Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice A is correct because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: What is key to the definition of aggression is that whenever physical o
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Reading Answer Key
Reading Diagnostic Pre-Test, pp 2–5
1 Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice A is correct because it is
mentioned in the first paragraph: What is key to the definition of aggression is that
whenever physical or verbal harm is inflicted, it is intentional Answer choice B is
incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: verbal attacks such as…
belittling and humiliating comments… can also be a type of aggression Answer
choice C is incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive
behavior is any behavior that is intended to cause… destruction Answer choice D is
incorrect because it is mentioned in the first paragraph: Aggressive behavior is any
behavior that is intended to cause… injury
2 Infer Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice C is correct because While
aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression Answer choice A is incorrect
because the context of the paragraph provides for examples and a definition of
aggression It does not state how severe or how widespread aggression is Answer
choice B is incorrect because the paragraph does not categorize aggression into
intentional and unintentional acts Answer choice D is incorrect because While
aggressive behavior is often thought of as purely physical, verbal attacks such as screaming and shouting or belittling and humiliating comments aimed at causing harm and suffering can also be a type of aggression.”
3 Vocabulary Question Answer choice A is correct because “deliberate” fits the
context of the sentence Answer choice B is incorrect because “estimated” does not fit the context of the sentence Answer choice C is incorrect because “forbidden” is not a synonym for “intentional.” Answer choice D is incorrect because “intermittent”
is not a synonym for “intentional.”
4 Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because Despite this, it
is generally thought that aggressive behavior was not named as such before the seventeenth century Answer choice A is incorrect because Aggression was likely an early survival mechanism for humans, much in the same way it was for animals
Answer choice C is incorrect because there is no information given on this in the
paragraph Answer choice D is incorrect because the paragraph states The term
expanded beyond the description of purely physical aggression to include a
psychological dimension in the early twentieth century
5 Paraphrasing Question Answer choice C is correct because the original sentence
states Theories about the causes of aggression cover a broad spectrum, ranging
from those with biological or instinctive emphases to those that portray aggression
as a learned behavior Answer choice A is incorrect because the answer is
incomplete; it does not mention theories of aggression as learned behavior Answer
choice B is incorrect because the original sentence does not state that one type of
theory is more accepted Answer choice D is incorrect because the original sentence
does not compare the two types of theories
6 Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Aggression has been
explained as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called displacement Answer choice A is incorrect because Aggression has been explained
as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called
displacement Answer choice B is incorrect because Aggression has been explained
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as an instinct that is directed externally toward others in a process called
displacement Answer choice C is incorrect because there is no information on this
in the sentence
7 Make Inferences from Stated Fact Question Answer choice A is correct because it
has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis Answer choice B is
incorrect because it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled
toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as sports and competition in a process called catharsis
Answer choice C is incorrect because ethologists… study the behavior of animals in
their natural environments Answer choice D is incorrect because no information is
given about how to reinforce catharsis
8 Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Biological, or instinctive,
theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the
behavior of animals in their natural environments Answer choice A is incorrect
because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also been put forth by
ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments Answer
choice B is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have
also been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural environments Answer choice C is incorrect because Biological, or instinctive,
theories of aggression have also been put forth by ethologists, who study the
behavior of animals in their natural environments
9 Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice B is correct because the sentence
has the key phrase for example followed by specific examples of sports and
competitions, which links it to socially acceptable activities such as sports and
competition Answer choice A is incorrect because the sentence has the key phrase
for example followed by specific examples of sports and competitions, not examples
of natural aggressive instincts Answer choice C is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of animal behaviors or their natural environments Answer choice D is incorrect because the sentence does not give examples of ethologists that support the view or observations of animals
Numerous theories are based on the idea that aggression is an inherent and
natural human instinct 9A Aggression has been explained as an instinct that is
directed externally toward others in a process called displacement, and it has been noted that aggressive impulses that are not channeled toward a specific person or group may be expressed indirectly through socially acceptable activities such as
sports and competition in a process called catharsis One may, for example,
release aggression by joining a football team or a debate team or even a
cooking competition 9B Biological, or instinctive, theories of aggression have also
been put forth by ethologists, who study the behavior of animals in their natural
environments 9C A number of ethologists have, based upon their observations of
animals, supported the view that aggression is an innate instinct common to
humans 9D
10 Vocabulary Question Answer choice D is correct because Two different schools of
thought exist among those who view aggression as instinct One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously The phrase holds the view is
similar to “believes.” Answer choice A is incorrect because Two different schools of
thought exist among those who view aggression as instinct One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously Answer choice B is incorrect
because Two different schools of thought exist among those who view aggression
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as instinct One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously
Answer choice C is incorrect because Two different schools of thought exist among
those who view aggression as instinct One group holds the view that aggression can build up spontaneously
11 Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice B is correct because there
is no mention of aggression being used to provoke behavior Answer choice A is
incorrect because aggression can build up spontaneously, with or without outside
provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation Answer choice C is incorrect because aggression can build up
spontaneously, with or without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result of little or no provocation Answer choice D is incorrect
because aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring
spontaneously and without provocation, it is a direct response to provocation from
an outside source
12 Referent Question Answer choice A is correct because Another suggests that
aggression is indeed an instinctive response but that, rather than occurring
spontaneously and without provocation, it [aggression] is a direct response to
provocation from an outside source Answer choice B is incorrect because in the
original sentence, “an instinctive response” describes “aggression;” the pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it Answer choice C is incorrect
because it is a direct response to provocation Answer choice D is incorrect because
“a direct response” describes aggression; the pronoun refers to the original concept, not the description of it
13 Infer Rhetorical Purpose Question Answer choice D is correct because In contrast
to instinct theories, social learning theories view aggression as a learned behavior
The phrase in contrast to tells us that the writer is switching topics to discuss a
different type of theory than in paragraph 5 Answer choice A is incorrect because paragraph 6 talks about theories that view aggression as “learned behavior” not instinct Answer choice B is incorrect because paragraph 6 does not present
contrasting theories Answer choice C is incorrect because paragraph 6 does not discuss instinctive and biological theories of aggression
14 Negative Factual Information Question Answer choice D is correct because
observing professional football games is not mentioned as a cause of learned
aggression Answer choices A, B, and C are incorrect, because in the paragraph, it
states that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing aggressive
behavior in parents, peers, or fictional role models
15 Referent Question Answer choice C is correct because the word “that” is being
used to compare types of behavior: research has provided evidence that the
behavior of a live model is more influential than that of a fictional model Answer
choice A is incorrect because the word “that” is being used to compare types of behavior, not types of research Answer choice B is incorrect because the word
“that” is being used to compare types of behavior, not types of evidence Answer choice D is incorrect because the word “that” is being used to compare types of behavior, not types of live models
16 Paraphrasing Question Answer choice A is correct because the original sentence
states aggressive behavior can be learned through a combination of modeling and
positive reinforcement of the aggressive behavior and that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing aggressive behavior in parents, peers, or fictional role models and of noting either positive reinforcement for the aggressive behavior
or, minimally, a lack of negative reinforcement Answer choice B is incorrect
because the paragraph states studies have shown correlations between viewing of
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violence and incidences of aggressive behavior in both childhood and adolescence
Answer choice C is incorrect because works of fiction are not mentioned in the paragraph Answer choice D is incorrect because the paragraph discusses studies in
which the opposite is true
17 Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because both “in and of itself” and
“single-handedly” have the meaning of “alone” or “by [one’s] self.” Answer choice A
is incorrect because the phrase in and of itself has the meaning of “alone” or “by
[one’s] self;” “internally” means “inside.” Answer choice C is incorrect because the
phrase in and of itself has the meaning of “alone” or “by [one’s] self;” “genuinely” means “truly.” Answer choice D is incorrect because the phrase in and of itself has
the meaning of “alone” or “by [one’s] self;” “semi-privately” means “with partial
privacy.”
18 Vocabulary Question Answer choice C is correct because “crucial” fits the context
of the sentence Answer choice A is incorrect because “negative” does not fit the context of the sentence Answer choice B is incorrect because “considerate” is not a synonym of “critical.” Answer choice D is incorrect because “studied” is not a
synonym for “critical.”
19 Sentence Insertion Question Answer choice D is correct because the sentence
before states If the aggressive role model is rewarded rather than punished for
violent behavior, that behavior is more likely to be seen as positive and is thus more likely to be imitated Answer choice A is incorrect because the key sentence has the
transition Thus which links it as the result of a prior cause, which is connected to
rewards and punishment The sentence before does not mention rewards or
punishment for aggressors Answer choice B is incorrect because the key sentence
has the transition Thus which links it as the result of a prior cause, which is
connected to rewards and punishment The sentence before does not mention rewards or punishment for aggressors Answer choice C is incorrect because the
key sentence has the transition Thus which links it as the result of a prior cause,
which is connected to rewards and punishment While the sentence before does
mention reinforcement of the behavior, it does not tie this in to rewards and
movies and on television, do still have an impact on behavior 19A On-screen
deaths or acts of violent behavior in certain television programs or movies can be counted in the tens, or hundreds, or even thousands; while some have argued that this sort of fictional violence does not in and of itself cause violence and may even have a beneficial cathartic effect, studies have shown correlations between viewing
of violence and incidences of aggressive behavior in both childhood and
adolescence 19B Studies have also shown that it is not just the modeling of
aggressive behavior in either its real-life or fictional form that correlates with
increased acts of violence in youths; a critical factor in increasing aggressive
behaviors is the reinforcement of the behavior 19C If the aggressive role model is
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rewarded rather than punished for violent behavior, that behavior is more likely to be
seen as positive and is thus more likely to be imitated Thus, it is more common
for a youth to imitate aggressors who have been rewarded than those who have been punished 19D
20 Vocabulary Question Answer choice B is correct because “copied” is a synonym
for “imitated,” and fits the context of the sentence Answer choices A, C, and D are incorrect because they have different meanings
21 Make Inferences from Stated Fact Question Answer choice A is correct, because
the passage states that children are influenced by the combined forces of observing
aggressive behavior in… fictional role models and of noting either positive
reinforcement for the aggressive behavior or, minimally, a lack of negative
reinforcement Answer choice B is incorrect because viewing organized sporting
events was not mentioned as causes of aggressive behavior Answer choice C is incorrect because the passage discusses physical aggression, not verbal
aggression Answer choice D is incorrect because the aggressor is defeated, which
is negative reinforcement for aggressive behavior
22 Select Summary Information Question Answers – 1, 4, 5
1 – This is a correct response Paragraph 6 states that social learning theories view
aggression as a learned behavior This approach focuses on the effect that role models and reinforcement of behavior have on the acquisition of aggressive
behavior
2 – This is not a correct response Most of the passage compares theories of
aggression as instinctive behavior and aggression as learned behavior
3 – This is not a correct response The passage mentions a beneficial cathartic
effect in relation to fictional models of aggression, not instinctive aggression
4 – This is a correct response Paragraph 5 talks about two schools of thought The
first belief mentioned states that aggression can build up spontaneously, with or
without outside provocation, and violent behavior will thus result, perhaps as a result
of little or no provocation The second belief states that it is a direct response to provocation from an outside source
5 – This is a correct response Paragraph 3 mentions that theories discuss both biological and learned aggression Paragraphs 4 and 5 explore aggression as instinctive behavior and paragraph 6 goes into detail about aggression as learned behavior
6 – This is not a correct response “Displacement” in paragraph 4 refers to how aggression is directed towards others, but it does not mention whether or not the aggression is the result of anger
Reading Skill 1: Understand Vocabulary from Context, pp 10–22
Reading Passage 1, p 15
1 Answer choice B is correct because “significant” fits the context of the sentence Answer choice A is incorrect because “written” is not a synonym for “notable.” Answer choice C is incorrect because “measured” is not a synonym for “notable.” Answer choice D is incorrect because “ordinary” is an antonym for “notable.”
2 Answer choice D is correct because “negatively” fits the context of the sentence Answer choice A is incorrect because “carefully” is not a synonym for “adversely.” Answer choice B is incorrect because “accidentally” is not a synonym for
“adversely.” Answer choice C is incorrect because “medically” is not a synonym for
“adversely.”