SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. I. THE INFINITIVE: 1. ( thật là . . . để làm . . .) Ex: a. To learn English is difficult.  It is . . . b. Doing this exercise is easy.  It is . . . 2. Ex: ( mất . . . thời gian để làm . . .) a. She walks to school in fifteen minutes.  It takes . . . b. He wrote this letter in thirty minutes.  It took . . . c. Mary spent many hours learning the lessons.  It took . . . 3. ( Quá . . . cho đến nỗi không thể . . . ) Ex: a. She was so sick that she couldn’t go to work. ( 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau )  She was too . . . b. This soup is too hot for me to eat. -> This soup is so . . . ( 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau ) 4. Ex: a. He is too young to understand this problem. -> He isn’t . . . b. The house is too small for six of us to live in.  The house isn’t . . . TO Vo . . . + BE + ADJ V-ING IT + BE + ADJ + TO Vo . . . S + V + . . in time . . . IT + TAKES + O + time + Vo TOOK S 1 + V + SO + ADJ/ ADV + THAT + S 2 + (CAN’T) + V S1 + V + TOO + ADJ/ ADV + ( FOR O ) + TO Vo S + BE + TOO + ADJ + ( FOR O) + TO Vo . . . S + BE + NOT + ADJ (trái nghóa) + ENOUGH + ( FOR O) + TO V 5. Ex: a. The bridge was so low that the lorry couldn’t go under it. -> It was such . . . b. He is such a poor boy that he had to work at an early age. -> The boy was so . . . 6. Ex: a. It was wonderful to see our friends again.  Seeing . . . b. To be watched made me nervous.  Being . . . c. It is dangerous to ride a motorbike than to drive a car.  Riding . . . II. BECAUSE + CLAUSE BECAUSE OF + PHRASE ( bôûi vì) 1. Ex: a. He always get bad marks because he is lazy.  Because of . . . b. My friend was absent because of her sickness.  My friend was absent because . . . 2. Ex: a. Because the weather was wet, the football match was put off.  Because of . . . b. We were late for school because of the heavy traffic.  Because . . . TO INFINITIVE GERUND BECAUSE + S + BE + ADJ BECAUSE OF + HIS/ HER/ MY + NOUN ( sôû höõu) ( Adj-ness) BECAUSE + THE + NOUN + BE + ADJ BECAUSE OF + THE + ADJ + NOUN S (NOUN) + V + SO + ADJ + THAT + CLAUSE S + V + SUCH + A(N) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT + CLAUSE 3. Ex: a. Because he drove carelessly, he had an accident.  Because of . . . b. Because of going out in the rain yesterday, she caught cold.  Because . . . III. ALTHOUGH + CLAUSE IN SPITE OF + PHRASE: ( mặc dù) -Although = Though -In spite of = Despite • Cách biến đổi từ Clause -> Phrase tương tự như phần II ( Because ). Ex: a. The plane took off though the weather was bad.  In spite of . . . b. Although he was ill, he went to school.  Despite . . . c. Although they tried all their best, they lost the game.  In spite of . . . IV. SO THAT + CLAUSE IN ORDER TO + Vo : ( để) -So that = In order that -In order (not ) to + Vo = So as (not ) to + Vo = (not) to + Vo -In order (not) for O + to Vo = So as (not) for O + to Vo 1. Khi chủ ngữ thứ nhất cũng là người làm chủ hành động ở mệnh đề sau “ So that”: a. khẳng đònh: Ex: - I shouted so that I could warn everyone of danger.  I shouted in order to . . . - Tom is saving up. He wants to buy a new bicycle.  Tom is saving up in order to . . .  Tom is saving up in order that . . . b.Phủ đònh: Ex: - She put on the warm clothes so that she wouldn’t catch cold.  She put on the warm clothes in order not . . . + He locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed.  He locked the door in order not . . .  He locked the door in order that . . . BECAUSE + S + V BECAUSE OF + V-ING 2.Khi chủ ngữ thứ nhất không phải là người thực hiện hành động ở mệnh đề“So that”: a. Khẳng đònh: Ex: +The man spoke loudly so that everybody could hear him clearly.  The man spoke loudly in order for . . . +He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him.  He gave me his address in order . . .  He gave me his address in order that. . . b. Phủ đònh: Ex: + Please shut the door so that the dog can’t go out of the house.  Please shut the door in order for . . . + Mary hid the novel under her pillow . She didn’t want her father to see it.  Mary hid the novel under her pillow in order that  Mary hid the novel under her pillow in order for VI. S + HAVE / HAS NOT + Ved/ 3 -> IT’S THE FIRST TIME + S + HAVE / HAS + Ved/3 a. I haven’t seen that man here before.  It’s the first time . b. I have never read this book before.  It’s the first time c. My father hasn’t driven a car before.  This is the first time VI. S+ HAVE / HAS + NOT+Ved/3 … SINCE ( FOR) -> S + LAST + Ved/2 . . . WHEN . . . -> THE LAST TIME + S + WAS . . . a. I haven’t heard from him since August.  The last time b. I haven’t seen him since I was a student.  I last saw . c. I haven’t played football since 1970.  The last time . IX. S + STARTED/ BEGAN … AGO -> S + HAVE / HAS + BEEN + V+ING + SINCE ( FOR) a. He started working for this factory a year ago.  He has .  He has . b. Tom began playing the piano four years ago.  Tom has . X. S+ V (Present perfect) … + TIME -> IT IS + TIME …+ SINCE … + V (s. past) ( Negative) a. Tom and Mary have been married for five years.  It is b. I haven’t seen my father for one month.  It’s one month . c. Tom has not had his hair cut for over 3 months.  It is over . . SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. I. THE INFINITIVE: 1. ( thật là . . . để làm . . .) Ex: