua tieu he thong L la sii cam ket ve mat gia tri1 Chang han, tien cdng la phUdng tien chinh de trao doi giiia tieu he thong kinh te (A) va tieu he thong duy tri khuon mau (L) Von tu ban la phUdng tien

1 Jeffrex Alexander Van hod vd thuyet chiic nang, trong Do Lai Thuy Theo

vet chan nhiing ngiidi khong lo: tdn Guylivo phieu litu ky ve cdc ly thuyet van hod. Nxb Van hoa Thong tin H a Noi 2006 Tr 5 7

chinh trong quan he trao doi giiia tieu he thong kinh te (A) va tieu he thong hudng dich (G) Can chu y la cac chtic nang va cac tieu he thong co the tUOng ting dan xen, bu trti vdi nhau rat phtic tap Vi du, tieu he thong chinh tri trong tinh huong nhat dinh cd the dam nhan ca nhiem vu lam kinh te va nhting to’ chtic kinh te doc quyen manh cd the lung doan chinh tri, phap luat.

Ly thuyet ve cac he thong xa hoi cua Parsons dUdc trinh bay dudi dang sd do khai niem chu yeu giup ta phan tich va

md ta hanh dong xa hoi va trat tu cua cau true xa hoi mot cach to’ng hdp, khai quat va he thong1

4 T h u y e t c a u t r u c - c h i i c n a n g c u a R o b e r t M e r t o n

Litdc sic

Robert K Merton (1910-2003) sinh ra trong mot gia dinh ngUdi Do Thai di cU sang My song d thanh pho" Philadelphia Ong lay bang cti nhan d Dai hoc To’ng hdp Temple va lam luan an tien sy dudi sU hudng dan cua Talcott Parsons d trudng Dai hoc Tong hdp Harvard Tti nam 1941 den khi nghi hUu, Merton giang day va nghien ctiu d TrUdng Dai hoc Tong hdp Columbia

Khi ndi ve ly thuyet he thong xa hoi, Parsons cho biet, trong mdt thdi gian dai dng va Merton dUdc moi ngudi biet tdi

1 Doi vdi Parsons, ly thuyet xa hoi hoc, v6i tii cach la mot khia canh cua ly thuyet ve cac he thong xa hoi, chu yeu quan tam tdi hien tiidng thiet che hoa cac khuon m&u dinh hiio'ng-gia tri trong he thong xa hoi Talcott

Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press 1951 Tr

552.

chu yeu vdi tu cach la nhiing ngUdi diing dau trUdng phai cau truc-chiic nang trong xa hoi hoc My1.

Ngoai Parsons, Pitirim Sorokin2 va Paul K Lazarsfeld3

la hai ngUdi cd anh hudng manh me tdi xu hudng nghien ciiu

xa hoi hoc thuc nghiem cua Merton

Mot trong nhiJng ly thuyet noi tieng cua dng la ly thuyet

ve sii lech chuan Cdng trinh khoa hoc noi tieng nhat cua

Merton la cuon “Ly thuyet xa hoi vd cau true xa hoi” (Social

Theory and Social Structure) (1968) Khi ban ve tinh hinh

phat trien xa hoi hoc hien dai4, Randall Collins da coi Robert Merton la nhan vat no’i tieng nhat trong lang xa hoi hoc chuyen nghiep d My giGa the" ky 20 Vi nhiing ddng gop cua dng trong nghien ciiu khoa hoc, nam 1994, Robert Merton la

1 Talcott Parsons On Building Social System Theory: A Personal History

Daedalus 99 1970 Tr 849.

2 Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin (1889-1968) la nha xa hoi hoc M y goc Nga;

tifng lam thii ky cho Thu tUdng Kerensky cua chinh quyen N ga nam 1917,

bi true xuat nam 1922, di cU sang M y nam 1924, giao sii xa hoi hoc cua triidng Dai hoc Tong hdp Harvard Tac gia cua hdn 30 cuon sach ve cac chu

de xa hoi hoc, trong so' do co cuon: Sociological Theories o f Today (1966)

Ong de ra ly thuyet tuan hoan xa hoi, cho rin g cac xa hoi bien doi tii trang thai tam tiiclng (nang ve tii duy cam tinh) sang trang thai y tiidng (nang ve

tu duy ton giao) va trang thai y niem (ket hdp ca tam tuefng va y tudng).

3 Paul F Lazarsfeld (1901-1976) la nha xa hoi hoc ngUdi M y goc Ao Ngiidi sang lap ra Phong nghien ciiu xa hoi ting dung ndi tieng d tnidng Dai hoc tong hdp Columbia Chuyen gia ve phUdng phap nghien cUu dinh liidng va dieu tra xa hoi NgUdi co cong xay dung Toan hoc xa hoi lam cong cu phan tich xa hoi hoc Tac gia cua mot so ly thuyet cap trung binh nhii ly thuyet giao tiep dai chung-hai bu6c (mot la qua thu linh va hai la dai chung) Tac

pham chinh: The People's Choice (1944) va Personal Influence (1955).

4 Randall Collins Sociology Since M idcentury New York: Academic Press

1981.

nha xa hoi hoc dau tien dUdc Nha nUdc My tang huan chUdng quoc gia ve xa hoi hoc1.

Quan niem ve ly thuyet trung binh

Mot dong gop ly luan quan trong cua Merton la quan niem cua ong ve viec xay diing ly thuyet xa hoi hoc cap trung binh hay ly thuyet trung gian (middle-range theory)2 Theo ong, nhiem vu cua xa hoi hoc hien dai khong phai la tim kiem mot ly thuyet tong quat de giai thich moi hien tiidng xa hoi,

ma la phat trien nhiing ly thuyet chuyen biet ap dung vao tiing linh vUc nhat dinh nhii ly thuyet ve hanh vi sai lech, ly thuyet ve chuyen giao quyen liic va nhiing ly thuyet khac.Thiic ra trUdc Merton, mot so” nha xa hoi hoc da xay dung nhiing ly thuyet loai nay, vi du Durkheim diia ra ly thuyet diidi hinh thiic cac menh de de giai thich hien tiidng tii tii; va

ly thuyet giao tiep hai budc cua Lazarsfeld NhUng chi Merton mdi la ngUdi chu trUdng viec xay dung loai ly thuyet

cap trung binh (Middle-Range Theory) nhu la mot giai phap

ly luan de thiic hien nhiem vu trung gian, cau noi giiia he

1 Bui Dinh Thanh Vinh biet Robert Merton (1910-2003), trong Tap chi Xa hoi hoc So 2 2003 Tr 87 Neu nhii co giai thiiOng Nobel ve khoa hoc xa hoi hoc thi, theo y kien cua mot so' tac gia, Robert Merton se la ngiidi ditoc de c i trUdc tien Tuy nhien, con trai cua ong la Robert K Merton da difOc tang giai thiiOng Nobel ve khoa hoc kinh te nam 1997.

2 Theo Merton, cac ly thuyet cap trung binh hay ly thuyet trung gian la

n h in g ly thuyet nfim g iia cac gia thuyet cong tac can thiet dUdc r i t ra t i nghien c iu hang ngay va n h in g he thong ly thuyet 16n co kha nang giai thich hang loat cac hien tUo'ng co the quan sat duoc ve hanh vi xa hoi, to

ch ic xa hoi va s i bien doi xa hoi Ly thuyet cap trung binh diidc dung trong

xa hoi hoc de hiidng dan nghien c iu thuc nghiem Xem Robert K Merton

On Theoretical Sociology. London: The Free Press 1967 Tr 39.

Theo Merton, thuyet cau truc-chiic nang la sU giai thich mot hien tudng xa hoi bang cach chi ra he qua (chiic nang) cua no ddi vdi nhiing cau true ma nd la mot bo phan cau thanh Giong nhu quan niem cua Durkheim va Parsons, Merton cho rang cac cau true van hoa ma cu the la he cac gia tri xa hoi la nhiing yeu to" cd ban de ly giai cd che hoat dong

• a phoi hdp hoat dong cua cac thiet che xa hoi

Quan niem ve chiic nang

Khai niem loan chiic nang (dysfuntion) Mot ddng gop ldn

cua Merton doi vdi chu thuyet chiic nang trong xa hoi hoc la viec phat hien ra sU loan phan chiic nang, con goi la phi chiic nang hay phan chiic nang Khac vdi Parsons luon coi moi he qua cua mot thiet che xa hoi la chiic nang vdi nghia la nhiing

tac dung tot, cd ldi cho toan bo cau true xa hoi, Merton chi ra

nhiing phan chiic nang cua thiet che xa hoi Phan chiic nang

la nhiing he qua lam can trd, tham chi gay roi loan, lam giam kha nang ton tai, thich iing cua cau true De nhan dien sU loan chile nang hay phan chiic nang, can tra ldi cau hdi: he qua cua mot hien tudng xa hoi dem lai ldi ich hay gay td’n hai tdi ldi ich cua ai?

Can thay r in g he qua cd the la chiic nang, tiic la cd ldi chd nhdm ngudi nay nhung lai la phan chiic nang, tiic la cd hai cho nhdm ngudi kia Vi du, bo may nhiem sd cd chiic nang nang cao tinh hieu qua cua to chiic, nhung cd phan chiic nang la tao ra sU xd ciing, may moc trong hanh vi cua cac thanh vien trong bo may dd

thong ly luan xa hoi hoc vdi nghien ciiu thuc nghiem.

Phan loai chtic nang trdi vd chtic nang lan Nhii tren da

trinh bay, mot dong gop quan trong khac cua Merton la viec phan loai chiic nang troi (manifest function) va chiic nang lan (latent function) diia vao miic do bieu hien cua chung Merton chi ra cach phan tich chiic nang la phai viidt qua quan niem thong thiidng ve muc dich, y nghia ma cac chu the gan cho sii vat, hien tiidng de xac dinh chinh xac, khach quan tac dung cua chung Khi tim hieu thiet che va to’ chiic

xa hoi, can chi ra dau la he qua khdng chu dinh, chua thay

rd, chua bieu hien cdng khai va dau la he qua chu dinh, thay

rd, cdng khai Tren thiic te, muon hieu cd che hoat dong, ton tai va phat trien cua mot cau true xa hoi, ta khdng nen voi vang tin vao nhiing ldi tuyen bo' cdng khai ve muc dich, tac dung cua nd; ma can phai phan tich nhiing tac dong nhieu chieu cua nd doi vdi cac cau true xa hoi cd lien quan

Cdc cau true chtic nang thay the Giong nhu nhieu nha

chiic nang luan, Merton chi ra nhiing nhiing nhu c iu chiic nang can phai dap iing de xa hoi van hanh mot cach binh

thudng va goi chung la “nhting dieu kien tien quyet v i mat

chtic nang doi vdi xa hoi" NhUng khac vdi ho, Merton cho rang khdng nhat thiet mdi thiet che xa hoi chi dap iing mot

loai nhu cau xa hoi Ma tren thiic te, trong xa hoi luon cd “cdc

cau true chtic nang thay the nhau" de thoa man cac yeu ciu

chiic nang ma xa hoi dat ra Mot chiic nang cd the do hai hay nhieu hdn cac to’ chiic, thiet che xa hoi cung cd kha nang thiic hien Dieu nay cd nghia la nhiing thiet che hien hanh, dang dUdc duy tri khdng phai vi chung thiic sii can thiet va thiic sii tot hay cd ldi cho xa hoi; ma chang qua chung cd cd che de ton tai va cd kha nang de duy tri sii ton tai cua chung bat chap

viec chung co thuc sU can thiet hay co chiic nang hay khong.Cac thiet che xa hoi luon luon co kha nang thay the lan nhau trong viec dap iing nhiing nhu cau can thiet cho sii van hanh va hoat dong cua xa hoi Vi du, khi xa hoi chua co nha trUdng theo nghia dang dung hien nay thi gia dinh la thiet che thuc hien chiic nang giao due tre em Khi cac doanh nghiep quoc doanh khong co kha nang tao viec lam cho moi ngiidi lao dong thi gia dinh trd thanh mot trong nhiing thiet che xa hoi ddng vai tro tao viec lam cho cac thanh vien trong gia dinh Khi ngUdi gia khdng dUdc cham soc tai gia dinh thi trong xa hoi xuat hien cac trung tam dudng lao cung cap loai dich vu nay.

Ly thuyet chiic nang ve sai lech xa hoi

M erton da s ii dung triet de cach phan tich chiic nang luan de dua ra ly thuyet ve sU sai lech xa hoi Ong van dung khai niem lech chuan ma Durkheim da dua ra khi ban ve cac hinh thiic phan cdng lao dong trong xa hoi va cac loai hinh tu tti de xem xet sii sai lech xa hoi Theo Durkheim, lech chuan la sU thieu v ln g cac chuan miic, thieu sii dieu tiet, thieu sii quan ly, kiem soat xa hoi Merton cho r in g su thieu v ln g hay ro'i loan chuan miic theo cach hieu cua Durkheim chi la mot nhan to cd the gay

ra hanh vi bat binh thudng, hanh vi sai lech so vdi chuan miic Merton lam rd y tUdng cua Parsons ve vai tro cua yeu

to van hoa, yeu to' thiet che va su phan hoa dinh hudng-gia tri trong viec phan loai hanh vi sai lech Parsons cho rin g

sU lech chuan diln ra trong he tho'ng cua sU phan hoa hanh dong theo xu hudng do'i lap nhau la chu dong va thu

dong va sii phan hoa dong cO thanh thoa hiep va xa la1.Merton diia ra mot dinh nghia: su lech chuan la sii

khong phu hdp, sii “lech pha” gitia muc tieu van hoa va

phiidng tien dUdc thiet che hoa Do xac dinh sai muc tieu van hoa hoac chon sai phiidng tien ma hanh dong bi coi la lech chuan, la sai lech tham chi la toi pham Nhu vay, sU lech chuan xa hoi la do sii lech lac so vdi chuan miic xa hoi trong viec liia chon mot trong hai thanh to" quan trong nhat cua cau true hanh dong, dd la muc tieu va phiidng tien

Tti cach giai thich mang tmh chtic nang luan ve sii lech

chuan (Anomie), Merton diia ra bang phan loai hanh dong de

nhan dien cac kieu hanh vi sai lech xa hoi2 Can cti vao viec

xa hoi chap nhan (ky hieu la dau +) hay bac bo (ky hieu la dau - ) muc tieu va phiidng tien, Merton phan biet nam kieu hanh dong thich nghi vdi xa hoi nhii sau:

• Kieu thoa hiep (++): Khi ca muc tieu van hoa va

phiidng tien diidc chu the liia chon deu phu hdp vdi he cac gia tri, chuan miic xa hoi va do vay diidc xa hoi hoan toan chap nhan Vi du, de dat muc tieu lam giau ma xa hoi khdng phan doi muc tieu nay3 thi ca nhan cd the chon phiidng tien

1 Khung khai niem (Paradigm) cua Merton ve sU lech chuan la mot trUOng

hdp quan trong cua cau true xa hoi cua hanh vi sai lech do Parsons dua ra

Talcott Parsons The Social System Glencoe, Illinais: The Pree Press 1951

Tr 257-258.

2 Ho Dieu Thuy Diem qua cdc ly thuyet xa hoi H q c ve lech lac vd toi pham

Tap ch iX a hoi hoc So 1 2 0 0 0 Tr 95-101.

3 Co ndi co thdi ky, viec lam giau ngay ca mot cach chinh dang cung co the bi

len an la xau xa, la boc lot Ngay nay, tinh hinh da doi m6i: nhung “lam giau” chi dUdc de cao la muc dich c h i khong phai la ly tUOng.

diidc xa hoi chap nhan la hoc hanh “den ndi den

chon1' va tim kiem dUdc mot chd lam viec tot.

Kieu doi mdi (+ -) : Day la kieu hanh dong nham

muc tieu da diidc chap nhan nhiing b ln g nhiing phiidng tien va cach lam mdi ma xa hoi co the chua hay khdng chap nhan Vi du, viec lam giau

b ln g cach doi mdi cdng nghe hay md rong doanh nghiep ma luc dau chiia diidc moi ngiidi thiia nhan

Kieu nghi thtici- +): Day la kieu hanh dong tuan

theo cac thu tuc, cac quy dinh va sti dung cac phiidng tien diidc thtia nhan, nhiing lai khdng nhlm vao muc tieu van hoa diidc xa hdi chap nhan VI du, hanh dong quan ly cua nhting vi giam doc chi biet lam theo mot cach may moc nhting quy dinh nhiing khdng dem lai ket qua gi, tham chi con gay thua lo va bat binh dang xa hoi trong doanh nghiep

Kieu thoai lui (— ): Day la kieu hanh dong ma ca

muc tieu va phUdng tien cua nd deu khdng diidc chap nhan Vi du, hanh dong cua nhting ngiidi di tim khoai lac b ln g cach sti dung cac chat ma tuy Kieu hanh dong nay con goi la sii suy doi

Kieu noi loan (+ - + - ) : Day la kieu hanh dong hiidng tdi muc tieu mdi dUdc dat ra de thay the cho nhting muc tieu cu va sti dung phUdng tien mdi thay the cho phUdng tien cu Vi du, hanh dong cua nhting ngUdi khdi nghia, nhung ngUdi

cach mang hay viec thanh lap doanh nghiep mdi

de san xuat nhufng mat hang hoan toan mdi.

Xep tat ca nam kieu hanh dong nay tren cung mot true

ta thay kieu hanh dong thoa hiep nam d cUc “binh thiidng,

dung miic” doi lap vdi kieu noi loan ci cUc “bat thiidng, sai lech" Cac kieu hanh dong con lai nam doc tren true nay, cu

the sau “thoa hiep” la “doi mdi", tiep den la “nghi thiic” roi

“thoai lui” va cuoi cung la “noi loan".

Su khac biet giiia cac kieu iing xti xa hoi chu yeu la ci

nhan thiic va thai do danh gia cua xa hoi doi vdi tting bieu hien cua muc tieu van hoa va phUdng tien dUdc lUa chon de thUc hien muc tieu Tieu chuan de xac dinh mtic do dung mUc hay sai lech cua hanh dong phu thuoc vao he qua cua nd doi vdi xa hoi Dieu nay lien quan tdi cau hoi phUdng phap luan

Quan niem ve he vai trd

Merton md rdng khai niem vi the-vai trd ctia Ralph Linton1 Theo quan niem cua Linton, vi the la vi tri trong cau

1 Ralph Linton (1893-1953) la nha nhan hoc van hoa ngiidi My NgUdi dau

tien s i dung khai niem “vai trd" va “vi the" de nghien c iu cau trie ben trong

true xa hoi v6i nhiing quyen ldi va nghia vu tudng ting, va vai tro la kieu hanh vi hiidng t6i sii mong ddi cua nhting ngiidi khac xung quanh1 Nhiing trong khi Linton cho rang moi mot

vi the co mot vai tro tiidng ting, thi Merton quan niem rang mot vi the co nhieu vai tro ma ong goi la he vai tro (Role-set)

Merton diia ra khai niem “he vai trd” de chi mot cau true

gom cac vai tro va cac quan he cua chung ma ca nhan thiic hien khi n lm giti mot vi the xa hoi nhat dinh Ong dac biet quan tam tdi he vai tro bcii vi khai niem nay lien quan triic tiep t6i chtic nang Vai tro chinh la chtic nang ma hanh vi ca nhan hay thiet che xa hoi dam nhan thiic hien He vai tro thiic chat la he thong cac chtic nang va phan chtic nang, chtic nang troi va chtic nang lan co lien quan chat che v6i nhau

Ly thuyet trung gian cua Merton ve he vai tro hay vai tro tap hdp dat ra mot loat van de nghien ctiu quan trong trong

xa hoi hoc Do la tim hieu sii tac dong cua cau true xa hoi doi v6i viec hinh thanh he vai tro Do la xem xet each thiic hien

he vai tro de dam bao tinh can blng, on dinh va giai quyet

cua he thong xa hoi, cua mdi quan he giUa nhan cach va xa hoi, va ket hdp chu nghia chiic nang v6i tiep can lich sU de nghien c iu van hoa Tac pham

chinh: The Study o f M an (1936) va The Culutural Background Personality (1954) Xem : Gordon Marshall Oxford Dictionary o f Sociology 2nd Edition

New York: Oxford University Press 1998 Tr 371.

1 Thed Linton, vi the la vi tri trong mot khuon m&u n hat dinh cua cac

hanh vi tiidng tac giufa cac ca nhan hoac nhom ngUdi V a i tro la mat dong thai cua vi the Linton phan biet vi the gan cho ca nhan khong lien quan gi t6 i nang luc hay nhufng khac biet ben trong cua ho va vi the gianh dUdc nhd nhufng nang luc, pham chat dac biet Ralph Linton

Status and R oles Explain Social B eh avior, trong Lynn B arteck and

Karren M u llin E nduring Issu es in S ociology C A : G reenhaven Press

Inc 1995 Tr 1 0 1 -1 0 3

nhiing mau thuin, xung dot co the xay ra giufa cac vai tro.

5 Hifdng nghien ctiu cau true xa hoi v l mo cua Peter Blau

L iic fc s i i

Trong so" nhiing hu6ng phat trien mdi cua thuyet cau truc-chiic nang cl My, quan trong nhat la hucing nghien ciiu cua Peter Blau (1918-2002) Blau la nha xa hoi hoc ngUdi My

goc Do Thai sinh d Ao, di cu den My nam 1939 Sau khi tham

gia quan doi trong thdi ky The" chien thii hai, ong vao hoc triidng Dai hoc Tong hdp Columbia va lay bang tien sy xa hoi hoc nam 1952 Ong diidc bau lam chu tich Hoi Xa hoi hoc My nam 1973 Blau la giao sii triidng Dai hoc Tong hdp Chicago nam 1953-1970, triidng Dai hoc Tong hdp Columbia nam 1970-1988; ong da tiing giang day d Tianjin Trung Quoc tai Vien Han lam khoa hoc xa hoi v6i tii cach la giao sii nam 1981-1987 Blau tii gia trUdng Dai hoc Tong hdp Columbia de nghi hUu nam 1988 va chuyen sang giang day ci trUdng Dai hoc Tong hdp North Carolina, Chapel Hill tii nam 1988 den nam 2001 Cac cong trinh nghien ciiu quan trong cua ong la

cuon sach: Dong thdi cua bo may nhiem sd (The Dynamics o f

Bureaucracy) dUdc bien soan tii luan an tien sy cung ten cua

ong, Trao doi vd quyen liic trong ddi song xa hoi (.Exchange

and Power in Social Life) (1964), Cau true nghe nghiep cua

My (The American Occupational Structure) (1968), V i bdn chat cua cdc to chtic (On the Nature o f Organizations) (1974),

va cuon sach Bat binh ddng vd sii hon tap (Inequality and

Heterogeneity) (1977).

Dac trUng cd ban cua nhiing dong gop ly luan va phUdng phap luan cua Blau the hien cl sU tuan thu nghiem ngat nguyen tic khoa hoc thuc chiing trong viec xay dung nhiing dinh ly co the kiem chiing Cac gia thuyet cua ong deu dUdc kiem nghiem b ln g nhiing so lieu, sU kien thuc, tii do ong xay dung nhiing ly thuyet noi tieng trong do co ly thuyet cau true

xa hoi vi mo Day la dieu rat it nha xa hoi hoc co the lam dUdc mot each thudng xuyen va thanh cong nhu Peter Blau1

Trong cuon sach Bat binh ddng vd sii hdn tap2, Blau da

cung cap cach nhin nhan m6i de giai dap mot cau hoi cd ban cua xa hoi hoc: cai gi tao nen sU thong nhat xa hoi? Blau cho rin g nhat dinh co mot loai lien ket xa hoi, mot loai quan he

xa hoi nao do co kha nang tao ra sU thong nhat xa hoi Theo ong, sU ket hdp cua cac nhom va cac tin g 16p xa hoi khac nhau thanh mot the thong nhat khong the chi dUa vao moi phu thuoc lan nhau ve mat chiic nang ma doi hoi sU tUdng tac

xa hoi thuc sU giiia cac thanh vien Do vay, nhiem vu cua xa hoi hoc la phai chi ra dUdc cac tac nhan cau true cua moi tudng tac do de hieu sU thong nhat xa hoi

Hai kieu cau true xa hoi

Blau phan biet hai loai dac diem cd ban cua cau true xa hoi quy dinh vi tri, vai tro va moi lien he xa hoi cua cac ca nhan

1 Blau cho rin g: M uc tieu cua nha ly thuyet la phat hien ra mot so" khai

quat ly luan ma t i chung co the n it ra nhieu cac dinh de thiic nghiem khac

nhau Trich theo Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper (Eds.) The Social Science

Encyclopedia. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul 1985 Tr 74.

2 Peter Blau Inequality and Heterogeneity: A Primitive Theory o f Social Structure. New York: The Free Press 1977.

• Loai dac diem thii nhat la dac diem danh nghia (dinh tmh b&ng ten goi) cho biet chat cua sU vat, hien tUdng xa hoi Nhd chung ma cac ca nhan dUdc phan ra thanh tCfng loai, tiing nhom khac nhau ve ten goi chii khong phai ve thii bac cao thap, tren dUcfi Vi du, dac diem ve gi6i tmh, dan toe, ton giao, dang phai, nghe nghiep, v.v

• Loai dac diem thii hai la dac diem rnufc do (dinh lUdng) nhd no ma cac ca nhan phan hoa thanh tiing loai, tufng nhom khac nhau ve mile do nhieu

it, cao thap, tren dudi Vi du la cac dac diem ve miic thu nhap, trinh do hoc van, trinh do chuyen mon, miic do uy tin, quyen liic v.v

Tudng iing v6i hai loai dac diem nay la hai kieu cau true

xa hoi nhu sau:

• Diia vao dac diem danh nghia, co kieu cau true xa hoi khong dong nhat - kieu cau true hang ngang gom cac nhom ngUdi khac nhau ve ten goi nhUng giong nhau ve cap bac, tang 16p

• Diia vao dac diem miic do, co kieu cau true xa hoi bat binh ding - kieu cau true hang doc gom cac nhom ngUdi khac nhau ve vi the tren du6i, cao thap Cac kieu cau true xa hoi nhu vay deu co the tao ra nhiing hang rao hoac nhiing cd hoi cho sii tudng tac xa hoi, tiic la cho sii thong nhat xa hoi

Mot so dinh de xa hoi hoc

Dinh d i tdn suat tiidng tdc ti le nghich vdi quy mo nhom.

Blau dac biet chu y tdi cac yeu to" cau true nhu quy mo nhom

va tinh cd dong xa hoi tac dong tdi svf lien ket xa hoi Ong phat bieu mot dinh ly ve tac dong cua quy mo tdi tUdng tac xa hoi nhu sau: trong mot chinh the xa hoi gom hai nhom, neu moi thii deu nhu nhau thi tan suat tUdng tac giiia cac thanh vien cua nhom nho nhat dinh nhieu hdn nhom ldn Ve dieu nay kho co the lay nhiing dac diem tam ly cua nhiing thanh vien cua nhom nho de giai thich, ma can xuat phat tii quy mo tiic la so" lUdng cac thanh vien cua moi nhom Ro rang la ve mat dinh lUdng, neu lay tong so" cac mo"i tUdng tac xa hoi giiia hai nhom ma chia cho tong so" thanh vien cua moi nhom thi nhom nao nho se cho tan suat ldn hdn so vdi nhom co quy mo ldn (vi tii so" nhu nhau mau so" tang thi thudng se giam) Tuy nhien, tren thuc te" it nha khoa hoc thuc sU chu y va nhan thay r5 sU tac dong cua quy mo nhom tdi mo"i tUdng tac xa hoi cua cac thanh vien

Dinh d i sit lien ket xa hoi ti le thuan vdi sit khong dong nhat Qua viec nghien ciiu mo"i tUdng quan giufa cac dac diem

cua cau true xa hoi vdi sU thong nhat xa hoi, Blau da khai quat dUdc mot so dinh de quan trong, vi du nhu sau: sU khong dong nhat cang ldn thi cac nhdm phan hoa cang nho va

do vay cang tang kha nang lien ket giiia cac nhdm nhd Dieu

nay dUdc phan anh qua phUdng cham quan ly la dam bao “sit

thong nhat trong sit da dang” cua ldi ich, sang kien va hanh

dong xa hoi

Cac nghien ciiu ve cac nhdm khdng dong nhat ve nghe nghiep, ngon ngii, ton giao, dan toe cho thay cd mo"i tUdng quan ro ret giiia quy md nhdm vdi quan he giiia cac nhdm dung nhu dinh ly cua Blau: quy md nhdm nhd va su khdng

dong nhat cua nhom lam tang moi lien he giiia cac nhom tiic

la lam tang sii thong nhat xa hoi

Dinh dte tiicfng tdc xa hoi lam tang siC lien ket xa hoi Blau

diia ra mot dinh ly niia, do la sii giao ket va tUdng tac hdp dong

gop phan cung co moi lien he giiia cac nhom; con sU hdp nhat

lam giam moi lien he giiia cac nhom Dieu nay lien quan tdi van de phan hoa xa hoi va sU phan cong lao dong trong xa hoi

ma Durkheim da tiing noi tdi khi ban ve sii doan ket xa hoi Theo Durkheim, sii phan cong lao dong cang cao, chuyen mon hoa cang sau thi cang lam tang sii phan hoa xa hoi, lam tang sii phu thuoc chiic nang lan nhau giiia cac thanh vien trong xa hoi Nhung Blau cho rang sii phan cong lao dong khong nhat thiet tao ra sii thong nhat, hoi nhap xa hoi Ma sii doan ket xa hoi phu thuoc chu yeu vao moi tUdng tac thiic sii giGa cac ca nhan thanh vien khac nhau trong xa hoi

Tren thiic te, cac ca nhan co the phu thuoc lan nhau nhung lai khong trUc tiep gap gd, trao doi vdi nhau, do vay cung khd cd the tao ra dUdc sii thong nhat Nhii vay, Blau nhan manh vai trd quan trong cua cac moi tiidng tac xa hoi thiic sii dien ra giiia cac ca nhan doi vdi su hoi nhap va thong nhat xa hoi

cua A n th o n y G id d en s

Anthony Giddens sinh nam 1938 d North London cua nUdc Anh, la nha xa hoi hoc ngiidi Anh giao sii xa hoi hoc cua triidng Dai hoc Tong hdp Cambridge, ddng thdi cd vi tri giang day tiidng tu d trUdng Dai hoc Tong hdp California Ong da

viet va cho xuat ban hdn 20 cuon sach, trong so" do quan trong

nhat la cuon: Chu nghia tit ban vd ly thuyet xa hoi hien dai

(Capitalism and Modern Social Theory) (1971), Cau true giai cap cua cdc xa hoi tien tien (The Class Structure o f the Advanced Societies) (1973), Cdc quy tdc mdi cua phitcfngphap

xa hoi hoc (New Rules o f Sociological Method) (1976), Cdc van

d i trung tam cua ly thuyet xa hoi hoc (Central Problems of Sociological Theory) (1979), Ly thuyet xa hoi vd xa hoi hoc hien dai (Social Theory and Modern Sociology) (1987) va

nhieu cuon sach khac

Quy tac mdi cua phifcfng phap xa hoi hoc Giddens

cho r in g cach tiep can cua khoa hoc tu nhien qua nang ve

phan tich cac bo phan, “cdc nguyen tii” cua doi tudng nghien

ciiu Dieu nay khac han vdi khoa hoc xa hoi va nhan van

luon phai chu y tdi tmh chinh the, toan ven, “tong the kep”

gom sU kien khach quan va sU kien dem lai cho moi ca nhan vdi tu cach la chu the/dong the Giddens dua ra mot so quy

t ic mdi cua phUdng phap xa hoi hoc, trong so" dd noi bat len bon nhdm sau day:

• Mot la, nhiing quy tic ve do"i tudng cua xa hoi hoc -

vi du, xa hoi khdng phai la mot hien thuc khach quan da cho tii trUdc ma nd dUdc tao ra bdi cac hanh dong cua cac thanh vien cua xa hoi;

• Hai la, nhiing quy tic ve hanh dong va cau true -

vi du, cac chu the/dong the khdng dUdc tu do liia chon cach tao ra xa hoi ma bi gidi han bdi hoan canh lich sti cua ho; cau true xa hoi cd anh hudng hai mat tich cUc va tieu cUc do"i vdi hanh dong cua con ngudi; hanh dong ngudi luon cd cac yeu to' y