European intellectual property law text, cases and materials

Foreword xxii1.2.1.1 ‘Immaterial’ character of IP 21.2.1.2 Types of rights and protection requirements 31.2.2 Rationales and economic importance 51.2.2.1 Rationales for protection 5 1.3

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Contents vi Foreword xxii List of abbreviations xxv Table of cases xxix

1 IP, IPRs and the international context 1

Recommended literature 531 Index 539

Foreword xxii

1.2.1.1 ‘Immaterial’ character of IP 21.2.1.2 Types of rights and protection requirements 31.2.2 Rationales and economic importance 51.2.2.1 Rationales for protection 5

1.3 Principles of international IP law 101.3.1 Preliminary remarks: sources of international law and treaty interpretation 101.3.2 Specific features of IP conventions 121.3.2.1 Territoriality: the defining element of

1.3.2.2 Typical elements of international IP treaties 141.3.3 Different types of treaties 151.3.3.1 Differentiation by membership (bilateral,

multilateral and plurilateral treaties) 151.3.3.2 Differentiation by legal objectives 161.3.4 Administration of IP treaties 17

1.4.1 The Paris and Berne Conventions 181.4.1.1 Coverage and structural commonalities 181.4.1.2 Minimum rights in the Paris Convention 191.4.1.3 Minimum rights and limitations in the Berne

Convention 201.4.2 Special agreements based on the Paris and Berne

Conventions 211.4.2.1 Special agreements in copyright 221.4.2.2 Special agreements on industrial property rights 22

1.4.3 TRIPS 24

1.4.3.2 Structure and contents 25

1.4.3.2.2 Part I of TRIPS: general provisions;

principles and objectives 261.4.3.2.3 Substantive minimum requirements 261.4.3.2.4 The three-step test 271.4.3.2.5 Procedural measures and sanctions;

registration proceedings 281.4.3.2.6 Dispute prevention and settlement;

transitional arrangements; final

1.5.1 Appraisal of results; ensuing policies 311.5.2 Follow-up activities at WIPO 321.5.2.1 Treaties and recommendations 321.5.2.2 The WIPO Development Agenda 341.5.3 Post-TRIPS developments in the arena of international

1.5.3.2 Bilateral trade agreements; ACTA 36

2 IP in the European legal framework 39

2.1 Introduction: treaties, aims and institutions 39

2.1.3 Membership; relationship with EFTA and EEA 432.1.3.1 Treaty membership and successive enlargements 43

2.2 Intellectual property rights and the Basic Treaties 442.2.1 Free movement of goods and services 44

2.2.1.2 Early case law: from Grundig to Deutsche

Grammophon 45

2.2.1.3 Further development of case law 47

2.2.1.3.1.1 Trade marks having the same

origin 482.2.1.3.1.2 Repacking, rebranding, relabeling 49

2.2.1.3.2.1 The notion of ‘industrial or

commercial property’ 502.2.1.3.2.2 Distribution of copies v other

forms of exploitation 502.2.1.3.2.3 Disparities of substantive law 51

2.3.2.5 Further legislation in IP and adjacent areas 66

2.3.2.5.1 Further unitary Community rights 662.3.2.5.2 Competition law 66

3 Patents 84

3.2 European patents: structure and proceedings 90

report 1003.2.2.5 Publication of the patent application 1013.2.2.6 Examination procedure and grant 1013.2.2.7 Opposition and limitation procedure 1023.2.2.8 Appeals; petition for review; referrals in order to

ensure a harmonised case law 103

3.2.2.10 Relationship with the PCT system 104

3.2.2.10.1 Euro-PCT applications 1043.2.2.10.2 EPO acting as International Searching

3.4.1.3.1 Regular assessment 128

3.4.1.3.2.1 Animal suffering; animal varieties:

the Oncomouse case 129

3.4.1.3.2.2 Stem cell patenting 130 3.4.1.3.2.2.1 EPO: WARF (the Edinburgh

patent) 130 3.4.1.3.2.2.2 ECJ: the Brüstle judgement 1313.4.1.3.2.3 Purpose-bound protection:

Monsanto 133

3.4.1.3.2.4 Essentially biological methods:

tomatoes and broccoli 1353.4.2 Computer-implemented inventions 137

3.6.1 First phase of developments (2000–2009) 1493.6.1.1 The EPC and European Patent Litigation

3.6.1.2 Renewed efforts regarding the Community patent 150

3.6.2.2.1 The EEUPC and the ECJ opinion

1/09 1533.6.2.2.2 The Unified Patent Court 155

4 Trade marks 157

4.1.1 Objectives and developments 157

4.1.2.1 Legal bases and fundamental

principles 1594.1.2.1.1 Unitary character of Community trade

4.3.1 Signs of which a trade mark may consist 1704.3.1.1 Sign v abstract concept 1704.3.1.2 Graphical representation 1714.3.2 Absolute grounds for refusal 1734.3.2.1 Distinctiveness and descriptive character:

overview 1734.3.2.2 Particular forms of signs 175

4.3.2.2.1 Compound marks 1754.3.2.2.2 Colours per se 176

4.3.2.2.5 Trade marks consisting of the

appearance of the product (shape of

4.3.2.2.5.2 Distinctiveness and descriptive

character 1784.3.2.2.5.3 Functional signs 1794.3.2.3 Acquired distinctiveness 182

4.3.2.3.1 The relevant criteria 1824.3.2.3.2 Obstacles obtaining only in part of the

Community 183

4.3.2.3.3 Trade marks which are not distinctive

anywhere in the Community 1844.3.2.4 Other absolute grounds for refusal 185

4.3.2.4.2.1 ‘Immoral’ and offensive marks 1864.3.2.4.2.2 Deceptive marks 1874.3.2.4.2.3 Flags, official symbols, badges,

4.4.1.1 Overview: structure of provisions 195

4.4.1.2.1 Active use by the alleged infringer 1964.4.1.2.2 Use in the course of trade 1964.4.1.2.2.1 Private use v commercial use 1964.4.1.2.2.2 Use in transit 1974.4.1.2.3 Use in relation to goods and services 1984.4.1.2.3.1 Use in relation to a business 1984.4.1.2.3.2 Use in relation to the infringer’s

goods or services only? 1994.4.1.2.4 Use affecting the trade mark functions 2004.4.1.2.4.1 Trade mark functions 2004.4.1.2.4.2 ECJ case law 2014.4.1.3 Double identity and likelihood of confusion 207

4.4.1.3.1 Identity of trade marks 2074.4.1.3.2 Standards for assessing likelihood of

confusion 2084.4.1.3.2.1 Similarity of marks; overall

appreciation; impact of a mark’s distinctiveness 2084.4.1.3.2.2 Similarity of goods and services 2094.4.1.3.2.3 The relevant public (notion of the

‘average consumer’) 2104.4.1.3.2.4 Likelihood of confusion in cases of

4.4.1.4 Extended protection of marks having a reputation 211

4.4.1.4.1 General concept, economic rationale 2114.4.1.4.2 Requirements for claiming reputation 2124.4.1.4.2.1 The relevant criteria 2124.4.1.4.2.2 Territorial elements 2134.4.1.4.3 Conditions and scope of protection 2144.4.1.4.3.1 Protection against use for similar

goods 2144.4.1.4.3.2 Necessity of a ‘link’ 2154.4.1.4.3.3 Detriment to distinctive character 2154.4.1.4.3.4 Detriment to reputation 2174.4.1.4.3.5 Taking unfair advantage 2174.4.1.4.3.6 Lack of due cause 218

commercialisation 2264.4.2.2.5.1 Repackaging, relabeling, rebranding 2264.4.2.2.5.2 Damage to reputation 228

4.4.3.3 Genuine use of CTMs: territorial extent 232

4.5.3.3 Bad faith 2364.5.3.4 Procedural aspects of invalidation 2374.6 Trade marks as objects of property 238

5 Copyright 241

5.1.2 Copyright law in Europe: overview 2435.2 Harmonisation of national copyright laws 246

5.2.1.1 Internal market concerns 2465.2.1.2 Other economic and political concerns 2475.2.1.3 Copyright and culture 2485.2.2 The existing copyright Directives 2505.2.2.1 Directive 2009/24/EC on the legal protection

of computer programs (originally published

as 91/250/EEC): Computer Programs Directive 250

5.2.2.2 Directive 2006/115/EC on rental right and

lending right and on certain rights related to copyright in the field of intellectual property (originally published as Directive 92/100/EEC):

Rental and Lending Right Directive 254

5.2.2.3 Directive 93/83/EEC on the coordination of

certain rules concerning copyright and rights related to copyright applicable to satellite broadcasting and cable retransmission: Satellite

5.2.2.4 Directive 2006/116/EC on the term of protection

of copyright and certain related rights (originally published as Directive 93/98/EEC): Term Directive and Directive 2011/77/EU amending Directive 2006/116/EC on the term of protection

of copyright and certain related rights 261

5.2.2.4.3 Directive 2011/77/EU: prolongation

of the term of protection of performers and producers of phonograms 2645.2.2.5 Directive 96/6/EC on the legal protection of

databases: Database Directive 266

5.2.2.6 Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of

certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society: Information Society

5.2.2.7 Directive 2001/84/EC on the resale right for the

benefit of the author of an original work of art:

5.2.3 ‘Better regulation’ approach: the Online-Music

5.2.4.1 Consolidation of existing Directives 2795.2.4.2 Orphan works legislation 2805.2.4.3 Harmonising the framework for collecting

societies 283

5.2.4.4.1 Green Paper on ‘Copyright in the

5.2.4.4.2 Reflection Paper ‘Creative content in a

single European market: Challenges

5.2.4.4.3 Communication ‘A single market for

intellectual property rights’ 2885.3 Harmonisation by interpretation: the role of the ECJ 290

5.3.2.4.3 Communication to the public 297

5.3.2.4.4 Sui generis database right 300

5.3.2.5.2 Adequate/equitable remuneration 3055.3.2.5.3 Three-step test 308

5.4.1 Shortcomings of piecemeal harmonisation 3155.4.2 Attempts to overcome territoriality 3175.4.3 The Community Copyright as a solution? 319

6 Other intellectual property rights: plant varieties, geographical indications, industrial designs, semiconductor topographies 323

6.2.2 Protection under the CPVR Regulation 3266.2.2.1 Protection requirements 3266.2.2.2 Registration and examination procedures 328

6.2.2.4 Rights conferred and limitations 331

6.2.2.4.1 Prohibited acts 3316.2.2.4.2 Agricultural exception (farmers’

privilege) 3326.2.2.4.3 Other limitations: compulsory

6.3.1.1 Objectives and forms of protection 338

6.3.2 The Foodstuff Regulation (No 510/2006) 341

6.3.2.2 Procedure 342

6.3.2.2.1 Simplified procedure 3426.3.2.2.2 Regular procedure: indications

relating to Member States 3426.3.2.2.3 Indications relating to non-EU States 3436.3.2.3 Specification; monitoring 3446.3.2.4 Effects of registration 3456.3.2.5 GIs and generic names 345

6.3.2.6.1 The legal provisions 347

and Community Design Regulation) 3556.4.2.2 Specific features of the Community Design

Regulation 3576.4.2.2.1 Registered Community Designs 3576.4.2.2.2 Unregistered Community Designs 3596.4.2.3 Summary: options for protection under design

legislation 3596.4.2.4 Relevant legal issues 360

6.4.2.4.1 Individual character: ‘informed user’

and ‘freedom of designer’ 3606.4.2.4.1.1 The ‘informed user’ 3606.4.2.4.1.2 Freedom of the designer 3606.4.2.4.2 Disclosure and destruction of novelty 3626.4.2.4.3 Designs made in the course of

employments and other contracts 3646.4.2.5 The spare parts debate 3656.4.3 Protection of product appearances under copyright and

6.4.3.1.1 Notion and protection threshold for

works of applied art 3676.4.3.1.2 Substantive restrictions of copyright

protection (UK law) 3696.4.3.2 Unfair competition law 371

6.4.3.2.1 General concept 371

6.4.3.2.2 Requirements for finding of unfair

conduct 3716.4.3.2.3 Primary Community law 373

7.2.1.1 Competition and the TFEU 3797.2.1.2 Enforcing competition law in the EU 3827.2.2 Technology Transfer Block Exemption Regulation

(TTBER) and Block Exemption on R&D Agreements (R&DBER) 384

sector 3967.2.3.2.3 In particular: collecting societies and

7.2.3.2.3.1 National dealings of collecting

societies 4007.2.3.2.3.2 Europe-wide online music 4027.2.3.3 Article 102 TFEU: abuse of a dominant market

position 4037.2.3.3.1 Abuse of a dominant market position

7.2.3.3.2 In particular: refusal to license IPRs 405

7.2.3.3.2.1 Magill 406 7.2.3.3.2.2 IMS Health 407 7.2.3.3.2.3 Microsoft 408

7.2.3.3.3 Other constellations: the ‘green dot’ 410

7.3.1 Background 4127.3.2 Measures against unfair competition in the light of primary

7.3.2.1 Impediments for free movement of goods 4157.3.2.2 The ‘average consumer’ 4177.3.3 Misleading and comparative advertising 4197.3.3.1 Contents of the Directive: overview 4197.3.3.2 Case law (comparative advertisement) 421

7.3.3.2.1 The notion of ‘comparison’ 4217.3.3.2.2 Price comparisons 4227.3.3.2.3 ‘Generic’ comparisons 4237.3.3.2.4 Protection of trade marks and other

signs 4247.3.3.2.4.1 Trade marks 4247.3.3.2.4.2 Other signs 4267.3.4 The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCP) 427

8 Remedies in cases of infringement 434

8.2.1.2.5 Corrective measures 4468.2.1.2.6 Damages; conclusions 446

8.2.2 Enforcing IPRs on the internet 449

8.2.2.1.1 Regulation in the E-Commerce

Directive 449

8.2.2.1.3 Monitoring and subsequent

developments 4568.2.2.2 Enforcement of IPRs versus data protection 458

8.2.2.2.1 Relevant legislation 458

9.2.3.1 Article 5 (1): contractual matters 4909.2.3.2 Article 5 (3): infringement jurisdiction 491

9.2.3.2.1 General remarks 4919.2.3.2.2 Article 5 (3) as a basis for cross-border

litigation 4929.2.3.2.2.1 General principles 4929.2.3.2.2.2 Application of Article 5 (3) in case

of IP infringement on the internet 4949.2.3.2.3 Negative declaratory actions 4969.2.3.3 Article 6 (1): multiple defendants 497

9.2.3.3.1 Prerequisites; existence of a close

connection 497

9.2.3.4 Exclusive jurisdiction: the limits of cross-border

litigation 500

9.2.3.4.1 General rule and exception: the

relationship between Article 2 and

9.3.1 Universal application of the Regulations 5169.3.2 The law applicable to contractual obligations: Rome I 5169.3.2.1 The basic rule: freedom of choice 5169.3.2.2 Determination of the law applying in absence of

choice 5179.3.3 The law applicable to non-contractual obligations: Rome II 519

9.3.3.1 Lex protectionis as the basic rule 519

9.3.3.2.1 Article 15 Rome II 5219.3.3.2.2 First (copyright) ownership 5229.3.3.3 Unitary Community rights 524

In the information society, the economic importance of intellectual erty (IP) has grown tremendously in the last year, as has the complexity of its legal structure This is particularly true for the European Union Even specialists in one IP area often get lost or cannot manage to keep up with new developments in another IP area Understanding European IP law is particularly difficult for non-EU citizens who are not familiar with the inter-nal mechanisms of the European Union, its different legal traditions and the often complex overlay and interplay of EU and national norms The same is true for EU and non-EU students, who want to obtain both an overview and gain a fundamental understanding of the subject matter which goes beyond

prop-a simple outline

This book has been written in order to answer these needs It is a handbook aimed primarily at students, but also at lawyers – Europeans as well as non-Europeans – who want to familiarise themselves with the fundamental struc-ture and current state of the subject matter Fundamental knowledge in IP law is useful, but not strictly required

The book is not a Treatise in a classical sense, since in addition to the explanatory and summarising text it also contains a fair amount of original, verbatim text of original documents However, because of the density of accompanying text written by the authors and the proportional distribution between text and materials, it differs from a traditional ‘Cases and Materials’

format: hence its subtitle ‘Text, Cases and Materials’ This somewhat new and unusual form of presentation has to do with the sheer volume into which the subject matter of European IP law has grown in the past years, which would indeed have turned a true ‘Cases and Materials’ book into a rather heavy ‘brick’ difficult to carry around

Having to make a selection from among the original documents to be included in the book, in most chapters the main focus was laid on excerpts from decisions by the Court of Justice of the European Union That choice

is owed to the authors’ conviction that legal reality in the EU is starkly shaped by the Court’s jurisprudence, most visibly in trade mark law, but with growing intensity also in other areas of IP law (with the current excep-

tion of patent law) Further sources cited in the original – apart from sions by other judicial or quasi-judicial bodies such as the General Court and the Appeal Boards of the OHIM and EPO – primarily consist of offi-cial reports, comments and background papers that are available on the websites of the EU Commission or other European or international insti-tutions With few exceptions, the text does not quote from books or arti-cles, and it also as a rule does not include references to literature in the footnotes Instead, a list of books is provided in the bibliography, to which the interested reader is referred for further information and in-depth study.

deci-Each chapter and subchapter of the book begins with an introductory text, makes references to legislative documents and relevant case law At the end

of each subchapter there are a number of questions The purpose of these questions is twofold: first, they encourage the students to actively think about and discuss the issues presented Second, they may serve as guide-lines for the teacher to give some homework for students In general, the questions may be answered by reflecting on the preceding text But a more in-depth analysis might often require additional research by way of consult-ing preparatory materials, studies, scholarly articles and, as the case may be, European and/or national case law

There is no need to study the book from beginning to end, although the first two chapters should be read first by people who are unacquainted with neither IP and/or the EU and its legal mechanism The book can thus be used in whole or in part Also, it can be used as the basis for studying the subject matter at various levels of detail

Covering an area as wide as European IP law is an almost impossible task for only two authors Hence, the authors first of all would like to express their deep gratitude to Dr Stefan Luginbühl from the European Patent Office and

author of European Patent Law – Towards a Uniform Interpretation, who was

of great help in drafting the chapter on European patent law Warm thanks also go to Rochelle Dreyfuss, who reviewed an early version of the book when its nucleus was first formed at the New York University/National University

of Singapore joined NYU@NUS Dual Master’s Program for Global Business Lawyers under the direction of Simon Chesterman Of course, however, all errors and omissions inevitably contained in the book remain the authors’

own responsibility Furthermore, special thanks are owed to Susanna Licht from the Munich Max Planck Institute for preparing the tables and for bringing the manuscript in line with Elgar’s author’s guidelines At Elgar, the editorial staff has to be thanked for their thorough work of turning the

manuscript into the final book, as well as Luke Adams and Tim Williams for their patience with the authors.

Legislative developments were taken into account up to September 2012

The websites referred to in the book were all last accessed on 6 November

2012 After that date, new developments such as Directive 2012/28/EU on orphan works were only taken into account to the extent compatible with the advanced process of publication

Finally, the authors would be grateful to their readers for any comment and suggestions for a – hopefully – future edition of the book

ACTA Anti-Counterfeiting Trade AgreementALI American Law Institute

ARIPO African Regional Intellectual Property OrganizationB2C, B2B Business-to-consumer, Business-to-businessBASCAP Business Action to Stop Counterfeiting and Piracy

BIEM Bureau International des Sociétés Gérant les Droits

d’Enregistrement et de Reproduction MécaniqueBiotech biotechnological

BIRPI Bureaux Réunis Internationales pour la Protection de la

Propriété IntellectuelleBIT Bilateral Investment TreatyBoA Boards of Appeal (OHIM)BOIP Benelux Office for Intellectual PropertyCBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CDPA Copyright, Designs and Patents ActCELAS Joint venture of the German GEMA and the UK

MCPS-PRSCFI Court of First Instance (EU; now referred to as ‘General

Court’)

CLIP European Max Planck Group on Conflict of Laws in

Intellectual Property

CPC Community Patent ConventionCPR Community Patent RegulationCPV Community Plant VarietyCPVO Community Plant Variety OfficeCPVR Reg Community Plant Variety Rights RegulationCPVR Community Plant Variety Right

CTMIR Implementing Regulation to the CTMRCTMR Community Trade Mark RegulationDCMA U.S Digital Copyright Millennium Act

DD Design Directive

DG Directorates-GeneralDPMA German Patent and Trade Mark OfficeDSD Duales System Deutschland

dUPCA draft Agreement on a Unitary Patent Court (not yet

reported)dUPR draft Unitary Patent RegulationDUS criteria Art 6 CPVR Regulation: distinct; uniform and stable

EEC European Economic CommunityEEUPC, PC European and EU Patents Court AgreementEFTA European Free Trade Agreement

EPA Economic Partnership AgreementEPC European Patent ConventionEPJ European Patent JudiciaryEPLA European Patent Litigation AgreementEPO European Patent Office

EPOrg European Patent Organisation

EURATOM European Atomic Energy CommunityFEIA Spanish Foundation for the Progress of ArtsFLOSS Free and open source software

FRAND Fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (terms)

GATS General Agreement on Trade in ServicesGATT General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeGDP Gross domestic product

GEMA Society for musical performing and mechanical

repro-duction rights

HADOPI Haute Autorité pour la diffusion des oeuvres et la

pro-tection des droits sur Internet

ICANN Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and NumbersICC International Chamber of Commerce

ICT Information and communication technologyILC International Law Commission

InfoSoc Information SocietyINPADOC International Patent Documentation Center

IP, IPR Intellectual Property, Intellectual Property RightIP5 The Five IP Offices

IPEA International Preliminary Examination Authority

MCPS-PRS Mechanical-Copyright Protection Society and

Performing Right SocietyMFN Most Favoured Nation Treatment

MPI Max Planck Institute NGO Non-governmental OrganisationOECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and

DevelopmentOEM Original Equipment ManufacturerOfcom Office of CommunicationsOHIM Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market (Trade

Marks and Design)

OJ (C or L) Official Journal of the EU (series C or L)P2P Peer-to-peer

PCT Patent Cooperation TreatyPDO Protected Designation of OriginPGI Protected Geographical Indication

PVR Plant Variety RightR&DBER Block Exemption on R&D AgreementsSACEM Société des auteurs, compositeurs et éditeurs de musiqueSCPA Semiconductor Chip Protection Act

SCT WIPO Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks,

Industrial Designs, and Geographical IndicationsSec Section

SIPO State Intellectual Property Office of the People’s

Republic of China SME Small and medium enterpriseSPC Supplementary Protection CertificateSPLT Substantive Patent Law Treaty

TCE Treaty establishing a Constitution for EuropeTEC Treaty establishing the European CommunityTEEC Treaty establishing the European Economic CommunityTEU Treaty on European Union

TFEU Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

TLT Trade Mark Law TreatyTMD Trade Mark DirectiveTPM Technological Protection MeasuresTRIPS Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property RightsTRT Trademark Registration Treaty

TTBER Technology Transfer Block Exemption RegulationUCC Universal Copyright Convention

UCD Unregistered Community DesignUCP Unfair Commercial PracticesUDHR Universal Declaration of Human RightsUDRP Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy

UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

OrganizationUNFCC UN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeUPCA, UPC (Agreement on a) Unified Patent Court

UPOV International Convention for the Protection of New

Varieties of PlantsUPR Unitary Patent RegulationUSPTO United States Patent and Trademark OfficeVCLT Vienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesWCT World Intellectual Property Organization Copyright

TreatyWIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WPL Working Party on Litigation

WPPT WIPO Performances and Phonograms TreatyWTO World Trade Organization

European Court of Justice (ECJ)

Adidas v Fitnessworld, C-408/01 of

23 October 2003, [2003] ECR

I-12537 214, 215

Adidas v Marca Mode, C-102/07 of 10

April 2008, [2008] ECR I-2439 218

Administration des douanes et droits

indirects v Rioglass and Transremar,

C-115/02 of 23 October 2003, [2003]

ECR I-12705 197, 465

Airfield and Canal Digitaal v Sabam

(Belgische Vereniging van Auteurs,

Componisten en Uitgevers CVBA)

and Airfield NV v Agicoa Belgium

BVBA, Joined Cases C-431/09 and

C-431/09 of 13 October 2011 (not yet

reported) 300

Amazon.com International Sales and

others v Austro-Mechana, C-521/11,

(pending) 308

American Clothing Associates v OHIM,

Joined Cases C-202/08 P and

C-208/08 P of 16 July 2009, [2009]

ECR I-6933 189

Amministrazione delle Finanze v

Simmenthal (Simmenthal II), 106/77

of 9 March 1978, [1978] ECR

00629 68

Anastasios Kalfelis v Bankhaus Schröder,

Hengstmeier, Münch & Co, 189/87 of

27 September 1988, [1978] [1978]

ECR 05565 498

Andrea Francovich, Danilo Bonifaci and

others v Republic of Italy, Joined Cases

Anheuser-Busch v Budějovický Budvar,

C-96/09 P of 29 March 2011 (not yet

BAT see Th e Queen v Secretary of State

for Health, ex parte British American

Tobacco (Investments) and Imperial

Bonnier Audio v Perfect Communication,

C-461/10 of 19 April 2012 (not yet

Bristol-Myers Squibb v Paranova and

Boehringer Sohn, Boehringer Ingelheim

and Boehringer Ingelheim v Paranova

and Bayer Aktiengesellschaft and

Bayer Danmark v Paranova, Joined

Cases C-427/93, C-429/93 and C-436/93 of 11 July 1996, [1996]

BVG v JP Morgan Chase Bank,

C-144/10 of 12 May 2011, (not yet

Bundes-Celaya Emparanza y Galdos International

v Proyectos Integrales de Balizamiento

SL, C-488/10 of 16 February 2012

(not yet reported) 358

Céline SARL v Céline SA, C-17/06 of

‘Chevy’ see General Motors v Yplon

Chiciak and Fol, Joined Cases C-129/97

and C-130/97 of 9 June 1998, [1998]

ECR I-3315 349

Chocoladefabriken Lindt & Sprüngli, see

Lindt & Sprüngli

Christian Dior v Evora, C-337/95 of

Circul Globus Bucureşti (Circ & Variete

Globus Bucureşti) v UCMR –

ADA (Uniunea Compozitorilor şi

Muzicologilor din România – Asociaţia

pentru Drepturi de Autor), C-283/10

of 24 November 2011 (not yet

Daiichi Sankyo v Comptroller-General

of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks,

C-6/11 of 25 November 2011 (not yet

2003, [2003] ECR I-389 214

De Landtsheer Emmanuel SA v Comité

interprofessionel du vin de Champagne,

Denmark and others v Commission (Feta

cheese), Joined Cases C-289/96,

Dior v Evora see Christian Dior v Evora

Dior v Tuk and Assco v Layher, Joined

April 2011 (not yet reported) 161

Donner, C-5/11 of 21 June 2012 (not

yet reported) 297, 310

Doublemint see OHIM v Wm Wrigley

DR and TV2 Danmark v Nordisk

Edwin v OHIM (‘Fiorucci’), C-263/09 P

of 5 July 2011 (not yet reported) 236

Établissements Consten and Grundig v

Commission, Joined Cases 56/64 and

Feta cheese, see Denmark and others v

Commission and Germany and Denmark

v Commission

Fiona Shevill v Presse Alliance, C-68/93 of 7

March 1995, [1995] ECR I-415 493

‘Fiorucci’ see Edwin v OHIM

Fixtures Marketing v OPAP, C-444/02

Folien Fischer v Ritrama, C-133/11 of 25

October 2012 (not yet reported) 497

Football Association Premier League v

QC Leisure and Karen Murphy v

Media Protection Services, Joined Cases

C-403/08 and C-429/08 of 4 October

2011 (not yet reported) 291–3,

296, 298–9, 302–303, 308, 312–13,

317

Football Dataco and others v Yahoo! UK,

C-604/10 of 1 March 2012 (not yet

reported) 293

Football Dataco and others v Sportradar

GmbH and Sportradar AG, C-173/11

of 18 October 2012 (not yet

Frankovich see Andrea Francovich, Danilo

Bonifaci and others v Republic of

July 2012 (not yet reported) 334

General Motors v Yplon S.A (‘Chevy’),

of 24 November 2011 (not yet

reported) 148

Germany and Denmark v Commission

(Feta cheese), Joined Cases C-465/02 and C-466/02 of 25 October 2005,

Grundig, Consten see Etablissements

Consten & Grundig v Commission

Gubisch v Palumbo, 144/86 of 12 August

May 2002 [2002] ECR I-4187 202

IBM v Commission, Joined Cases 60/81

Infopaq International v Danske

Dagblades Forening (Infopaq I),

Interfl ora v Marks & Spencer, C-323/09

of 22 September 2011 (not yet

reported) 205, 216, 218

Italy v Council, see Spain v Council

I T V - B r o a d c a s t i n g , C - 6 0 7 / 1 1

(pending) 299

Kalfelis see Anastasios Kalfelis v Bankhaus

Schröder, Hengstmeier, Münch & Co, Keck and Mithouard, Joined Cases

C-267/91 and C-268/91 of 24 November 1993, [1993] ECR

Konsumentombudsmannen v Ving Sverige,

C-122/10 of 12 May 2011, (not yet

Goemar SA, C-259/02 of 27 January

Linde and Winward and Rado v

DPMA, Joined Cases C-53/01 to

of 19 February 2009, [2009] ECR

I-1227 312, 460

LTJ Diffusion v Sadas Vertbaudet

C-291/00 of 20 March 2003, (‘Arthur/Arthur et Félicie’), [2003]

Mars see Verein gegen Unwesen in Handel

und Gewerbe v Mars Martin Luksan v Petrus van der Let,

C-322/10 of 24 November 2011

(not yet reported) 148

Mediakabel v Commissariaat voor de

Merck Sharp & Dohme v Deutsches

Patent- und Markenamt, C-125/10

of 8 December 2011 (not yet

Musik-Vertrieb Membran and K-Tel

International v GEMA, Joined Cases

C-55/80 and C-57/80 of 20 January

1981, [1981] ECR 147 50, 244

Netherlands v European Parliament

and Council of the European Union,

Comptroller-Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Joined

Phil Collins v Imtrat and Patricia v

EMI Electrola Joined Cases C-92/92

and C-326/92 of 20 October 1993,

[1993] ECR I-5145 55, 263

Philips v Lucheng Meijing and Nokia v

HMRC, Joined Cases C-446/09 and

495/09 of 1 December 2011 (not yet

reported) 197, 465

Philips v Remington, C-299/99 of 18

June 2002, [2002] ECR I-5475 179

Phonographic Performance (Ireland) v

Ireland, C-162/10 of 15 March 2012

(not yet reported) 298

Picasso see Ruiz-Picasso and others v

Polo/Lauren see The Polo/Lauren

Company v PT Dwidua Langgeng Pratama International Freight Forwarders

Postkantoor see KPN&PTT v Benelux merkenbureau

Procter & Gamble v OHIM (‘BABY

Red Bull v Frisdranken, C-119/10

of 15 December 2011, (not yet reported) 196

7 January 2004, [2004] ECR

I-665 197, 464

RTE and ITP v Commission (Magill),

Joined Cases C-241/91 and

Schutzverband gegen Unwesen in der

Wirtschaft v Warsteiner Brauerei,

Shevill see Fiona Shevill v Presse Alliance

Shield Mark v Kist, C-283/01 of 27

Società Consortile Fonografici (SCF)

v Marco Del Corso, C-135/10

of 15 March 2012 (not yet

reported) 298–9

Solvay v Honeywell, C-616/10 of 12 July

2012 (not yet reported) 500, 504,

Stichting de Th uiskopie v Opus Supplies

Deutschland GmbH and Others,

C-462/09 of 16 June 2011 (not yet

Telecomunikacja Polska v Prezes

Urzędu Komunikacji Elektronicznej,

Th e Polo/Lauren Company v PT Dwidua

Langgeng Pratama International

Freight Forwarders, C-383/98

of 6 April 2000, [2000] ECR

I-2519 197, 464–5

Th e Queen v Secretary of State for Health,

ex parte British American Tobacco

(Investments) and Imperial Tobacco,

of 25 November 2011 (not yet

reported) 148

C-169/05 of 1 June 2006, [2006]

ECR I-4973 311

UsedSoft v Oracle International

C-128/11 of 3 July 2012 (not yet

of 9 December 2008, [2008] ECR

I-9223 232

VEWA v Belgische Staat, C-271/10 of 30

June 2011 (not yet reported) 305

VG Wort v Kyocera Mita Deutschland

GmbH and Others and VG Wort v

Canon Deutschland GmbH, Joined

v Sanoma magazines, Joined Cases

Windsurfing Chiemsee v Huber &

Att enberger, Joined Cases C-108/97

Wintersteiger v Products 4U, C-523/10

of 16 February 2012 (not yet

reported) 495–6, 529

Zentrale zur Bekämpfung

unlau-teren Wettbewerbs eV v Plus

Handelsgesellschaft mbH, C-304/08

of 14 January 2010, [2010] ECR

I-217 432

Zino Davidoff v A & G Imports and

Levi Strauss v Tesco Stores, Joined

Cases C-414/99 to C-416/99 of

20 November 2001, [2001] ECR

1-8691 225

ECJ Opinions

Opinion 1/94, Competence of the

Community to conclude international

agreements concerning services and

the protection of intellectual property,

[1994] ECR I- 5267 59, 70

Opinion 2/94, Accession by the

Community to the European

Convention for the Protection of

Human Rights and Fundamental

Freedoms [1996] ECR I-1759 79

Opinion 1/09 of 8 March 2011, Creation

of a unified litigation system – European and Community Patents Court – Compatibility with the draft agreement with the Treaties (not yet

reported) 153–5 General Court

Bang & Olufsen v OHIM (Shape

loud-2011 (not yet reported) 181

Beifa v OHIM (Schwan Stabilo),

of 16 November 2011 (not yet