Utilizing remote sensing data for assessing the effect of land use changes on urban heat island in taipei city

i THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY NGUYEN TRUNG ANH UTILIZING REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN TAIP

i

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY

NGUYEN TRUNG ANH

UTILIZING REMOTE SENSING DATA FOR ASSESSING THE EFFECT OF LAND USE CHANGES ON URBAN HEAT ISLAND IN TAIPEI CITY

BACHELOR THESIS

Study Mode : Full - Time

Major : Environmental Science and Management

Faculty : International Training and Development Center Batch : K43 – AEP

THAI NGUYEN - 30/09/2015

Thesis title Utilizing remote sensing data for assessing the effect of land

use changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City

Supervisor Assoc Prof Tang-Huang Lin and Assoc Prof Nguyen The

Hung

ABSTRACT

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important parameter to human living environment and the pattern of regional weather The changes of LST might be caused from seasonal variation, weather patterns as well as land cover and land use (LCLU) alterations For the urban area, the type of LCLU according to urban development could increase LST thus enhanced the urban heat island (UHI) effect

Taipei City has urbanized rapidly since 1967, and urban warming appeared from 1980s The effects of urbanization on local weather and climate change resulted in a remarkable increase in mean and minimum temperatures However, urbanization resulted in little change in maximum temperature in Taipei City The increase in minimum temperature in summer is significant in Taipei City

The frame work of national land surface temperature is presented with remote sensing data The proposed system uses the features of existing widely used classification approaches that are amenable to data derived from remote sensing sources

Keywords Taipei, Taiwan, Land surface temperature, Urbanization,

Land cover change, Remote sensing;

Number of pages 47

Date of submission September 30, 2015

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost, we wish to express our sincere thanks to Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research (CSRSR) of National Central University (NCU) for providing us all the necessary facilities and all the students who help me the scientific knowledge to complete this thesis In particular, we would like to thank our principal research adviser Assoc Prof Tang-Huang Lin and Assoc Prof Nguyen The Hung guided me wholeheartedly when we implement this thesis

With qualifications, experience and time is limited to topics inevitable shortcomings I would like to receive the only protection, input of teachers so that I can complete your project

I also want to say thank to International Training and Development Center – Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry which has facilitated me the chance to come here to study and get more knowledge exchange

Finally yet important, i take this opportunity to express our deepest appreciation

to our families, relatives, friends who encouraged and supported us unceasingly and all who directly or indirectly, have lent their helping hand in this venture

Thank you very much!

Thai Nguyen September 30, 2015

Author

Nguyen Trung Anh

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES 1

LIST OF TABLES 2

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 3

PART I INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 Background 4

1.2 The purpose of thesis 6

1.3 The significant of thesis 6

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 7

2.1.Theoretical basis 7

2.1.1 Satellite data (images) 7

2.1.2 Definitions of land surface temperature 9

2.1.3 The land cover types 11

2.2 Geographic information systems 12

2.2.1 Definition 12

2.2.2 GIS Application Areas 13

2.3.1 Definition 14

2.3.2 Basics of EMR/Atmospheric Affects Foundations of Remote Sensing 14

2.3.3 Applications of Remote Sensing Technology 15

2.4 Practical basis 16

2.4.1 The research on land surface temperature in the world 16

2.4.2 The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam 18

PART III METHODOLOGY 20

iv

3.1 The objects of research 20

3.2 Location and research time 20

3.3 Research content 20

3.4 Methods 20

3.4.1 Collecting and selecting data 20

3.4.2 Describes methods of calculation FAR, BCR, UHI intensity 21

PART IV RESULTS 24

4.1 The natural conditions and socioeconomic in study area 24

4.1.1 Natural conditions 24

4.1.2 Probabilistic risk analyses 29

4.1.3 Economic 30

4.1.4 Education 30

4.2 Process of determining land surface temperature, land cover and land use and their interaction 33

4.2.1 Pre-Processing 33

4.3 Results from determining land surface temperature, land cover and land use and their interaction 34

4.3.1 Brightness temperature map 34

4.3.2 Floor Area Ratio (FAR) and Building coverage ratio 35

PART V DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 41

5.1 Discussion 41

5.2 Conclusion 42

1

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 2.1 Process of landsat data 8

Figure 2.2 Land cover mapping of the global 12

Figure 3.1 The land surface temperature process 21

Figure 3.2 Flow chart of land surface temperature 23

Firgure 4.1 The map of Taipei City 25

Figure 4.2 Map of location and geographic environment of Taipei City 26

Figure 4.3 Estimate of affected population under various rainfall intensities in Shilin District of Taipei City 29

Figure 4.4 Population growth of Taipei City and neighboring areas, and floor area increase of newly constructed houses (1945–2009) Source: Taiwan City Statistical Year Book 2010 and Banciao City Household Registration Office, Taipei County 31

Figure 4.5 Data pre – Processing 33

Figure 4.6 Process of landsat data into indicators of land surface temperature (UHII) and land cover and land use (BCR and FAR) 34

Figure 4.7 Brightness temperature map 34

Figure 4.8 Floor Area Ratio (FAR) 35

Figure 4.9 Building Coverage Ratio (BCR) 36

Figure 4.10 Relationship between BCR and UHII 38

Figure 4.11 Relationship between FAR and UHII 38

3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

It becomes more important to monitor land surface temperature because the warmth rising off Earth’s landscapes influences (and is influenced by) our world’s weather and climate patterns Scientists want to understand how increasing atmospheric greenhouse gases affect land surface temperature, and how rising land surface temperatures affect glaciers, ice sheets, permafrost, and the vegetation in Earth’s ecosystems

Commercial farmers may also use land surface temperature maps like these to evaluate water requirements for their crops during the summer, when they are prone to heat stress Conversely, in winter, these maps can help citrus farmers to determine where and when orange groves could have been exposed to damaging frost

Land surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land surface processes from local through global scales The importance of LST is being increasingly recognized and there is a strong interest in developing methodologies to measure LST from space However, retrieving LST is still a challenging task since the LST retrieval problem is ill-posed This paper reviews the

5

current status of selected remote sensing algorithms for estimating LST from thermal infrared (TIR) data A brief theoretical background of the subject is presented along with a survey of the algorithms employed for obtaining LST from space-based TIR measurements The discussion focuses on TIR data acquired from polar-orbiting satellites because of their widespread use, global applicability and higher spatial resolution compared to geostationary satellites The theoretical framework and methodologies used to derive the LST from the data are reviewed followed by the methodologies for validating satellite-derived LST Directions for future research to improve the accuracy of satellite-derived LST are then suggested

Taipei City is located in a subtropical basin Because of the unique landforms of the geological basin in this typhoon area, the typhoon-fed floods are enormous in these areas In a recent study, Wang et al (2008) documented that a strong warming trend in the Taipei basin (two times higher than the world average) was observed in the period from 1897 to 2006, which accelerated after 1980 The UHI intensity of the Taipei basin reveals an increasing trend with a monthly average of 0.011°C during 1994–

2006, and during 2002–2006, the UHI anomalies show the most significant increases However, the nocturnal and diurnal UHI phenomenon were not described in those previous studies, due to the lack of detailed record from an adequate network of observations in the city So i want to do about:'' Utilizing Remote Sensing data for assessing the effect of land surface temperature changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City''

6

1.2 The purpose of thesis

- Use remote sensing data for mapping Urban Heat Island Intensity and its variation over time

- Find out the natural conditions and situation of socio - economic in recent years of Taipei City

- To assess the change of land surface temperature with LCLU change accordingly

1.3 The significant of thesis

- Thesis will be the bridge between knowledge studying and practices, the access to reality to better understand the nature of the problem

- Through the thesis I knew how to do GIS software to mapping data and analyzing data and practice

- Doing the thesis is the basis for the selection and application of GIS software for assessing the effect of land surface temperature changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City

The actual meaning:

- The completed research will help people to understand the natural conditions, the development of economy and society in recent years of Taipei City

- Helped people gain knowledge about assessing the impact of land surface temperatures changed in Taipei City in particular, as well as other cities in Vietnam in general

7

PART II LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Theoretical basis

2.1.1 Satellite data (images)

Introduce Landsat image:

Satellite- data based thermal infrared (TIR) data is directly linked to the LST through the radiative transfer equation The retrieval of the LST from remotely sensed TIR data has attracted much attention, and its history dates back to the 1970s (McMillin, 1975) To better understand the Earth system at the regional scale and to get the evapotranspiration with an accuracy better than 10%, LST must be retrieved at

an accuracy of 1 K or better (Kustas and Norman, 1996; Moran and Jackson,

1991 ; Wan and Dozier, 1996)

Five LANDSAT satellites have been successfully launched commencing with LANDSAT 1 in July 1972 All 5 satellites have operated from a repetitive, circular, sun-synchronous, near-polar orbit and on each day-s ide pass, scan a ground swath 185km wide beneath the satellite The first three satellites carried the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) as the main imaging instrument with a Return Beam Videocon (RBV)

as a subsidiary The paths of these satellites were inclined 99 degrees with an 18 day repeat cycle and an equatorial crossing of between 8:50 and 9:30am local time The last two satellites (LANDSATs 4-5) had the Thematic Mapper (TM) sensor as well as the MSS, are inclined 98 degrees, have a repeat cycle of 16 days and have an equatorial crossing of 9:45am local time The nominal altitude of the satellites was 920km for LANDSATs 1-3 and 705km for LANDSATs 4-5

The RBV system on LANDSAT 1-2 consisted of three cameras which took simultaneous images of the earth in different spectral bands The area covered was similar to the MSS images LANDSAT 6 was to represent a departure from the earlier

8

satellites with an enhanced Thematic Mapper and no MSS Unfortunately this satellite, launched in early 1993, and was lost on launch without any backup

The next satellite in the LANDSAT series will be LANDSAT 7 and is likely to

be a joint project between NASA, NOAA and the USGS The prime instrument on board the satellite will be the Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) This instrument has a similar 7 bands multispectral capability as the LANDSATs 4-5 but with a 15 meter resolution panchromatic band (0.5 to 0.9 micrometers, visible green to near IR), which is co-registered with the multispectral data The ETM+ will be capable of collecting 250 day-lit, land mass scenes per day and transmitting these scenes to ground stations via a 150Mbps X-band link The spacecraft will also have 375GB of solid state memory, sufficient for 100 ETM+ scenes, for delayed transmission

Landsat 7 is not expected to be launched until 1998

Infrared visible

Figure 2.1: Process of landsat data

Landsat Data (Multi – spectral & tempora

Brightness

Temperature

Land cover Classification Remote

Sensing Imagery Brightness

Temperature

Land cover Classification

Emission Characteristics

Of Land Cover Type

Interation between UHI & ISA

2.1.2 Definitions of land surface temperature

2.1.1.1 Land surface temperature

As the direct driving force in the exchange of long-wave radiation and turbulent heat fluxes at the surface–atmosphere interface, land surface temperature (LST) is one

of the most important parameters in the physical processes of surface energy and water balance at local through global scales (Anderson, 2008; Brunsell and Gillies, 2003,Karnieli, 2010; Kustas and Anderson, 2009 and Zhang, 2008) Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radioactive skin temperature over land LST plays an important role in the physics of land surface as it is involved in the processes of energy and water exchange with the atmosphere LST is useful for the scientific community, namely for those dealing with meteorological and climate models Accurate values of LST are also of special interest in a wide range of areas related to land surface processes, including meteorology, hydrology, agro meteorology, climatology and environmental studies Land Surface Emissivity (EM), a crucial parameter for LST retrieval from space, is independently estimated as a function of (satellite derived)

Fraction of Vegetation Cover (FVC) and land cover classification

Land Surface Temperature (LST) is the radioactive skin temperature of the land derived from solar radiation A simplified definition would be how hot the "surface" of the Earth would feel to the touch in a particular location From a satellite's point of view, the "surface" is whatever it sees when it looks through the atmosphere to the ground It could be snow and ice, the grass on a lawn, the roof of a building or the leaves in the canopy of a forest Land surface temperature is not the same as the air temperature that is included in the daily weather report

LST is a basic determinant of the terrestrial thermal behavior, as it controls the effective radiating temperature of the Earth's surface However, because of the extreme heterogeneity of most natural land surface, this parameter is difficult to estimate and validate Several factors can fundamentally influence the derivation of LST including:

- Temperature variations with angles

- Sub-pixel in-homogeneities in temperature and cover

- Surface spectral emissivity at the channel wavelengths

- Atmospheric temperature and humidity variations

- Clouds and large aerosol particles such as dust

11

2.1.1.2 The current state of land surface temperatures in the city Taipei

Taipei is the political, economic, educational, and cultural center of Taiwan Urban thermal environments were complex systems, and the formations were influenced by many factors Nevertheless, when analyze development-related thermal environment changes that compare surface temperatures of thermal environment before and after land development Taipei city Taiwan for example, we analyzed the data of remote thermal sensor from the satellite images, to calculate the difference of surface temperatures between the undeveloped status in 1990 and developed status in

2009 It showed urban temperature would increase 0.08∼2.39 °C due to anthropogenic heat emission

2.1.3 The land cover types

The definition of land cover is fundamental, because in many existing

classifications and legends it is confused with land use(M C Hansen, 2000, E

Bartholomé, 2005, Peng Gong, 2013) It is defined as:

Land cover is the observed (bio) physical cover on the earth's surface When considering land cover in a very pure and strict sense it should be confined to describe vegetation and man-made features Consequently, areas where the surface consists of bare rock or bare soil are describing land itself rather than land cover Also, it is disputable whether water surfaces are real land cover However, in practice, the scientific community usually describes those aspects under the term land cover

Land use is characterized by the arrangements, activities and inputs people undertake in a certain land cover type to produce, change or maintain it Definition of

12

land use in this way establishes a direct link between land cover and the actions of people in their environment

The following examples are a further illustration of the above definitions:

"Grassland" is a cover term, while "rangeland" or "tennis court" refer to the use

of a grass cover

"Recreation area" is a land use term that may be applicable to different land cover types: for instance sandy surfaces like a beach; a built-up area like a pleasure park; woodlands; etc

Figure 2.2 Land cover mapping of the global

2.2 Geographic information systems

2.2.1 Definition

A Geographic Information System or GIS is a computer system that allows you

to map, model, query, and analyze large quantities of data within a single database

GIS stores information about the world as a collection of layers that can be linked together by a common locational component such as latitude and longitude, a postal zip code, census tract name, or road name These geographic references allow you to locate features on the earth's surface for analysis of patterns and trends Dozens

of map layers can be arrayed to display information about transportation networks, hydrography, population characteristics, economic activity, and political jurisdictions

2.2.2 GIS Application Areas

GIS are now used extensively in government, business, and research for a wide range of applications including environmental resource analysis, land use planning, locational analysis, tax appraisal, utility and infrastructure planning, real estate analysis, marketing and demographic analysis, habitat studies, and archaeological analysis

One of the first major areas of application was in natural resources management, including management of

Remote sensing technologies include: LiDAR, radar, infrared radiation (IR), thermal, seismic, sonar, electric field sensing and GPS Depending on what is being detected, these various sensors might be mounted to a satellite, airplane, boat, submarine or UAV drone or from another convenient observation point such as a building top (Remote sensing 1978 pp 426 pp.)

The data gathered by remote sensing is used for a large and growing number of applications including cartography, resource exploration, atmospheric chemical measurements, healthcare monitoring, surveillance, navigation and GPS tracking

Remote sensing is one of the basic enabling technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT), in which almost any imaginable entity can be equipped with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network autonomously

2.3.2 Basics of EMR/Atmospheric Affects Foundations of Remote Sensing

+) The Electromagnetic Spectrum

15

USGS defines the electromagnetic spectrum in the following manner:

"Electromagnetic radiation is energy propagated through space between electric and magnetic fields The electromagnetic spectrum is the extent of that energy ranging from cosmic rays, gamma rays, X-rays to ultraviolet, visible and infrared radiation including microwave energy."

+) Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves may be classified by frequency or wavelength

- The velocity of ALL electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light "c"

c = 299,792,458 meters per second

*3.28 ft/m*1/5280 mi/ft = 186,234 miles/sec *60 sec/min*60 min/hr = 670,444,951 miles per hour

+) Wave Phenomena Concepts

Electromagnetic waves are generated by hydrogen fusion taking place in the sun When the electromagnetic energy encounters anything, even a very tiny object like a molecule of air or water, one of three reactions will occur The radiation will either be reflected off the object, be absorbed by it or it could be transmitted through because the energy manifested by electromagnetic waves can behave both like a particle (the proton) and like a wave (the oscillating electric/magnetic fields)

2.3.3 Applications of Remote Sensing Technology

• Agriculture

• Disaster monitoring and mitigation

• Surveying and urban planning

• Water resource management

16

• Environmental monitoring

• National spatial data infrastructure

• Infrastructure development planning and monitoring

• Mineral exploration

• Telecommunication

• Coastal eco-system monitoring

2.4 Practical basis

2.4.1 The research on land surface temperature in the world

Land-surface temperature (LST) is one of the key parameters in the physics of land-surface processes on regional and global scales, combining the results of all surface–atmosphere interactions and energy fluxes between the atmosphere and the ground Mannstein, 1987 and Sellers et al., 1988 One of the most important potential applications of the LST retrieved from satellite data is to validate and improve the global meteorological model prediction after appropriate aggregation and parameterization Price, 1982 and Diak & Whipple, 1993 Besides its necessity in the LST retrieval, the surface emissivity can be used to discriminate senescent vegetation (French, Schmugge, & Kustas, 2000a) The remotely sensed LST has been used in land cover and land-cover change analysis Ehrlich & Lambin, 1996 and Lambin & Ehrlich, 1997 and in the production of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land cover product, in estimation and parameterization of surface fluxes Brutsaert et al., 1993 and French et al., 2000b, and in estimating the diurnal cycle (Jin & Dickinson, 1999) LST can be also used to monitor drought and estimate surface soil moisture Feldhake et al., 1996 and McVicar & Jupp, 1998, to

17

evaluate water requirements of wheat (Jackson, Reginato, & Idso, 1977) and to determine frosts in orange groves (Caselles & Sobrino, 1989)

Remote sensing of sea-surface temperature (SST) has been a primary function

of satellite infrared radiometers since their inception And starting from 1982, the SST derived from NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) data has been included in the high-resolution global SST climatology data set for global change studies Brown et al., 1991 and Smith & Reynolds, 1998 In comparison, there is no standard global LST data product derived from satellite remote sensing data even though the use of thermal–infrared (TIR) measurements for analysis of land biophysical conditions has been under investigation for more than three decades (Fuchs & Tanner, 1966) and the AVHRR data have been used to produce LST data in the development of LST algorithms for two decades It is well known that simple extension of the SST methods to LST for AVHRR data would lead to unacceptable errors Price, 1984 and Becker, 1987 because of the difficulty in cloud detection with AVHRR data over land (especially for thin cirrus) and the intrinsic difficulties in the LST retrieval (Wan & Dozier, 1989)

The MODIS (Salomonson, Barnes, Maymon, Montgomery, & Ostrow, 1989) onboard the first Earth Observing System (EOS) platform (called Terra), which was successfully launched on December 18, 1999, provides a new opportunity for global studies of atmosphere, land, and ocean processes King et al., 1992, Justice et al., 1998 and Esaias et al., 1998, and for satellite measurements of global LST The strengths of MODIS include its global coverage, high radiometric resolution and dynamic ranges suitable for atmosphere, land, or ocean studies, and accurate calibration in multiple

18

TIR bands designed for retrievals of SST, LST and atmospheric properties Specifically, band 26 will be used to detect cirrus clouds (Gao & Kaufman, 1995), band 21 for fire detection (Kaufman et al., 1998), all other TIR channels will be used

to retrieve atmospheric temperature and water vapor profiles (Smith, Woolf, & Schriener, 1985), and TIR bands 20, 22, 23, 29, 31–33 will correct for atmospheric effects and retrieve surface emissivity and temperature (Wan & Li, 1997) This paper will present the heritage of LST algorithms, the MODIS LST algorithms, a summary

of performance of MODIS TIR bands and its impact on the accuracy of retrieved LST,

a brief description of the MODIS LST products, and the LST validation results in the following sections

2.4.2 The research on land surface temperature in Viet Nam

Study of the Impact of Urban Development on Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing in Ho Chi Minh City, Southern Vietnam by Tran Thi Van and Ha Duong Xuan Bao The case study was carried out in the northern part of Ho Chi Minh City, which has experienced accelerated urban development since the late 1980s Landsat and Aster images were used to calculate variations in urban impervious surfaces from 1989 to 2006 Thermal bands were processed to obtain radiant surface temperatures for investigating the urban heat island effect associated with increasing impervious surfaces, both spatially and temporally Impacts of urban development on surface temperature were shown by investigating the surface urban heat island effect intensity The results show that the built-up area in the northern part of Ho Chi Minh City expanded by 6.5 times between 1989 and 2006

19

Application the MODIS images to monitor the change of land surface temperature and drought situation in the Mekong Delta by Truong Chi Quang, Tran Thanh Dan and Huynh Thi Thu Huong The MODIS data with high temporal resolution provided by NASA is available in global coverage, enables to research fluctuation of land surface temperature with multi-temporal and multispectral data In this research, we used MOD11A2 (1-km spatial resolutions, 8-day composite) from

2000 to 2010 for initially calculating and assessing fluctuation of Land surface temperature (LST), Temperature/Vegetation Dryness Index (TVDI) in Mekong River delta combining agricultural household interview in the study area The research has developed a completed process for calculating the Land surface temperature and Temperature/Vegetation Dryness Index for the Mekong Delta by using MODIS images The executed temperature data from this process has high reliability by means

of high correlation with the measured data from meteorological stations In addition, the areas with high TVDI corresponded with field survey of current land use at the same time These results show that applications of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) with low spatial resolution (1km) and high temporal resolution (8 days) to monitor and forecast drought of Mekong Delta is appropriate The results will contribute a new approach to resolve the determination of drought related to climate change at present

20

PART III METHODOLOGY

3.1 The objects of research

The applications of remote sensing and GIS software for assessing the effect of land surface temperature changes on Urban Heat Island in Taipei City

3.2 Location and research time

The research location in Taipei City, Taiwan

Time: since March 2015 – June 2015

3.4.1 Collecting and selecting data

- Collecting data related to research area, research object (natural conditions, socio-economic conditions) from website of Taipei City

- Collecting the information, data that need to evaluating and mapping Building Coverage ratio (BCR), Floor Area ratio (FAR), relationship between FAR and BCR, BCR and and Land surface temperature