The architect's portable handbook

Sổ tay cho Kiến Trúc Sư

The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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INFORMA-or otherwise.

DOI: 10.1036/0071428895

Dedicated to:

•Bill Mahoney of BNI (Building News Inc.) who encouraged me in the first edition

•Joel Stein, editor of the first edition

•My family (Jan, Eric, and Erin)

•The memory of my parents

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The author wishes to thank Bill

Mahoney of BNI Building News

for providing many of the costs in

this book.

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Preface to the Third Edition xiii

How to Use This Book xv

Use this table as a checklist for the design of buildings

PART 1 GENERAL

A Practice (schedule of A/E services) 3

B “Systems” Thinking 17

C Specifications (CSI Format) 21

D Programming 37

E Construction Costs 43

F Construction Administration 57

G Practical Math and Tables 59

H Building Laws 85

1 Zoning 85

2 Code Requirements for Residential Construction (2000 IRC) 87

3 Building Code (2000 IBC and NFPA 5000) 93

a Occupant Load 93

b Occupancy Classification 93

c Allowable Floor Area 94

d Allowable Building Height 97

e Construction Type 98

f Hourly Ratings 99

g Occupancy Separations 99

h Sprinkler Requirements 99

i Fire Areas, Walls, Barriers, and Partitions 101

vii

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j Fire Protection of Exterior Walls

and Windows 102

k Exiting and Stairs 103

4 Accessibility (ADA requirements) 157

I Structural Systems 161

1 Construction Type by Code 161

2 Long vs Short Spans 162

3 Loads 163

4 Low- vs High-Rise 163

5 Lateral and Uplift 166

6 Structural Components (A Primer) 172

7 Rules of Thumb for Estimating Structural Sizes (Span-to-Depth Ratios) 180

J Energy: Passive and Active Approaches to Conservation 183

1 Passive 183

2 Active 205

3 Energy Code 206

K Green Architecture (Sustainable Buildings) 217

L Acoustics 223

1 Room Acoustics 223

2 Sound Isolation 226

PART 2 SITE A Land Planning 239

1 Costs 239

2 Slopes 239

3 Site Selection 239

4 Streets 239

5 Parking 239

6 Open-Space Proportions 242

B Grading and Drainage 245

1 Grading for Economy 245

2 Maximum Slopes 245

3 Desirable Grades 246

4 Grades at Buildings 247

5 Retaining Walls 248

6 Earthwork Conversion Factors 250

7 Earthwork Costs 250

8 Drainage 251

C Soils 257

viii Contents

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D Utilities 271

1 Storm Drains 271

2 Sanitary Sewer 271

3 Water 272

4 Power and Telephone 272

5 Gas 273

6 Fire Protection 273

E Site Improvements 277

F Landscaping and Irrigation 279

1 General 279

2 Materials 280

3 Irrigation 281

PART 3 CONCRETE A Concrete Materials 285

B Foundations 293

C Concrete Members (Sizes and Costs) 297

PART 4 MASONRY A Masonry Materials 309

B Masonry Members (Sizes and Costs) 319

PART 5 METALS A Metal Materials 327

B Steel Members (Sizes and Costs) 343

PART 6 WOOD A Wood Materials 351

B Wood Members (Sizes and Costs) 365

PART 7 THERMAL AND MOISTURE PROTECTION A Attic and Crawl Space Ventilation 375

B Water and Dampproofing 376

C Vapor Barriers 377

D Radiant Barriers 379

E Insulation 380

F Exterior Insulation and Finishing Systems (EIFS) 384

G Roofing 385

H Flashing 393

I Joints 394

Contents ix

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PART 8 DOORS, WINDOWS, AND GLASS

A Doors 401

B Windows 407

C Hardware 415

D Glass 419

PART 9 FINISHES A Plaster 427

B Gypsum Wallboard (Drywall) 428

C Tile 429

D Terrazzo 430

E Acoustical Treatment 430

F Wood Flooring 431

G Masonry Flooring 431

H Resilient Flooring 432

I Carpeting 433

J Paint and Coatings 436

K Color 440

PART 10 SPECIALTIES A Toilet Partitions 449

B Fireplaces 450

C Graphics 451

D Fireproofing 457

E Operable Partitions 462

F Bathroom Accessories 462

G Sun Control 463

PART 11 EQUIPMENT A Residential Kitchens 467

B Residential Laundries 468

C Miscellaneous Costs 468

PART 12 INTERIORS A General Costs 473

B Miscellaneous Objects 473

C Furniture 474

1 Miscellaneous 474

2 Living/Waiting 475

3 Bedroom/Guestroom 476

xContents

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4 Dining/Conference 477

5 Restaurant Seating 477

6 Office 478

D Human Dimensions 479

PART 13 ASSEMBLIES A Roof Structure Assemblies 489

B Floor Structure Assemblies 495

C Walls 501

D Ceilings 505

E Flooring 506

PART 14 CONVEYING SYSTEMS A Elevators 511

B Escalators 517

PART 15 MECHANICAL A The Plumbing System (in Toilet Rooms) 523

1 Fixtures Required by Code 527

2 Water Supply 528

3 Plumbing Fixtures 529

4 Sanitary Sewer 530

5 Rainwater/Storm Sewer 531

6 Fire Protection 533

7 Landscape Irrigation 537

8 Gas 537

9 Solar Hot Water Systems 537

B Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) 551

1 General 551

2 Systems for Small Buildings 551

3 Custom Systems for Large Buildings 557

4 Diffusers, Terminal Devices, and Grilles 563

PART 16 LIGHTING AND ELECTRICAL A Lighting 571

1 General 571

2 Daylighting (Natural Lighting) 577

3 Electric (Artificial) Lighting 597

B Power and Telephone 617

Contents xi

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A Building-Type Data 629

B Location Data 645

REFERENCES 665

INDEX 673

xii Contents

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Preface to the Third Edition

The major reason for this third edition, besides updating costs andother information, is the new building codes—the 2000 InternationalBuilding Code (and the very similar NFPA 5000 Building Code) Withthe IBC, a very good thing has happened The three model codes in theUnited States have come together to produce one national model code(even though it is called “international”) The bad thing, to my think-ing, is that it has grown in size and complexity by a factor of 10 I chal-lenge anyone to read it (if you can), as I did, and not come to the sameconclusion It is very difficult to grasp, and I believe it will become dif-ficult to enforce This will put anyone associated with it in jeopardy ofbeing accused of not adhering to or enforcing the law The NFPA code,though a little more user friendly, is not much better I believe thatwhen laws become too complex and voluminous people simply nolonger pay attention to them It should not be that way

Therefore, I urge all design professionals and all others dealing withbuilding construction or code enforcement to solicit their professionalassociations and other organizations to lobby for a simpler code—now!K.I.S.S (“Keep it simple, stupid”) is the answer

xiii

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How to Use This Book

The concept of this book is that of a personal tool that compacts the 20% of the data that is needed 80% of the time by design professionals

in the preliminary design of buildings of all types and sizes and of the

spaces between

This tool is meant to always be at one’s fingertips (open on a drawing

board or desk, carried in a briefcase, or kept in one’s pocket) It is never

meant to sit on a bookshelf It is meant to be used every day!

Because design professionals are individualistic and their practices

are so varied, the user is encouraged to individualize this book over

time, by adding notes or changing data as experience dictates

The addition of rough construction costs throughout the book

(mak-ing this type of handbook truly unique) will date the data But build(mak-inglaws, new technologies, and materials are changing just as fast There-

fore, this book should be looked on as a starter of simple data collection that must be updated over time New editions may be published in the

future See p 43 for more information on costs.

Because this book is so broad in scope, yet so compact, informationcan be presented only at one place and not repeated Examples of how

to use the information are provided throughout Information is sented in the form of simple ratios or coefficients that replace the need

pre-for commonsense judgment.

The whole book is laid out in checklist format, to be quickly read andchecked against the design problem at hand

Where is shown, refer to p 665 for further explanation of ences

refer-“Notes” pages appear throughout, on which the user is encouraged tokeep further information in the form of notes or sketches

This book is not a substitute for professional expertise or other books

of a more detailed and specialized nature, but will be a continuingeveryday aid that takes the more useful “cream” off the top of othersources

xv

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The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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Copyright 2003, 1998 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Click Here for Terms of Use.

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A PRACTICE

1 Services: Use “Schedule of A/E ing) Services”on pp 6–15 to plan the services for buildingdesign

(Architectural/Engineer-2 Compensation(A/E Fees)

a See App A, item E, for A/E fees as a percentage of

construction cost by building type

b Total services fees can be broken down as follows:

Schematic design 15%

phaseDesign develop-

documentsBid/negotiation 5%

Construction administration 20%

c Of the total A/E fees, standard consultants’ fees can

be broken out as follows:

(1) Civil engineering andlandscape architect 2.5 to 6%(2) Structural engineering 1 to 2.5%(3) Mechanical engineering 4 to 10%(4) Electrical engineering 4 to 10%(5) Other

3 Rules of Thumb for Business Practice

a Watch cash flow: For a small firm, balance

check-book For a medium or large firm, use cash ments and balance and income statements Estimatefuture cash flow based on past, with 15% “fudge fac-tor,” plus desired profit Many architects (and busi-nesses, in general) get in trouble by not immediatelypaying their bills (to consultants and vendors) asthey are paid by their clients

state-b Have financial reserves: Six months’ worth.

c Monitor time by these ratios:

(1) Chargeable ratio =This tells what percent of total labor cost is beingspent on paying work The higher the percent thebetter Typical range is 55 to 85%, but lower than

65% is poor However, principals often have a 50%

ratio

direct job labor costᎏᎏᎏtotal labor cost

or25% Preliminarydesign50% Const doc

25% Const.adm.冎

冎

3

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(2) Multiplier ratio =This ratio is multiplied times wages for billing rates.

Usually 2.5 to 3.0 Will vary with firm and time.

(3) Overhead rate: looks at total indirectexpenses as they relate to total direct labor

An overhead rate of 180 means $1.80 spentfor ea $1.00 working on revenue-producingprojects

(4) Profit: measured as total revenue minusexpenses Expressed as percent of total rev-enue

d Monitor accounting reports: A financial statement

consists of:

(1) Balance Sheet: Tells where you are on agiven date by Assets and Liabilities.(2) Earnings Statement (Profit and Loss):Tells you how you got there by Income lessDirect ( job) costs, and Indirect (overhead)costs = Profit, or Loss

e Mark up for Reimbursable Expenses (travel,

print-ing, etc.): Usually 10%

f Negotiating contracts

(1) Estimate scope of services

(2) Estimate time, costs, and profit

(3) Determine method of compensation:

(a) Percent of construction cost (b) Lump sum

(c) Hourly rates (d) Hourly rates with maximum “upset”

(“not to exceed”)

g Contract checklist

(1) Detailed scope of work, no interpretationnecessary

(2) Responsibilities of both parties

(3) Monthly progress payments

(4) Interest penalty on overdue payments.(5) Limit length of construction administra-tion phase

(6) Construction cost estimating ties

responsibili-(7) For cost-reimbursable contracts, specify aprovisional overhead rate (changes year toyear)

dollars of revenueᎏᎏᎏdollars of direct labor

4 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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(8) Retainer, applied to fee but not costs.(9) Date of agreement, and time limit on con-tract.

(10) Approval of work—who, when, where.(11) Ways to terminate contract, by both parties.(12) For changes in scope, bilateral agreement,and an equitable adjustment in fee.(13) Court or arbitration remedies and whopays legal fees

(14) Signature and date by both parties.(15) Limits on liability

(16) Time limit on offer

(17) Put it in writing!

Practice 5

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6 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

6

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Practice 7

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8 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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Practice 9

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10 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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Practice 11

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12 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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Practice 13

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14 The Architect’s Portable Handbook

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Practice 15

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B “SYSTEMS” THINKING

In the planning and design of buildings, a helpful, all-inclusive tool

is to think in terms of overall “systems” or “flows.” For each of thefollowing checklist items, follow from the beginning or “upperend” through to the “lower end” or “outfall”:

1 People Functions

a Follow flow of occupants from one space to

another This includes sources of vertical portation (stairs, elevators, etc.) including pathways

trans-to service equipment

b Follow flow of occupants to enter building from off

site

c Follow flow of occupants to exit building as

required by code, in case of an emergency

d Follow flow of accessible route as required by law.

e Follow flow of materials to supply building

(includ-ing furniture and off site)

f. Follow flow of trash to leave building (including tooff site)

g Way finding: do graphics or other visual clues aid

flow of the above six items?

2 Structural Functions

a Follow flow of gravity loads from roof down

columns, through floors, to foundations and soils

b Follow flow of lateral loads:

(1) Earthquake from ground up through dations, columns, walls, floors, and roof.(2) Wind from side walls to roof and floors,through columns, to foundations and theearth

foun-(3) Follow flow of uplift loads from wind andearthquake by imagining the roof beingpulled up and that there are positive con-nections from roof to columns and walls(through floors) down to foundations andthe earth

3 Water, Moisture, and Drainage

a Drain the rain Follow rainwater from highest point

on roof to drain, through the piping system to fall (storm sewer or site) off site

out-b Follow rainwater from highest points of site, around

building, to outfall off site

c Follow rain or moisture at exterior walls and

win-dows down building sides or “weeped”through

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assemblies to outfall Remember: Moisture movesfrom more to less Moisture moves from warm tocold.

d Follow vapor from either inside or outside the

build-ing, through the “skin” (roof and walls) to outfall.Things get wet Let them dry out

e Follow water supply from source to farthest point of

use

f. Follow contaminated water from farthest point ofuse to outfall (sewer main or end of septic tank)

g Follow vapor flow into materials over year and

allow for blockage, swelling, or shrinkage

4 Heat(flows from warm to cold)

a Follow sun paths to and into building to plan for

access or blocking

b Follow excessive external (or internal) heat through

building skin and block if necessary

c Follow source of internal heat loads (lights, people,

equipment, etc.) to their “outfall” (natural tion or AC, etc.)

ventila-d Follow heat flow into materials over a year, a day,

etc and allow for expansion and contraction

5 Air

a Follow wind patterns through site to encourage or

block natural ventilation through building, as quired

re-b Follow air patterns through building When natural

ventilation is used, follow flow from inlets to outlets.When air is still, hot air rises and cold air descends

c Follow forced air ventilation patterns through

build-ing to address heat (add or dissipate) and odors.CFM out equals CFM in

6 Light

a Follow paths of natural light (direct or indirect sun)

to and into building Encourage or block as needed

b Follow paths of circulation and at spaces to provide

artificial illumination where necessary This includesboth site and building

7 Energy and Communications

a Follow electric or gas supply from off site to

trans-former, to breakers or panels to each outlet or point

8 Sound

a Identify potential sound sources, potential receiver

locations, and the potential sound paths betweenthe two

b Follow sound through air from source to receiver.

Mitigate with distance or barrier

c Follow sound through structure from source to

receiver Mitigate by isolation of source or receiver

“Systems” Thinking 19

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C SPECIFICATIONS

1 Standard outline for writing specification sections:

a General b Products c Execution

2 Quick checklist on products or materials:

a What is it and what does it do?

b Who is it made by?

mate-a Structural serviceability (resistance to natural forces

such as wind and earthquake; structural adequacyand physical properties such as strength, compres-sion, tension, shear, and behavior against impactand indentation)

b Fire safety (resistance against the effects of fire such

as flame propagation, burnthrough, smoke, toxicgases, etc.)

c Habitability (livability relative to thermal efficiency,

acoustic properties, water permeability, opticalproperties, hygiene, comfort, light, and ventilation,etc.)

d Durability (ability to withstand wear, weather

resis-tance such as ozone and ultraviolet, dimensionalstability, etc.)

e Practicability (ability to surmount field conditions

such as transportation, storage, handling, ances, connections, site hazards, etc.)

toler-f Compatibility (ability to withstand reaction with

adjacent materials in terms of chemical interaction,galvanic action, ability to be coated, etc.)

g Maintainability (ease of cleaning; repairability of

punctures, gouges, and tears; recoating, etc.)

h Code acceptability (review of code and

manufac-turer’s claims as to code compliance)

i Economics (installation and maintenance costs).

4.CSI format

Use this section as a checklist of everything that makes orgoes into buildings, to be all-inclusive in the planning anddesigning of buildings, their contents, and their surroundings:

a Uniformat for preliminary systems planning:

20

21

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