• According to a recent survey by Handicraft and Wood Industry Association HAWA of Vietnam, one of the reasons for a weak export of bamboo and rattan products is the problem possible da
Trang 1in Vietnam
Tang, Thi Kim Hong
PhD. studying place: Centre of Wood Science, University Hamburg
Leuschnerstr. 91
21031 Hamburg, Germany Working place: Faculty of Forestry, Nong Lam University of Ho Chi Minh City
Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc Distric
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Trang 2IN VIETNAM
RESOURCE:
• Vietnam belongs to the countries with the largest bamboo resources on the world ( the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005 of FAO)
• Vietnam has about 1,482,000 hectares bamboo forest and around 81,500 hectares bamboo plantation
• Vietnam has at least about 200 bamboo species of 30
genera. The important species for “timber” uses are Bambusa
asper, B. balcooa, B. bamlos, B. stenostachya, B. vulgaris,
Dendrocalamus asper, D. barbatus, D. longivaginus, D.
parvigemmiferus, Thyrostachys siamensis, and several species of
Schizostachyu and Dendrocalamus especially for housing.
Trang 3• In Vietnam bamboo is available in suitable dimensions for a reasonable price. Consequently, it is used for many
purposes, which range from the traditional utilization up to the industrial production of parquet, furniture or bamboo‐ based panels and pulp
• Until now, the processing and utilization of bamboo have still relied on traditional practice, mainly for housing and
constructions, furniture making and interior decoration,
splits for utilities, agriculture crops, transport, fishing and
hunting, household things, electronic popes
• In recent years, bamboo became the raw material for the industrial manufacturing of round and laminated bamboo furniture, parquet and pulp for export to the international market(Japan, Korea, Taiwan, European countries, North
America, Canada, and Australia )
Trang 4• Bamboo has a lower natural durability against fungi and
insects compared to wood
the service life of bamboo structures is often short.
• Vietnam has a tropical climate with high temperature and
humidity with advantageous conditions for moulds and insects
attack easily bamboo culms and products.
• According to a recent survey by Handicraft and Wood
Industry Association (HAWA) of Vietnam, one of the reasons
for a weak export of bamboo and rattan products is the
problem possible damage by mould and insect attack.
Treatment of bamboo raw material is an important part of processing for bamboo products and
housing.
Trang 5Non chemical methods (traditional method)
clump for some time with branches and leaves.
running or stagnant water or even mud for 1‐3 months.
applying oil on the surface
mats are dipped in lime CaO solution for 1 or 2 hours.
Trang 6Harvesting of bamboo during low‐sugar content season
Sugar content in almost all plants varies with season. In Vietnam, it is advisable to harvest bamboo after the expansion of the new culms (from November through
March) because the starch content has been used up for the growth.
Harvesting of bamboo at completed growth
Sugar content in bamboos varies with ageing. It is lowest during the first year of
growth but felling of one‐year‐old bamboo has to be avoided because of low
strength and reduction of the next year yield. Bamboo normally matures at 3‐4 years.
Post‐harvesting transpiration of bamboo culms
Sugar content in bamboo culms can also be reduced by keeping fresh cut, culms
upright or leaning them against trees for a few days (see curing). Parenchyma cells in plants continue to live for some time. During this period, the stored food materials are utilized and the sugar or starch content in bamboos is lowered.
Trang 7Advantageous
The methods are mostly simple, require minimal equipment and are easy to apply. They are acceptable for small quantity making
in rural areas. Some traditional methods are environmental
friendly.
Disadvantageous
Firstly, the traditional methods are not real efficient for bamboo protection against fungi and insects.
Secondly, the treatment period is usually long and capacity of this method is limited, which are unsuitable for greater production Therefore, for many fields of utilization chemical methods are
needed.
Trang 8Preservatives
• Boron compounds are most widely used for treatment
of rubber wood and bamboo in the South of Vietnam and some places in the North.
•In the North of Vietnam, a chemical substance XM5
containing Cu‐sulphate and K2Cr2O7 is used for bamboo preservation.
• Othere chemicals like sodium fluoride or creosote have been but rarely applied. In Vietnam, Chromate Copper Arsenate (CCA) has never been used.
Trang 9• Pentachlorophenol is a wood preservative effective
against mould and fungi and economical.
pentachlorophenol has been widely used in wood and bamboo preservation in Vietnam for long.
as in Vietnam
Bamboo manufacturers have pressing problems
on suitable bamboo preservation of products for export
(For export in container most products need protection against moulds and
insects.
They are urgently waiting for a treatment method against mould with cost‐
effective and environment‐friendly.)
Trang 10• Therefore, the project:
” Investigation on treatment of some important bamboo species of Vietnam against fungi” is
being undertaken at the Centre of Wood Science of
University Hamburg.
Trang 11Non‐ pressure methods
• Soaking
Freshly culms after cut to desire length and branches removed as well as bamboo splits are submerged in solution of boron
compounds 7% or chemical substance XM5 10% for diffusion. The treatment time takes about 2‐ 3 days for splits and 7‐9 days for culms
• Steeping or butt‐end treatment
Trang 12Freshly cut culms with the braches, soon after
harvesting are placed
upright in suitable container (usually plastic buckets)
containing a solution of
boron compounds at 8% or the chemical substance
XM5 15%. The butt‐end of culm is kept immersed in the treatment solution up
to about 25 cm. The time of treatment may take 8‐14 days, depending on the
freshness and the length of the culms as well as
preservative.
Trang 13The principle of this method: the inner cavity of the culm, called
lacuna, is used as a reservoir for the treatment solution. The lacuna of
an internode of a fresh culm is filled with the preservative. It serves as a vessel for moving into the inside wall, the parenchyma tissue and the fibers and also into the vessels, in which it flows down by gravity.
In detail: the inner wall of this internode is generally scraped at a
depth of 1‐2mm or a round incision by a sharp tool to disrupt the
inner terminal layer. The culms are placed standing against a wall or fence with a declination of at least 60 degree. The foot of culms should
be put into a plastic bucket to avoid pollution and to measure the out coming of liquid. Finally, this internode is filled up with the preservative solution. It is a daily need to observe the loss and to fill up this
internode. The impregnation period will be completed when drops
occur at the foot of culm, which have almost same colour as the initial solution.
Trang 15• In Vietnam, the full cell method is commonly applied in
bamboo treatment by boron compounds with concentration 3‐ 7% or the chemical XM5 8% in a cylinder with diameter 1.4 m and various lengths like 3.5m, 6.5m, 8m and 9.5 m.
This vacuum‐pressure process is conducted with 6‐7kg/cm2
pressure for 2‐3 hours.
• This schedule is mostly applied for bamboo species in
Vietnam an improper pressure treatment like a high pressure can cause defects of culms (cracks and collapse). The defects happen particularly with thin walled species like
Schizostachyum polymorphum
• In fact, the pressure treatment schedule has to be related
to the properties of bamboo, mainly thickness of wall.
it is necessary to study the best preservative treatment of bamboo species used
•
Trang 16• In Vietnam no national standards exist for wood and bamboo preservation. Also, the general information on international
standards is not well introduced or known in Vietnam.
• The lack of information on preservative treatment relates to the following areas:
Knowledge about possibilities for bamboo protection regarding treatment facilities and preservative chemicals, such as preservatives being banned national and international.
The advantages of bamboo preservation extending the service life of bamboo structures, economics of bamboo preservation, its environmental
impact.
• Research on bamboo preservation in Vietnam relates only to the treatment for construction in rural areas. No research project is undertaken on bamboo preservation for industrial products like parquet, furniture. Only recently some investigations have been started.
Trang 17• Bamboo is currently the major raw material in Vietnam for a wide range of utilization from the traditional use
up to the industrial production.
• The biological durability of bamboo is relative low.
Therefore, protection of bamboo is an essential tool for the quality of bamboo structures.
• For bamboo preservation, it concerns the quality of
the bamboo material to be treated, the choice,
concentration and uptake of the preservative and a
sufficient distribution within the culm tissue.
Trang 18As an overview of the situation of bamboo industry as well as the development of bamboo preservation in Vietnam, the following steps are recommended:
• Attention to bamboo preservation such as basic and systematic research on technology of bamboo
preservation by traditional as well as industrial
methods.
• Exchange of experience and cooperation within
industry and related institutions.
• International contacts such as IRG‐Conference and
World Bamboo Congress.
• Foreign advises by international organizations, like
INBAR, ITTO, FAO, and UNIDO.
Trang 19As an overview of the situation of bamboo industry as well as the development of bamboo preservation in Vietnam, the following steps are recommended:
• Attention to bamboo preservation such as basic and systematic research on technology of bamboo
preservation by traditional as well as industrial
methods.
• Exchange of experience and cooperation within
industry and related institutions.
• International contacts such as IRG‐Conference and
World Bamboo Congress.
• Foreign advises by international organizations, like
INBAR, ITTO, FAO, and UNIDO.
Trang 20• Thanks to IRG for giving me the Award to
participate the Annual Meeting in Beijing on 24‐28 May 2009 as well as for presentation of the article.
• Grateful to Prof. Walter Liese, University Hamburg, Germany, for his invaluable advice. And
thank you very much for your attention!