auxiliary past participle past tense past perfect tense pluperfect The future perfect tense Both auxiliaries ‘to have’ and ‘to be’ are used to form the future perfect tense.. auxiliarie
Trang 1For example:
She had driven
past tense past participle
This tense takes us another step back in time The action was completed before another one took place.
For example:
He had eaten it before I arrived
auxiliary past participle past tense
past perfect tense (pluperfect)
The future perfect tense
Both auxiliaries ‘to have’ and ‘to be’ are used to form the future perfect tense This tense shows that an action will have been completed at some time in the future.
For example:
They will have driven 200 km by the time they arrive
auxiliaries past participle
A table of perfect tenses – active voice
Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect
Singular
Person
1st I had hidden I have hidden I shall have hidden
2nd You had hidden You have hidden You will have
hidden 3rd He/she/it had
hidden
He/she/it has hidden
He/she/it will have hidden
Trang 2Plural
Person
1st We had hidden We have hidden We shall have
hidden 2nd You had hidden You have hidden You will have
hidden 3rd They had hidden They have hidden They will have
hidden
A table of perfect tenses – passive voice
Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect Singular
Person
1st I had been told I have been told I shall have been
told 2nd You had been
told
You have been told
You will have been told 3rd He/she/it had
been told
He/she/it has been told
He/she/it will have been told
Plural
Person
1st We had been told We have been
told
We shall have been told 2nd You had been
told
You have been told
You will have been told 3rd They had been
told
They have been told
They will have been told
Trang 318.1 Activities: perfect tenses
1 Students take turns to mime an action and the others guess or write
down what the action is The answers will be present participles,
such as laughing, cooking etc Students should think up their own
actions
2 Students complete a tense table with the verb ‘to forget’ in the
active voice
Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect
Singular
Person
1st
2nd You had
Plural
Person
1st
2nd
3 Students complete a tense table with the verb ‘to rescue’ in the
passive voice
Past perfect Present perfect Future perfect
Singular
Person
1st
Plural
Person
1st
2nd
Trang 4A 4 Students are given the list of verbs on the left, and fill in a table
showing the past tense and past participle of each
verb Past tense Past participle
5 Students answer the following questions by adding three tasks that they/others have done
a What have you done so far today?
1 I have
2
3
b What has your brother/sister done today?
1 She
2
3
6 Students match each verb to its tense:
a I shall have eaten too much Past perfect
b He was telling a good joke Future
c See how they run Future perfect
d They will take us to the wedding Past continuous
e Maureen had bent her ruler Present
a Future perfect, b Past continuous, c Present, d Future,
e Past perfect
Trang 5Checklist: perfect tenses
Students should now be able to
• define the term ‘participle’
• state the present participle of any common verb
• state the past participle of most common verbs
• complete past, present and future tenses using present and past
participles together with auxiliaries
• change the tense in a sentence to another tense, from those already
learnt
• recognise the tense used in a given sentence
Trang 6Numeral adjectives (numbering)
These are the words that qualify nouns according to number They include:
• cardinal adjectives – state how many
For example:
one fine day ten green bottles
• ordinal adjectives – state order or position
For example:
the second volume the twelfth day
Indefinite adjectives
These give an idea of number but are not exact.
For example:
Many ships sailed; some reached port; several sank.
Quantitative adjectives
As the name suggests, they indicate quantity.
For example:
I have little money; in fact, I haven’t any money.
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Trang 7This is a good time to explain to students the difference between
the words few and less Few is applied to items that can be
num-bered or counted Less is used for things that cannot be counted
separately.
For example:
few people; few ships; few opportunities
less sugar; less happy; less increase
Interrogative adjectives
These ask which or what.
For example:
Whose boots are they?
Which door did you come through?
Possessive adjectives
These accompany a noun and indicate possession.
For example:
The dog licked its paw.
19.1 Activities: adjectives
1 Students mark and list the adjectives in the passage below
My brother got a Ford car It is second-hand, but newer than
mine There were ten cars for sale The newest had several dents
in it, so he chose that one which was his second choice Now each
member of the family has a car