Handout for unit 1

bài tập về parts of speech

PARTS OF SPEECH &

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

A PARTS OF SPEECH TABLE

This is a summary of the 8 parts of speech* You can find more detail if you click on each part of speech

Part of

Verbs

động từ

shows action or state

(to) be, have, do, like, work, sing, can, must

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Noun s

danh từ

names persons, things, places or ideas

pen, dog, work, music, town, London, teacher, John, happiness

This is my dog He lives in my house We live in London.

đại từ replaces nouns I, you, he, she, some Tara is Indian She is beautiful.

Adjective s

Tính từ

describes nouns &

pronouns

a/an, the, 2, some, good, big, red, well, interesting

I have two dogs My dogs are big

I like big dogs.

Trạng từ, phó từ

describes verbs, adjectives or other adverbs

quickly, silently, well, badly, very, really

My dog eats quickly When he is very hungry, he eats really

quickly

Preposition s

giới từ

links a noun to another word to, at, after, on, but We went to school on Monday.

liên từ

joins clauses or sentences or words and, but, when

I like dogs and I like cats I like cats and dogs I like dogs but I

don't like cats

Interjection s

thán từ

express emotions,

or are fillers in sentences oh!, ouch!, hi!, well

Ouch! That hurts! Hi! How are you? Well, I don't know.

* Some grammar sources categorize English into 9 or 10 parts of speech Examples of other

categorizations are:

 Verbs may be treated as two different parts of speech:

o Lexical Verbs (work, like, run)

o Auxiliary Verbs (be, have, must)

 Determiners may be treated as a separate part of speech, instead of being categorized under

Adjectives

VERBS

A verb is often defined as a word which shows action or state of being The verb is the heart of a sentence - every sentence must have a verb Recognizing the verb is often the most important step in

understanding the meaning of a sentence

- In the sentence The dog bit the man, bit is the verb and the word which shows the action of the

sentence

- In the sentence The man is sitting on a chair, even though the action doesn't show much activity, sitting is the verb of the sentence

- In the sentence She is a smart girl, there is no action but a state of being expressed by the verb

is The word be is different from other verbs in many ways but can still be thought of as a

verb

Unlike most of the other parts of speech, verbs change their form

- Sometimes endings are added: learn – learned, learn – learns, go – goes

- Sometimes the word itself becomes different: teach-taught

- The different forms of verbs show different meanings related to such things as

* tense: past, present, future

* person: first person, second person, third person

* number: singular, plural

* voice: active, passive

- Verbs are also often accompanied by verb-like words to give them different meanings:

* modals: may, could, should, etc.

* auxiliaries: be, do, have, etc

A verb which has an object is called a transitive verb and some examples arethrow, buy, hit, love

A verb which has no object is called an intransitive verb and some examples arego, come, walk

CONJUNCTIONS

A conjunction is a word that connects other words or groups of words There are 2 types of

conjunctions:

- Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions which connect two equal parts of a sentence The

most common ones are and, or, but, and so which are used in the following ways:

AND

BOTH … AND join or add words together They ate and drank

Bob and Dan are friends

He speaks both English and French

OR

EITHER … OR

NEITHER … NOR

show choice or possibilities He will be here on Monday or Tuesday

He can’t (either) read or write

He can neither read nor write

BUT show opposite or conflicting

ideas

She is small but strong

It is early but we can go

NOT ONLY … BUT ALSO He is not only intelligent but also modest

- Subordinating conjunctions connect two parts of a sentence that are not equal and will be discussed

more in another class For now, you should know some of the more common subordinating

conjunctions such as: after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while

Example: Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Ram went swimming while it was raining

- Besides, the Adverbs/Conjunctions such as Besides, However, Nevertheless, Otherwise, So, Therefore, Still, Yet, Though can join clauses or sentences and are then often known as ‘conjuncts’.

But they can also, with the exception of nevertheless and therefore (conjuncts), be used in other

ways Their position will vary according to how they are used

BESIDES + N (prep.) in addition

to - Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden.

BESIDES, clause (conjunct) in

addition

- I can’t go now; I’m too busy Besides, my passport is out of date

HOWEVER+ADJ/ADV (Adv of Degree) - You couldn’t earn much, however hard you worked

but/

nevertheless tuy nhiên/ all the same

dù sao đi nữa

- I’ll offer it to Tom However, he may not want it

- He may not want it however

- Tom, however, may not want it

- If, however, he doesn’t want it, …

but/however/nevertheless/all the same they won

OTHERWISE

usuallly comes after V

(adv of manner) in

a different way

- It must be used in a well-ventilated room Used otherwise it could be harmful

if not/ or else

- We must be early; otherwise we won’t get a seat

- We must be early or (else) we won’t get a seat (colloquial)

SO + ADJ/ADV (adv of degree) - She was so angry that she couldn’t speak

SO precedes a clause (conjunct)

therefore

- Our cases were heavy, so we took a taxi

- Our cases were heavy; therefore we took a taxi

- Our cases were heavy; we therefore took a taxi

STILL (adv of time) - The children are still up

STILL

come at the beginning of

the cl

(conjunct) admitting that/

nevertheless

- You aren’t rich; still, you could do something to help him

YET

come at the beginning of

the cl

(conjunct) in spite

of that/ all the same/ nevertheless

- They are ugly and expensive; yet people buy them

THOUGH introduces cl.

of concession although - Thoughthem /Although they’re expensive, people buy

THOUGH links 2 main

cl

but/yet - He says he’ll pay, though I don’t think he will

- He says he’ll pay, I don’t think he will, though

1 Definition: An interjection is a word that expresses some kind of emotion It can be used as filler

Interjections do not have a grammatical function in the sentence and are not related to the other parts

of the sentence If an interjection is omitted, the sentence still makes sense It can stand alone.

E.g - Ouch! That hurts

- Well, I need a break

- Wow! What a beautiful dress!

When you are expressing a strong emotion, use an exclamation mark (!) A comma (,) can be used for

a weaker emotion

agreement okay, right, sure, yeah, yes, uh-huh Yes, I'll come with you

alarm/ call

attention

egad, hey, oh oh, yikes Yikes! That's pricey!

amazement cool, gee, gee whiz, golly, goodness, holy cow,

sick, wicked, wow

Wow! How did you do that?

compliment bravo, encore, congratulations Bravo! You got an A+

contentment mmmm, yum, yummy Mmmm! Chocolate cake!

disbelief, doubt huh? what? Huh? She did what?

dissatisfaction humph Humph! We'll just see about

that

help

nice day?

left

hesitation/pause er, hmm, uh, well Er, well, I don't know what to

say

partings bye, bye-bye, goodbye, so long Bye for now!

special occasions Happy Birthday, Merry Christmas Happy Birthday, Ayesha!

B BASIC SENTENCE PATTERNS

Sentences may be classified into 5 basic sentence patterns according to the formation of the Predicate

S + V i (+ modifier) The dog died

The small dog died painfully right here last night

II Pattern 2

S + V L + S.C (+ modifier) The child looks healthy.

The child fed by Babylac Milk looks very healthy

LIST of English linking verbs



- to be : thì, là

- to appear: dường như, như thể

= to seem

- to become: trở nên, trở thành

= to get

= to turn

= to go

= to grow

- to feel: cảm thấy

- to look: trông có vẻ

- to prove: tỏ ra là, chứng tỏ là

- to remain: vẫn

= to stay

- to taste: có vị

- to smell: có mùi -to sound: nghe như, nghe có vẻ

III Pattern 3

S + V t + O (+ modifier) Mr Brown buys a hat

Mr Brown, who lives near my house, buys an expensive new

hat from that store.

IV Pattern 4

(a) S + V t + IO + DO (+ modifier) Her uncle gave the boy a bicycle

(b) S + V t + DO + prep + IO (M) Her uncle gave a bicycle to the boy.Being very pleased, her uncle gave a red bicycle to the tallest boy.

 We use preposition “to” with the following verbs: bring, feed, give, hand, lend, offer, owe, pass, pay, post, promise, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, throw, write,…

 We use preposition “for” with the following verbs: book, build, buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, leave, make, order, pick, reserve, save,…

Notes: The shorter object (word) always precedes the longer one (phrase, clause)

Right: He told us why he came

Wrong: He told why he came to us.

Right: She left a message for every member of the family

Wrong: She left every member of the family a message.

*Right: He announced to the congress his decision to resign his presidency.

*Wrong: He announced the congress his decision to resign his presidency

V Pattern 5

S + V t + O + O.C (+ modifier) The Committee elected my friend Secretary.

The committee elected my friend Tom Secretary of the Company.

Some verbs used for this pattern: appoint bổ nhiệm, baptize đặt tên thánh, call gọi, choose chọn làm, christen đặt tên thánh, crown tôn vương, designate bổ nhiệm, dub gọi ai bằng biệt hiệu, elect

cử, bầu, entitle phong tước, find nhận thấy … là, leave bỏ, để, make bầu, chọn, name đặt tên,

nickname gọi bằng biệt hiệu, nominate bổ nhiệm, style gợi là, gọi bằng tên đặc biệt, proclaim tuyên

bố

Notes: Vi ( Intransitive Verb): one that has a complete meaning by itself

Vt (Transitive Verb): one that can't stand alone That is, it needs an object to complete its meaning

V L (Linking Verb): the link between the subject and the subjective Complement

M (Modifier): a word or group of words which amplifies the meaning of the main elements of a

sentence

DO (Direct Object)  WHAT?

IO (Indirect Object)  WHOM?

Complement: word/phrase that completes the sense of Subject, or Object

S.C (Subjective Complement)

O.C (Objective Complement)

COMPONENTS OF A SENTENCE

I SUBJECTS

1 Noun - The minister went abroad last week.

2 Pronoun - We should do all we can for the sake of peace.

3 Adjective - The rich must help the poor.

4 Infinitive - To be loved is happy.

6 Noun phrase - To tell the truth is sometimes difficult.

7 Noun clause - How the thief broke into the house is unknown.

8 Informal subject IT - It is sure that she will come.

II OBJECTS

1 Direct & Indirect O - She lends me her book

IO DO

2 Prepositional Object - They wait for the bus.

3 Adverbial Object - We go home.

4 Adjective Object

(Adjective Determiner)

- I am glad that you can visit us.

5 Cognate Object - She lives a happy life

3 Adjective (as a N) - They teach the blind here.

5 Infinitive - Everybody wants to succeed.

6 Noun Phrase - We really don’t know where to go next.

7 Noun Clause - We wonder why she came late.

III COMPLEMENTS

1 Subjective Complements - Tom is my friend.

2 Objective Complements - They decided Tom the winner.

Forms of

Complements Subjective Complements Objective Complements

1 Noun - He becomes an engineer - We call them cowards.

2 Pronoun - Who’s that? It’s I.

3 Adjective - Her dress is blue - The boy made the teacher angry.

4 Participle - The father looks worried - They keep us waiting.

- She felt her heart beating.

5 Gerund - Seeing is believing.

6 Infinitive - To live means to struggle - The muddy road made him fall.

7 Phrase - She is in love with him.

- Pity is akin to love.(có họ hàng với)

- His words filled them with terror.

- We had seen towns destroyed by bombing.

8 Noun Clause - Money is what she wants

- The fact is that she left him.

- He made our company what it is now.

IV MODIFIERS

Modifiers of a Subject, Object or Complement

1 Adjective - They arrested the guilty man.

2 Adjective phrase - They arrested the man guilty of murder.

3 Adjective clause - They arrested the man who is guilty of murder.

4 Possessive Adjective - My friend won the lottery last week.

5 Demonstrative Adjective - That boy will come to our party.

6 Article - A friend in need is a friend indeed.

7 Participle - They a build a swimming pool near our house.

- The broken vase is very valuable.

Modifiers of a Verb

2 Adverbial object - She went home.

3 Infinitive phrase - They stops to ask the way.

4 Prepositional phrase - They went early with the intention of getting good seats.

Modifiers of another modifier

1 Adverb - She plays the piano very beautifully.

- This is a purely Vietnamese food.

ASSIGNMENT 2

Q1: How many kinds of sentences are there in English, according to their use? Give 2 examples for each.

Q2: List all Wh-words used to make questions and tell what it refers to.

E.g 1 Where: place

2 ………

3 ………

Q3: State the general rule to make Tag question Give one example.

Q4: List all special cases of Tag questions you know Give one example for each.

Q5: How to make the Exclamatory sentences?

The end _