Cracking the Toefl IBT 2009 edition part 47

Other ays ol mating phoogrphic images on metal plates, such tntypes and feralypes, wee developed ail ate the advent of he dagureatype They ‘uckly ecised itn popularity.. Today, the surv

T0EFL Resding

21 According to paragraph 5, how

did daguerreotypists prevent the

production of blurred images during

exposure?

(A) They exposed the plates for

shorter lengths of time

(B) They instructed their

customers not to blink

(C) They had special furniture

for their customers to use

({D) They allowed their

customers to take short breaks

Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow

DI

(Only small umber opotessonl photographers ever had any practical

experience as daquerreotypiss those ecniians who mae photographs through the daqueetye proces y its ices! etition te dapueretyp2

‘recess was commen for nolo tha 20 years inthe mid-1800s Other ays ol mating phoogrphic images on metal plates, such tntypes and feralypes, wee developed ail ate the advent of he dagureatype They

‘uckly ecised itn popularity Today, the surviving photographs produce by these methods role elered tas daguerenypes, bul hal designation is incorect

isnot surprising that photography enthusiasts began ooking for alternatives tothe daguerreotype almost immediately The materials it requied were both expensive—the les contained sive and one of the developing solutions contained gold—and extremely risky Stic adherence to prope laboratory rocedure was ncessary i certo avid poisoning by noxious gases

The steps volved in preparing and exposing a daguerteoype were as laborious and tustatng as they were hazardous lnages were recorded on copper lates towhich several thin coats of sve had been appli, Ate being fastened 0 wooden blocks, the plates were scoured with alcohol and squares of sot anne Since even one speck ol dust could easily create a dep enough groove to render the imal map worhles,hey ha to be perlect}bute The plates were th

‘aed in solution of broming and iodine The thin yer of bromo-iodine that foxme on them made them sensitiv ight, at which pin they were read or exposure

‘Alte exposure, the plates wae dipped alemately in heated mercury and .reeing-cgldwaler The mercury vaprsheiped fi the images tothe lates and developed them, Te chilled wae kept the plats trom breaking đưing Catia tp The dagureotpists next applied nyérosutate soda tothe plate sfaces to dssolve any broma-iodne hat had not been exposed to light and

‘rusted hem wih solution of gold and clarinet brighten the images and sharpen heir black-ite contat

‘There were ditculties forthe daquerreotypist' customers oo The expense of

‘matefals and labor was pased ono them in the fxm o ery high rics Only

‘he rich could easly ator ost fora daguerreotype porta For those o more lite means a dapuerecype was aonce-in-a-lletime eat Additonal, aguereotype pats required long exposures, rom 8 to 20 minutes, in order

to yield high-quality images Cais an ables wih special support were

‘designed to help hase posing fox portraits o remain absolutly stil roughout

‘he exposure time, they dit ol, he resulting image would be blued Not

‘ren the ceverest such design, of couse, could compensa fo the ned ol he human eye to blink periodically

Fer althe disadvantages involved in making daguerreotype, noone could

‘argu wth he nshed product when things went well, The process recoded textural detail wth a els hal stil seems shocking The sheen ot satin

‘andthe dl, eavy nap ol fanne ae easly distinguished Those posing fox daqurreotyes tied ater trying to maintain he same facial expression fox minutes ta time; theresul was thatthe features often relaxed into an attractive thoughtless,

>>The incentive to develop a pholographic process hat retained the advantages ofthe daguereotype witout the disadvantapes was ths powerful The substitute wth the most sting populatiy was the letdpt, or inype, whieh used an enamel-coatediton pate Fertotypes became popular wih otographers whose up sala street fais and inexpensive resorts because they could be exposed and developed very quickly on plates were also much Jess expensive han copper pas, andthe esting photographs were ess

‘rai thandapuetetypes On the othe and, on unk coppe, could us it

‘ot propel stored Many od lerotypes wee destroyed by longterm đegiy

‘ol and mais envionment,

478 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT

ra"

22 Which of the following is mentioned

in paragraph 6 as a detail recorded

realistically in a daguerreotype?

(A) differences in color

(8) degree of luster

(C) how tired the subject was

(D) whether the subject blinked

during exposure

Paragraph 6 is marked with an arrow

>]

(Only smal number of rtessionl photographers eve had any practical experience as daguereotypists, those technicians who made photographs trough the daguereotype process y is ticles defntion, the dapuereotype process was common fr nat mor than 20 years inthe mid-T800s Other ays o making photographic images on metal plates, suchas intypes and feolypes, were develope rapier the advent fe daguerteniype They

‘quickly etpsd itn popularity Today, the surviving photographs produced by

‘hese methods are lien relred tas daguerreotype, bu tal designation is Iincorect

{tis ot surprising that photography enthusiasts began looking fr allernatives tothe daguerreotype almost immeriaely The material it required were both

‘expensive—the lates contained sive and one of the developing solutions

‘contained gold—and extremely risky Stic acherece to prope laboratory

‘procedure was necessary inode to avoid poisoning by noxious gases

‘The steps involved in preparing and exposing a daguereotype wee as laborious and tustating as they were hazardous Images mee recorded on coppe lates

to which several thin oats ol iver ha been applied Aer being fastened to wooden blocks the plats were scoured wih alcohol and squares of sot anne Since even oe speck of dus could easy create a deep enough groove to ender

‘the final image worthes, they had tobe perfect bulled The plates wee then tated in solutions of bromine and iodine The thin yer of bromo-iodine that {orm on them made them sensitiv gt, at hich point they wee ready for exposure

‘Ate exposure, the plles were sipped alternately in heated mercury and Irezing-coi water The mercury vapors heiped Nth images to the plates and

‘developed them The chilled water kept he plates rom breaking up during his

‘cal te The dapvercetypists next applied hycrosutate sod othe plate surlacesto dissolve any bromo-iodine hat had not een exposed to light and 'usbed hem with a solution of gold an chlaine to brighten the images and starpen heir back-ite contrast

There were dicts or the daquerreatypists' customers oo The expense ot

‘materials and labor was passed on them nthe fxm o ery high rics Only thei could easily aod tosit for a daguerreotype portrait For those o more limited means, a daguerreotype was a once-in-a-etime teal Aditonaly, Aaguerecype plates required long exposures, tom 8 to 20 minutes, inorder

to yield high-quality images Cais and ables wi special support were

‘signed to elp hase posing fox portraits o remain absolutly sil roughout the exposure time hey ci no, the esting image woud be blared Not even he cleverest such design, o couse, could compensate othe ned ol the human eye oink periodically,

foralthe dlsadvantapes involved in making daguerecypes, no one could

‘argue wt the finshed product when things went well The process recorded textural etal witha realism ta stil stems shocking The sheen ol sain andthe dl beavy nap ol fanne! are easly itingushed Those posing foc dagureotypes tied after uying to maintain he same cial expression {ox minutes aime; the result was thal their lealures often relaxed into an aractve houghtunes

>>The incentive to develop a photographic process hat retained the advantages

‘lth daguerreotype wiht he dsadvaniages was thus powerul The Substitute wth the most sting popularity was the freype or tinype,

‘which used an enam-coaled rn plat Ferolypes became popular wih photographers whose up salsa sree airs and inexpensive resorts because they coud be exposed and developed very quickly on plates were also much less expensive than copper plates, andthe resuting photographs were ess Fragile han daguertetypes On the athe hand, en unlike copper, could ust it

‘not propel sored Many ol lerotypes were destroyed by longterm đế hotand moist envionment

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 479

NT

23 Paragraph 7 mentions each of

the following as an advantage of

ferrotypes EXCEPT

(A) durability of the images

(B) lowcost

(C)_ speed of developing

(D) resistance to rusting

Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow

PI

Daguerreotypes

‘Only small umber of protessional photographers eer ha any practical

‘expatience as daguerecypss, those technicians who made photographs through the daguerreotype process y is strictest definition, te daguerreotype process was common for notmore than 20 years inthe mid-1600s Other ways ol making photographic images on mata plates, suchas tiniypes and fetoypes, were developed rapa ater the advent of he dapuetetype They {quchy eclipsed itn popularity Today, te surviving photographs produce by these methods a olen reared to as caguereatypes, bu that designations incorect

ts not surprising thal photography enthusiasts began ooking for allenatives tothe dagereotype almost immediately The materials it required were both expensive —te lates contained sive and one of the developing soltons contained gold—and extrema isky Stic adherence to prope laboratory

‘rocedue was necessary inode to avoid poisoning by nasous gases

The steps involved in preparing and exposing a daguerreotype were as laborious and tustatin as they were hazardous mages wee recorded on copper plates {owhich several thin coats ot iver had been applied ter eing fastened to wooden blocks, the pals were scoured wih alcoho and squares of sot anne Since even one speck of dus coud easily create a deep enough arooveto ender

‘he final imag worthes, they had tobe perfectly balled The pats were then bathed in solutions of bromine and iodine The hin layer of bromo: odine hai

‘ox on them made them sensitiv tight a which point they were ready for exposue

‘ter exposure the plates were ciped alternately in heated mercury and

‘weeing-old wate, The mercury vapors helped Tx the images to te plates and

‘developed them Th chilled water kept he plates rom breaking up during is

‘ical step, The daguerreotypiss next applied hycrosutte soda fo the late surlacesto dissolve any bromo-iodin hat had not been exposed to ight and bbushed them with a solution of gold and coin to brighten the inages and Sharpen their black witecontast

There merece or the daguetreotypists customers too The expense ot materials nd labor was passed ont them inthe form of vr igh pices Oniy the rich could easily aor tosit fora daguerreotype port Fo those of mae liitesmeans, a daguerreotype was a once-in-a-lietime ea Additonal, đagueeot pe plates required long exposures, tom 8 to 20 minutes, inorder

to yea high-qualty images Chats and tales with special support were {lesigned to help those posing for portraits to remain absolutly stil throughout

‘he exposure tine I hey didnot, the resulting image would be bared No even the cleverst such desig, a couse, could compensate or the need ol the

‘human eet blink periodically, Foralthe dsadvantages involved in making daguerectypes no one could arge wt the tnished product when tings went wel The process recoded textural deta witha ealsm tha sil seems shocking The heen ot sain andthe dl heavy nap of fannel are easly distinguished Tose posing for dagueteotypes tied aft tying to maintain the same ail expression {or minutes atime; the result was ta their etures often lard into an atvatvehoughtunes

>The incentive to develop a photographic process that retained the advantages ofthe daguerreatype without the dsadvantages was thus powerul The

‘substitute with the mast lasting popultity was th frotype, otintype,

‘which used an enamel-coate iron plat Fesotypes became popular wih photographers who setup sali t sree airs and inexpensive resorts because

‘Mey could be exposed and developed very quickly ton plates were also much less expensive than copper plates, andthe resulting photographs were less Fragile an daguerotypes On the che hand ion unike copper, could ust t

‘ot properly soced, Many od ferotypes were đestoyed by lon-lom display in hot and moist envionment

480 | Cracking the TOEFLBT

TOEFL Reading

La Nha

experience as daguetetypsts, those technicians who made photographs trough the daguerentype process ys sites definition, the aguereotype

(A) photographers process ns comman or oto 20ers inte i 80s Other

(8) stalls foie a al eres nde apy ae bear lhe ques Tey

(D) street fairs and resorts these metas at olen een as apaneypes, inne atest

‘tis ot suprising that photography enthusiasts began looking fr alternatives {ote daguerreotype almost immediately, The material it required were both

‘expensive —the lates contained sve and one of the developing sluons

‘conained gold—and extremely risky Stic agherence to prope laboratory

‘roredure was necessary inode a avoid poisoning by noxious gases,

‘The steps involved in preparing and exposing a daguerteotype wee as laborious and tustatng asthe wee hazardous Images wee recorded on copper lates

to which several tin coats oliver had been applied Alter being fastened to wooden blocks the plats were scouod with alcohol and squares of soft anne Since even one peck of ust could easly create a deep enough groove lo ender

‘he ina image worthless, they had tobe prec bule The plates were then bathed in solutions of bromine and iodine The thin yer of bromo-iodine that foxmed on them made them sensitive ight, at which point they were read for exposure

‘tet exgesre, pales wee ped allem inbeated mercury and treezng-old water The mercury vapors helped the images othe plats and

<eeloped them The child water ep the pats trom breaking up during this

"cal step The dagurrentypiss next applied hyarosulat soda tothe plate surtacts to isolveany broma- iodine thal had ol been expesed tight and

‘shed them wih a solution of gold an chlorine to brighten he images and sharpen er black cotas,

There were diticutis forthe dapuereoypiss’ customers too The expense of

‘materials and labor was passed ono them inthe frm o very high prices Only {he rch could easly ator to sit fra daguerreotype porta For those of more limited means, a dapureotype was a once-in-a-lieime treat Adtional, Aaguereoiype pales required long exposuces, tom 8 to 20 minut, in order {oye high-quality images Cais an ables wih special support were Clesigned to elp hase posing for portato remain absolutly stil roughout

‘he exposure time, they dino, the esuting image woud be bled, Not

‘vente clevrest such design, of couse, could compensate or the ned othe human oye to bink periodically

Fora the disadvantages involved in making daguerreotype, noone could argue wt the shed product when things went well Te process recorded textural deta witha realism ta sil sems shocking The sheen ot sain andthe dl eavy nap of anne ae easily distinguished, Those posing foc dagureotypes tied ae tying to maintain he same cial expression foc minutes time; the result was thatthe features often relaxed into an attractive thoughtless

>The incentive to develop a photographic process that tained he advantages ofthe daguereotype witout the disadantapes was thus powerful The subsite wit the most sting popularity waste lestaype or inype, which used an enamel-coated ion pate Fertolypes became popular wih photographers who se up salsa sree fais and inexpensive resorts because hey could be exposed and developed very quickly on pats were also much less expensive than copper pas, andthe resulting photographs were ess fragile han daguerreotype On the othe hand, ion unlike copper, could ust it

‘ot propel stored, Many od lerotypes wee destroyed by longterm dspay in hot and moist envionment

‘The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 481

TUEFL Reading

25 It can be inferred from paragraph

7 that storage space for ferrotypes

should be

(A) cleaned frequently

(8) cool and dry

(C) brightly lit

{D) coated with enamel

Paragraph 7 is marked with an arrow

PI

Daguerreotypes Cciy smal numberof prlessional photographers ever had any practical

‘experience as daguereotypists, those etnias who made photographs rough the daguerectype process y is strictest definition the daguerreotype

‘rocess was common for not more han 20 years inthe mid-1800s Other ays ol making photographic imapeson meta plates, uch as inlypes and fertotypes, were developed rapil after the advent of the daguerenype They

‘quickly ecpsed itn popula, Today, he surviving photographs produced by

‘hese methods are fen refered to 23 dapuereoypes, but al designation icone

nis ot suprising that photography enthusiasts began looking fr alternatives tote daguerreotype almost immediatly The materials it required wee both expersive—the plates contained sive and one ofthe developing solutions contained gold—and extremely risky Strict adherence to pope laboraory

‘rocedae as necessary inode to avoid poisoning by noxious gases

‘The steps involved in preparing and expsing a daguereotype were 23 laborious and rutatin as they wee hazardous mages wee recorded on coppe plates towhich several tin coats of iver had been apple Alter being fastened fo wooden blocks, the plas wee scoured with alcool and squares of st anne

‘Since even one speck ot ust could easly create a deep enaugh groove to render

‘he final image worthiess, they had tobe pele buted The plates wee then tated in solutions of bromine ad iotine The thi ayer of Bromo iodine that {ormed on them made them sensitiv lo igh, at wich pont they mere ready for exposure

‘Aer exposure the plates were cipped alemately in heated mercury and frezing-cod water The mercury vaprsheiped fix the images tothe plates and

‘developed them The chilled water kept the plates rom breaking up during this

‘cal step The éapuereotypss ner applied hyarosulae sods othe pate sustaces to gssolve any bromo-iodne ha had not been exposed to fight and

‘shed them witha solution of gold and choi to brighten the images and sharpen ei black-white contrat

‘There were citfculties or the daguerreatypists' customers oo, The expense of

‘materials and labor was passed ono hem inte fom of ey high rice Only the rich could easy ator to sit fra éagueretype porta For hese of more lined means, a dagureotype was a onc-in-2-Metime treat Adio Aaguerecype plates required long exposures, om 810 20 minutes, in order

to yield bigh-qualty images Cais and tables wih special support were

‘esiged to hep hase posing fox porta o remain absolutely stil thoughout the eposut time they did ol, the resulting image would be laed Not even the ceverest such design, of couse, could compensate fo the ned othe

‘human eet blink periodical Foral he disadvantages moved n making aguerectypes, no one could argo wit the ished product when things weal wel The proces recorded textural etal witha realism tha stil seems shocking The sheen of sain andthe dl, eavy nap ol fanne ae easly distinguished Those posing {ox daguerreotype red ater trying to maintain the same aca expression for minutes aime: the esl was thai thi feaures ote axed nto an atactve thoughtfulness,

>>The incentive to develop a photographic process hat retained the advantages

‘olthe daguerreotype without the advantages was thus power The substitu with he mcs tasting popuaity was the fetotype,o tiny, which used anename-coated iron lt Ferrlypes became popula wth otographers whose up sala street fairs and inexpensive resorts because They could be exposed and developed very quickly on pats were also much less expensive than copper pales, andthe resting photographs were ess fragile than daguetetypes On the che hand, on, unlike copper, could us it

‘0 rope stored Many ol ferotypes were destroyed by long-term spay in hol and mest environments

4482 | Cracking the TOEFL aT

NT

26 Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage

is provided below Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer

choices that express the most important ideas in the passage Some

sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that

are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage This

question is worth 2 points

The daguerreotype was a kind of photography that was briefly popular before being replaced by other methods

Answer Choices

Some daguerreotypes have lasted _ | The ferrotype was less expensive

long enough to be enjoyed today | and more durable than the

daguerreotype and became a popular substitute,

Daguerreotypes had to be brushed | The daguerreotype process

with gold and chlorine to make the | used dangerous chemicals and

The images in daguerreotypes were | Many photographers preferred to

looked for easier ways to produce _| process even after alternatives were

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 483

TOEFL Resding

Hormones in the Body

Until the beginning of the twentieth century,

the nervous system was thought to control

all communication within the body and the resulting integration of behavior Scientists

had determined that nerves ran, essentially,

on electrical impulses These impulses

were thought to be the engine for thought,

emotion, movement, and internal processes such as digestion However, experiments by

William Bayliss and Ernest Starling on the chemical secretin, which is produced in the

‘small intestine when food enters the stomach, eventually challenged that view From the

‘small intestine, secretin travels through

the bloodstream to the pancreas There, it

stimulates the release of digestive chemicals

In this fashion, the intestinal cells that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of different chemicals in a different organ, the pancreas

Such a coordination of processes had been thought to require control by the nervous system; Bayliss and Starling showed that it could occur through chemicals alone This discovery spurred Starling to coin the term

hormone to refer to secretin, taking it from the

Greek word hormon, meaning “to excite" or

“to set in motion.” A hormone is a chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere

‘As more hormones were discovered, they were categorized, primarily according to the process by which they operated on the body Some glands (which make up the endocrine system) secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream Such glands include the thyroid and the pituitary The exocrine system consists of organs and glands that produce substances that are used outside the bloodstream, primarily for digestion The pancreas is one such organ, although it

TUEFL Resding

pe

secretes some chemicals into the blood and thus is also part of the endocrine system

Much has been learned about hormones since their discovery Some play such key roles in regulating bodily processes or behavior that their absence would cause immediate death

The most abundant hormones have effects that are less obviously urgent but can be more far-reaching and difficult to track: They modify moods and affect human behavior,

‘even some behavior we normally think of as voluntary Hormonal systems are very intricate Even minute amounts of the right chemicals can suppress appetite, calm aggression, and change the attitude of a parent toward a child

Certain hormones accelerate the development

of the body, regulating growth and form; others may even define an individual's personality characteristics The quantities and proportions

of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a great deal of study to shifts in the endocrine system over time in the hopes of alleviating ailments associated with aging

In fact, some hormone therapies are already very common ml A combination of estrogen and progesterone has been prescribed for decades to women who want to reduce mood swings, sudden changes in body temperature, and other discomforts caused by lower natural levels of those hormones as they enter middle age Known as hormone replacement therapy (HRT), the treatment was also believed to prevent weakening of the bones ™ At least one study has linked HRT with a heightened risk of heart disease and certain types of cancer HRT may also increase the likelihood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form Some proponents of HRT have tempered their enthusiasm in the face of

this new evidence, recommending it only to

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test

T0EFI Reading

patients whose symptoms interfere with their abilities to live normal lives m

Human growth hormone may also be given

to patients who are secreting abnormally low amounts on their own, Because of the complicated effects growth hormone has on the body, such treatments are generally restricted

to children who would be pathologically small in stature without it Growth hormone affects not just physical size but also the digestion of food and the aging process Researchers and family physicians tend to agree that itis foolhardy to dispense it in cases in which the risks are not clearly outweighed by the benefits

486 | Cracking the TOEFL iBT

TOEFL Reading

ir Unt the beginning o the twentieth century the nervous system was thought

Stosest inimeaning to 10 contol ali communication within the body and the resulting integration of

(a) ese impulses These impulses were thought to be the engine for thought, emotion,

(D) chemical ‘ew From te smal intestine, secretin raves though the boodsream tothe

pancreas There, simulates the release ol iestive chemicals In this fashion, {ential cls that produce secretin ultimately regulate the production of tern chemicals in aerent organ, he panceas

‘Sacha cortination of processes had been thought to requie contra by he servous system; Bayiss and Starling showed tht could our hroogh

‘chemicals alone This discovery Spt Starling to coin he term Aormane toretr ta secretin taking rom the Greek word hormon meaning “io exci’

(oF "Tosetin matin” Anormane sa chemical produced by one tissue to make things happen elsewhere semen int ni sit Sys meimammmact

SE em men có Thờ ta Fonmnetenntaainneer sce Senate eas ness anne ocala cea

= ths ty Soy snag meas ee sores Soot Sea ae

TH he eetmereere eer The nen KH re men

an individu personaly characterises The quantities

‘of hormones produced change with age, so scientists have given a

‘reat deal of stady to shifts in the endocrine system over ti hopes of alleviating aliments associated with aging {ntact some hormone therapies are aad very common @ A combination,

levels of those hormones as they enter middle age m Koowas

‘homone replacement therapy (HAT), the Weatment was als Deleved lo prevent

‘meatening othe bones w Atleast oe study has linked HAT with heightened

‘isk ol Deartcsease and certain types of cancer MRT may also increase the ikelinood that blood clots—dangerous because they could travel through the bloodstream and block major blood vessels—will form

Some proponents ct HAT have empered thei enthusiasm i the fae of tis new

‘vence recommending it oly ta pallens whase Symptons interfere wih het abies to lve somal ives

Human growth hormone may also be given to patens who are secreting 2hnotmaly low amounts on ther own Beeause ofthe complicated effects

‘growth hormone has on the body, such treatments a

‘estrcted to children who would be pathologically small in without it Growth hormone alc not ut physical sie but othe gestion ol ood and the aging process Researchers and amily physicians tendo agte hati is footer odspense tin cases in which he sks are nat Cat outweighed bythe Dents

The Princeton Review TOEFL iBT Practice Test | 487