Application of remote sensing and gis on landslide

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN KIEU ANH APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ON LANDSLIDE RISK IN PAC NAM DISTRICT, BAC KAN PROVINCE THESIS P

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN KIEU ANH

APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS ON

LANDSLIDE RISK IN PAC NAM DISTRICT, BAC KAN

PROVINCE

THESIS PROPOSAL

Study Mode: Full-time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Program Office

Batch : 2015-2019

Thai Nguyen, 09/2019

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT

Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry

Degree Program Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name Nguyen Kieu Anh

Student ID DTN1554290001

Thesis Title Application of remote sensing and GIS on landslide

risk in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province Supervisor (s) Msc Nguyen Van Hieu

Keywords Geographic Information System, Landslide, Pac Nam

Number of pages 55

Date of submission 23/09/2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Approved by the Advanced Education Program – Thai Nguyen University

of Agriculture and Forestry, I have successfully conducted the research:

―Application of remote sensing and GIS on landslide risk in Pac Nam district‖ First and foremost, I would like to thank my research supervisor, Msc Nguyen Van Hieu – director of ―GeoInformatics Research Center‖ and Mr Mui Minh Tung, who helped me a lot during the internship time Without the assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this research would have never been accomplished

I also would like to show gratitude to the staff members of GIRC, who helped and supported me to accomplish my research In addition, I would like to thank my family and my friends by always staying by my side, encourage and help me in learning and researching

Thai Nguyen, September 14, 2019

Student

Nguyen Kieu Anh

TABLE OF CONTENT

DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii

TABLE OF CONTENT iv

List of Figures 1

List of Tables 2

List of Abbreviations 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Research rationale 4

1.2 Research objectives 6

1.3 Research questions 6

1.4 Limitations 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1 Theoretical basis 7

2.1.1 Landslide definition 7

2.2.2 Application of GIS on landslide analysis in Vietnam 12

PART III METHODS 14

3.1 Material 14

3.2 Methods 14

3.2.1 Data collection and analysis 14

3.2.2 Inheritance method 19

3.2.3 Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method 19

3.2.4 Map editing method 21

PART IV RESULTS 23

4.1 Natural and socioeconomic condition assessment in Pac Nam district, Bac

Kan province 23

4.1.1 Natural condition 23

4.1.2 Social and economic conditions 25

4.2 Calculating the weight number for landslide estimation 27

4.3 Landslide risk assessment 29

4.4 Building the landslide risk map in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province 30

4.4.1 Impact of terrain slope on landslide: 30

4.4.2 Impact of traffic on landslide 32

4.4.3 Impact of geological fault on landslide 34

4.4.4 Impact of land use on landslide: 36

4.4.5 Impact of rainfall on landslide 37

4.4.6 Impact of soil types on landslide 39

4.4.7 Mapping landslide risk in Pac Nam district 42

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 44

5.1 Consequences of landslide 44

5.2 Main reasons of landslide in Pac Nam 45

5.3 Landslide preventions 46

REFERENCES 48

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1 The photo frame picture 21

Figure 4.1 The administrative map of Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province 23 Figure 4.2 The slope map of Pac Nam district 30

Figure 4.3 The traffic map of Pac Nam district 32

Figure 4.4 The geological fault in Pac Nam district 34

Figure 4.5 The land cover map of Pac Nam district 37

Figure 4.6 The rainfall map of Pac Nam district 39

Figure 4.7 The soil types map of Pac Nam district 41

Figure 4.8 The landslide risk map in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province 42

LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.1 The weight number estimation 28

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CAD Computer-aided design DMBS Database Management System GIS Geographic information system GPS Global Positioning System PDA Personal digital assistant

PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research rationale

Bac Kan is located in a northern mountainous region of Vietnam Most of Bac Kan’s surface are mountains and hills, accompanied by a complicated network of streams and rivers Due to this rugged and forested topography, the development of water resources has been limited resulting in exploitation of Bac Kan’s forest resources; this has caused degradation of the forests The climatic condition of the province is typically tropical monsoonal, the rainy season is from May to October accounting for about 88-90% of the annual rainfall and dry season lasts 5 months between November and April leading to water shortage conditions during these months With the topography of high steep hills and mountains, Bac Kan always has the risk of land and stone landslides, seriously affecting local living conditions, especially when the leveling of houses is still arbitrary The province has about 300 spots with more than 2,000 households located in high risk of landslides, while the rainy season is still long Most families living in this area are not safe due to insufficient investment in infrastructure and high ta-luy roofs, causing potential risk for landslides

The topographical characteristics of Pac Nam are gradually rising from the Southeast to the Northwest, created by large mountain ranges that have the direction of Southeast - Northwest The district has three main stream branches, one of the watersheds of the Nang River The terrain is quite complex but can be divided into 2 large regions: High and low areas The highlands have an average height of over 800 m or more, accounting for about 60% of the whole district area This region is sparsely populated, has potentials for land, forestry and

minerals, and is capable of mobilizing into socio-economic development The lowlands have elevation below 800 m, mainly low mountainous terrain, valley basin, accounting for about 40% of the natural area of the district Pac Nam is one of the upland districts of Bac Kan province, every year this district is affected by local floods and whirlwinds With specific features of hilly terrain, large slope and many streams, along with relatively high average annual rainfall,

in recent years, Pac Nam district has been suffered from many flash floods and landslides during the rainy season Particularly in 2015 and 2016, Pac Nam district is one of the localities that suffered heavy losses of the province from natural disasters caused by floods, which caused roofs of many houses, many hectares of cash crops and forests of people were collapsed, a number of roads with serious erosion, damaging up to more than 10 billion According to statistics

of Pac Nam district, in the rainy season in 2019, the whole district still has more than 200 locations at risk of the effects of flash floods and landslides scattered in

40 villages of 10 communes The total number of households at risk of landslides

is 268, flash floods and inundation nearly 80 households, households in prone areas mainly concentrated in Nhan Mon commune, Bang Thanh, Co Linh and An Thang communes

disaster-In recent years, with the development of information technology, there are many researches towards the application of remote sensing technology and GIS The GIS tool here is used to assess the relationship between landslide factors by developing a landslide factor map These factors are classified into different classes in accordance with its influence on landslide Integrated landslide factor maps are weighted together to estimate the landslide risk For

reasons mentioned above, I selected the topic: ―Application of remote sensing and GIS on landslide risk in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province‖

1.2 Research objectives

Using GIS, remote sensing, research, assessment and zoning of landslide risk to determine the hazard level of the landslide from sampling spot and find out reasonable solutions to minimize the adverse effects of landslide on human life in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province

1.3 Research questions

This study was conducted to answer the following research questions:

1) What are the main causes of landslides in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province?

2) What are the effects of landslide?

3) What are methods to determine landslide risk?

4) How can we reduce the landslides in Pac Nam district, Bac Kan province?

1.4 Limitations

This study might have a high cost to go to the popular site and also for the methodological preparation Due to insufficient money, we have to use landset images that free in the Internet and they have poor quality

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical basis

2.1.1 Landslide definition

The Glossary of Geology (Bates and Jackson, 1987) defined a landslide as

" the downslope transport under gravitational influence of soil and rock material

en masse Usually the displaced material moves over a relatively confined zone

or surface of shear" This definition can be simplified by removing the qualifying sentence and translating all of what remains into less pretentious English

The causes of a landslide can be divided into three categories namely

morphology, human activity, and geology Morphology is related to the structure

of the earth surface Sloppy land can lose vegetation due to a drought or fire which causes it to become vulnerable to a landslip when the root system that holds soil intact is destroyed The saturation of the earth by melting snow, glaciers, or even the occurrence of heavy rainfall can cause a landslide The second cause of landslides is human actions on land Deforestation, water leakage, rock blasting, vibrations by machinery, and excavations are major causes The third cause of landslides is geology which refers to the characteristics

of the soil material itself The earth might be fractured and weak either on the surface or underneath Different layers of the earth may possess different stiffness, strengths, and water permeability ability Certain layers may be prone

to a landslide in case of an earthquake or heavy rainfall Volcanic eruptions are another risk (Daniel Maina Wambugu, 2018)

Landslides pose a permanent hazard to the lives and livelihoods of people

in most parts of the world, especially in areas with rapid population and

economic growth The hazards are mitigated primarily through preventive measures - for example, by limiting or even eliminating populations from landslide history, by limiting certain types of uses The soil has a problem of slope stability and by installing early warning systems based on monitoring of ground conditions such as soil and rock stress, shifting of slope and groundwater level There are also many different direct methods to prevent landslides; including modifying slope shape, using chemical agents to reinforce slope materials, installing structures such as piles and retaining walls, mortar and cracks, diverting debris, and drainage surfaces water and underwater drainage Such direct methods are limited by the cost, intensity and frequency of landslides, and the size of human settlements at risk (Xingmin Feng, 1998)

2.1.2 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)

There are many definitions of geographic information systems (GIS): There are many definitions of geographic information systems (GIS):

- A collection of hardware, computer software along with geographic information This collection is designed to collect, store, update, manipulate, analyze and represent all forms of spatial information

- A computer system capable of storing and using data describing locations (places) on the earth's surface - A system called GIS if it has tools to support manipulation with spatial data

- A computer tool to map and analyze real things and phenomena on earth

Components of a geographic information system

- Hardware - devices that users can manipulate with functions of GIS (Computers, peripherals, PDA’s, mobile phones, etc.)

THESIS PROPOSAL

- Software - Programs that run on the user's computer; Designed for controlling and analyzing spatial data: ArcView, ArcGIS (ESRI), MapInfo Professional (MAPINO), ERDAS Imagine, )

- Database - Geographic location, attribute of the object, spatial relationship of information, and time

- Methods - Techniques and operations are used to import, manage, analyze and represent spatial data and ensure its quality (digitization, database construction, spatial analysis, construction) mapping, metadata)

- People - who use, design, build, maintain and maintain GIS programs, provide data, interpret and report results

Distinguishing the geographic information system from some other information systems

GIS is closely related to some other information systems such as Desktop Mapping (mapping), CAD (computer-aided design), Remote Sensing and GPS (global positioning system), DBMS (Database management system) But only GIS is capable of analyzing geographic data

Desktop Mapping (mapping establishment):

- Use maps to organize data and user interaction

- The focus of this system is mapping: maps are databases

- More limited than GIS in data management, spatial analysis and customization capabilities

CAD (computer design help)

- Help with creating house and infrastructure design blueprints

- The CAD requires a number of rules about the limited set of components and analysis capabilities

- CAD systems can be extended to support maps but are usually limited to the management and analysis of large geographic databases

Remote sensing and GPS (global positioning system)

- Research the surface of the earth using sensor techniques such as camera rotation from aircraft, GPS stations or other devices

- Collect image data and provide the ability to manipulate, analyze and simulate these images

- Due to the lack of features for analyzing and managing geographic data,

it cannot be called true GIS

DBMS (Database Management System)

- Specializes in storing and managing all types of data including geographic

data

- Many GIS systems have used DBMS for data storage purposes

- DBMS does not have analysis and simulation tools like GIS

Some applications of GIS geographic information system

- Emergency services: Fire and police

- Managing natural resources and the environment: Monitoring and modeling

- Trade: Find location, distribution system

- Industry: Transportation, communications, mines, pipelines and health care

- Education: Research, Teaching and management tools (Thuy Linh Nguyen, 2015)

2.2 PRACTICAL BASIS

2.2.1 Application of gis on landslide analysis in the world

The problem of landslide is a very important issue in the world Landslide appear in many researches and articles For instance, Application of GIS for Landslide Hazard Zonation and Mapping Disaster Prone Area: A Study of Kulekhani Watershed, Nepal by Purna Chandra Lal Rajbhandari, Bhuiyan Monwar Alam, and Mohammad Shakil Akther (2002), methods used in this research are aerial photo interpretation, field investigation, digital terrain model preparation, analysis of data and rating of hazard zonation and disaster prone area mapping The obtained results after overlaying of the landslide map to each thematic map have been used to test the null hypothesis It has been found that the proportion of the landslide area and of no landslide area of different thematic maps significantly differs The obtained result from the overlay of landslide distribution map to other thematic maps were the basis to consider the ranking for each class Based on the landslide occurrences within the class of thematic maps the trend of occurrence has been classified into the relative scale as high, medium and low classes and ranked as 3, 2 and 1 respectively Each thematic map was subjectively weighted by the observation of the landslide of the landslide trend obtained from the overlay function and field observation Different weight had been used to possible correct landslide hazard zonation map The weight found

to be satisfactory is along with the thematic map class rank as: Ranking scale: 1

to 3, maximum score: 300, high hazard area: 0 to 100, medium hazard area:

101 to 200 and low hazard area: 201 to 300

In 2012, a research named ―Research on the Application of Geographic Information System in Tourism Management‖ which used landslide hazard evaluation factor and landslide hazard zonation method belong to a author called Wei Wei Through this research, he gave out the conclusion that the development

of tourism not only needs its own information management and exchange, but also adapts to the economic development and information needs of the whole society The GIS applied to the tourism management is the inevitable demand for tourism management and tourism development The development of modern information technology constantly presents new challenges to tourism management In this case, it is a very important problem that how to make full use of the GIS in the tourism management to make tourism management better adapt to the needs of Information development It requires ongoing in-depth discussion and study

2.2.2 Application of GIS on landslide analysis in Vietnam

Landslides are common forms of catastrophe in Vietnam Research on landslide has been mentioned in many topics such as "Assessment of geological hazards in the central coastal provinces from Quang Binh to Phu Yen - status, causes, forecasts and recommendations for prevention and mitigation measures" This report is written by some authors: Tran Tan Van, Pham Kha Tuy, Nguyen Xuan Giap, Thai Duy Ke in 2002 In this research the authors use methods are sampling and analysis experiment, collect and synthesize existing documents, zoning forecast of landslide hazard In 2007, ―Research on geological hazard in

Thua Thien - Hue region by integrating remote sensing method‖ is chaired by Tran Trong Hue (2007) This research uses some methods are using GIS to analyze landslide sensitivity The main result that the project achieved was to assess the current status of landslides in the region, identify the main factors causing landslides, build models to integrate factors to obtain landslide risk maps, demonstrating the risk of landslides in different territorial scales and providing solutions to prevent landslides Verifying the model by practically sliding the land in the key zone as well as throughout the study area shows that the results of the project are acceptable

Regarding science, the results of the project contribute to promoting and orienting to study geological disasters; study theoretical as well as practical issues in planning the rational use of territory, management and protection of environmental resources; Research methodology for sustainable development, strengthen geological hazard monitoring capacity

Regarding application, landslide risk map is the basis for the locality to use the territory On the map will show the areas at risk of slipping different high and low land, whereby the locality has an effective land use plan

PART III METHODS 3.1 Material

The material for this research including Landsat satellite image, sentinel satellite

image which are free downloaded from website https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ and https://scihub.copernicus.eu The precipitation data of Pac Nam district

from Bac Kan meteorological and meteorological station The land used map from Department of Natural Resources and Environment in Bac Kan

There are many different methods to collect data One can be divided into two types: the desk method and the field method

• The desk data collection method is the method of collecting data available inside and outside the company, ie secondary data However, by means

of modern telecommunications such as web, e-mail, telephone, networked camera,… the researcher can have indirect access to the object to be studied to collect data Therefore, data collectors can sit in the office to search secondary and primary data In the Internet age, this method is easy to implement However,

at present, there are many limitations in secondary data sources in Vietnam

• Field methods include many different forms of primary data collection Those are the methods:

1) Methods of observation

Observation method is a method of collecting primary data about customers, competitors by using people or machines to record the phenomena, behaviors of customers and employees of the company of the competitors The purpose of the observation is to record the behavior, words of employees, of customers when they are at places dealing with customers After observing a certain behavior of a customer, we can interview them for more information about that behavior It is possible to make observations by eye, by recorder, video The observation method gives us objective results However, the difficulty with this method is not to see the connection between the phenomenon and its nature In order to do so one must conduct observations many times to find the rule When observing, keep it secret to ensure objectivity If customers know we observe, they will not behave objectively

2) Method of interview

Interview Method is a method of collecting primary data by interviewing selected subjects This is the only way to know customers' opinions and intentions However, the interview method also has certain disadvantages It is high cost, time-consuming and sometimes the interviewees do not answer or answer dishonestly (especially for Asians) Interviews can be conducted by personal face-to-face interviews, public interviews, focus group interviews, telephone interviews and mail interviews Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages

3) Experimental method

Experimental Method to create artificial conditions to determine the result when one variable is changed while the other remains the same The empirical method is appropriate for the type of cause and effect study, that is, the study of the effect of one variable on another, such as changes in price, or changes in packaging Come to the purchasing power of customers Some goals of empirical methods are:

• Explore the causal relationship between two quantities

• Verify a hypothesis

• Testing new products

• Test new marketing strategies (new packaging, new prices, new advertising ) Experimental results are observed, or participants are interviewed so that researchers know their reactions, and the data are carefully documented for analysis

The disadvantage of the experimental method is that it is high cost, and it is difficult to control the influence of foreign factors

b Data analysis

Data analysis is the process of discovering, interpreting and communicating meaningful models in data Especially valuable in areas where there is a lot of recorded information, analysis based on the simultaneous application of statistics, computer programming and operational research to quantify performance

Application of Data Analysis

- Optimize marketing

Marketing has evolved from an innovative process to a process that is highly dependent on data Marketing organizations use data analysis to determine the results of campaigns and marketing efforts and guide investment decisions and target customers Demographic research, customer segmentation, combination analysis and other techniques allow marketers to use large amounts

of data on consumer purchases, surveys and groups to understand and communicate marketing strategy Common analytical techniques used in marketing include mixed marketing, pricing and discount analysis, sales force optimization and customer analysis

- Analyzing human data

This application of data analysis assists management companies in terms of personnel, with the goal of selecting which employees to hire, reward or promote, what assignments and HR other issues Human resources analysis is becoming increasingly important to understanding which profiles with which type of behavior will succeed or fail While human analysis is applied to employees in an organization, customer segmentation techniques are used to research customer profiles and uncover the most potential customers of the market

- Analyzing catalog data

A common application of business data analysis is portfolio analysis In particular, a bank or lender has a collection of customer accounts with many variables of value and risk These customers may vary in social status, geographic location and other factors The lender must balance the profit earned

on the loan with the risk of default on each loan Data analysis solutions can

combine time series analysis with many other issues to make decisions about when to lend to each group of customer segments, or decide on the interest rate for each in the portfolio segment to compensate for losses from the entire object

in that category

- Analyzing risk data

Predictive models in the banking industry are developed to provide certainty for the risk index of each individual customer Credit indexes are designed to predict individuals' legal violations and are widely used to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers Besides, risk analysis is done in science and the insurance field It is also widely used in financial institutions to analyze whether

a transaction is real or fraudulent using the client's transaction history This application is more widely used in credit card purchases to minimize losses in the above cases

- Analyzing digital data

Digital data analysis is a group of business and technical activities aimed

at identifying, initiating, collecting, verifying or converting digital data into reporting, research, analysis and proposals…, optimize, forecast or automate The app also includes SEO (Search Engine Optimization) in which keyword searches are tracked and become data used for marketing purposes

- Analyzing security data

Analyzing security data related to information technology, to collect and analyze security events to find out which factors bring the greatest risks Products

in this area include information security management - events and user behavior data analysis

- Software data analysis

Software data analysis is the process of collecting and analyzing information about how a software is manufactured and used

3.2.2 Inheritance method

Inheritance method is a method of using and inheriting existing documents

on research issues, based on available information and materials to build and develop necessary data for research This research inherits available data from previous studies related to landslides and application of GIS ( geographic information system) in landslide studies in Vietnam such as "Assessment of geological hazards in the central coastal provinces from Quang Binh to Phu Yen

- status, causes, forecasts and proposals for prevention and mitigation of consequences" by Tran Tan Van (2002 ); "Research on geological hazard in Thua Thien - Hue region by integrating remote sensing method" by Tran Trong Hue (2007)

3.2.3 Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) method

Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) could be a decision-making tool developed for complicated issues In an exceedingly state of affairs wherever multiple criteria area unit concerned confusion will arise if a logical, well-structured decision-making method isn't followed Another issue in deciding is that reaching

a general agreement in a multidisciplinary team will be very tough to realize By victimization MCA the members don't have to be compelled to agree on the relative importance of the factors or the rankings of the alternatives This manual

is written for an associate degree audience that desires a transparent, simple to follow manual that may be employed in the sphere to implement MCA the data

is structured so the reader is 1st introduced to the overall ideas concerned before delving into the additional specific applications of Multi Criteria Analysis (Tan, M.T et al, 2013)

Evaluation of landslides for Bac Kan area is based on a map of landslide sensitivity This mapping is carried out under the assumption that future slips will occur under the same conditions as the ones observed in the past The degree of landslide sensitivity is assessed quantitatively through the integration of the sensitivity of the component elements according to the following formula:

H= ∑ (a)

In this formula: H is the index of sensitivity; Xij is the score of class i of factor j; Wj is the weight number of factor j

The score of each class in the factor maps is given in the range of 1 to 9

based on the standardization of landslide density according to the formula:

X1= 1+ *8 (b)

In this formula: Xi is Evaluation score for class i of a controlling factor;

Mi is Landslide density of class i; Min (M) is the smallest value of landslide density in the area; Max (M) is the largest soil density in the region; Evaluation points are rounded to the unit row

Assessing the role of this factor more than other factors in the process of causing land slide is expressed by weight The factor weight is determined, with the assumption that the number of landslides that can be caused throughout the territory and the landslide density of each layer in each factor is similar to the

calculated result in the key zone, according to formula:

Wj =

∑ (c)

In this formula: Wj - coefficient of factor j; Nj - The number of landslides that can be caused by factor j

3.2.4 Map editing method

Creating a new page layout

The first step in ArcMap is to change the map view to layout—either by selecting Layout View from the View menu or by clicking the Layout View button on the lower left of the map display

Adding a data frame to the page layout

The data frame displays a collection of layers drawn in a particular order for a given map extent and map projection Adding a data frame to the page layout using the Insert menu

Figure 3.1 The photo frame picture

From this menu, we can insert additional data frames These additional data frames may be for locator or detail maps If we using multiple data frames,

we can consider using extent indicators to show the extent of one data frame within another data frame A good locator map will also contain an indicator, such as an outline, showing where the extent of the detail map fits within a larger