Ngữ pháp Câu Điều Kiện Conditionals AND IF sentences

Trong trường hợp đó, động từ sử dụng giống như trong câu điều kiện.. UNIT 4 Câu bị động - The passive 1 Trong tiếng anh có 2 loại câu: Câu chủ động & Câu bị động Trong câu chủ động thì c

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A Cấu trúc chung của câu điều kiện gồm 2 phần (IF clause - Main clause)

I.Câu điều kiện dạng I (Câu điều kiện có thực ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai )

If + S + V ( s , es ) , S + will / shall / can / may / + V

Eg1: If I have enough money , I will buy a new car

Eg2: If she doesn't study hard , she will fail the exam

Eg3: The plane may be deverted if the fog gets thicker

Eg4: If you want to lose weight , you must eat less bread

If + S + V ( s , es ) , S + V ( s , es )

Để diễn tả sự thật hiển hiện hoặc một thói quen:

Eg5: If you heat ice , it turns to water

Eg6: If you are thirsty , you drink

Unless = If not

Eg7: If you don't study hard , you will fail the exam

= Unless you study hard , you will fail the exam

II Câu điều kiện dạng II (Câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại)

If + S + Ved / were , S + would / could / should / + V

Eg8: If I had a map , I would lend it to you

In fact: I don't have a map now

Eg9: I'd be in time for work if I lived near my office

In fact: I don't live near my office

III Câu điều kiện dạng III (Câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ)

Form: If + S + had + PII + S + shoud / would + have + PII.

Eg10: If I had had money , I would have bought it

In fact: I didn’t have money , I didn’t buy it

Eg11: If she hadn’t been ill , she wouldn’t have stayed at home

IV Sử dụng thể tiếp diễn trong câu điều kiện (using progressive verb form)

Eg12: True: It’s raining right now, so I will not go for a walk

Conditional: If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk

Eg13: True: I am not living in Chile, I ‘m not working at a bank

Conditional: If I were living in Chile, I would be working at a bank

Eg14: True: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk

Conditional: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk

Eg15: True: I was not living in Chile last year; I was not working at a bank

Conditional: If I had been living in Chile last year, I would have been working at a bank

V Sử dụng câu điều kiện tổng hợp:

Eg16: True: I didn't eat breakfast several hours ago, so I'm hungry now

Conditional: If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I wouldn't be hungry

Eg17: True: He’s not a good student He didn't study for the test yesterday Conditional: If he were a good student ,

he would have studied for the test

VI Sử dụng câu điều kiện thiếu "If " dùng để nhấn mạnh:

Eg18: Were I you , I wouldn’t do that.

Conditional: If I were you, I wouldn’t do that

Eg19: Had I known, I would have told you.

Conditional: If I had known, I would have told you

Eg20: Should anyone call, please talk a message.

Conditional: If anyone should call, please talk a message

VII Sử dụng câu điều kiện "Implied" - ám chỉ:

Eg21: I would never have succeed without your help

Implied condition = If you hadn't helped me.

VIII Sử dụng câu điều kiện phụ thuộc " But for"

Eg21: I would never have succeed without your help

Implied condition = If you hadn't helped me.

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Eg22: My father pays my fees But for that I wouldn’t be here

= If it were not for my father's fees, I wouldn’t be here

Eg23: But for Jim's support, I wouldn’t have got the job

= If it hadn't been for Jim's support, I wouldn’t have got the job

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I.Câu ước cho tương lai:

S + wish ( es ) + S + would / could / should + V

Eg24: Fact: It’s raining.

I wish It would stop raining

 I wish It would stop raining

Eg25: Fact: My dream is to go to American one day

I wish I would go to American one day

II.Câu ước không có thực ở hiện tại

Form: S + wish ( es ) + S + Ved / were

Eg26: Fact: Now, I don't have much money.

I wish I had much money

III Câu ước không có thực ở quá khứ:

Form: S + wish ( es ) + S + had + PII

Eg27: Fact: I forget learning English.

I wish I had learnt English.

Eg28: Fact: I didn't go to the class yesterday

I wish I had gone to the class

Note: If only

* If only + simple tense

Eg29: If only he comes in time

= We hope he will come in time

Eg30: If only he will listen to her

= We hope he will be willing to listen to her.

If only + past = S wish ( es ) + S + Ved

If only + past perfect = S wish ( es ) + S + had + PII

If only + would V = S wish ( es ) + S + would V

Eg31: If only Tom were here.

= I wish Tom were here

Eg32: If only you hadn't said “ Liar “

= I wish you hadn't said “ Liar “

Eg33: If only they would stop following me

= I wish they would stop following me

In fact: they don't stop following me

As if / As though

Thường nội dung đi sau “As If / As though“ là trái thực tế Trong trường hợp đó, động từ sử dụng giống như trong câu điều kiện

I Diễn tả một hành động không có thực ở hiện tại

S + present tense + as if / as though + S + Ved

Or past tense ( với ý thuật lại )

Eg34: He acts as if / as though he were rich

In fact: He isn't rich

Note: Thuật lại:

Eg35: She talked to him as if he were a child

In fact: He isn't a child

II Diễn tả một hành động không có thực trong quá khứ

S + past tense + as If/as though S + had + PII

Eg36: Jim looked as if he had seen a ghost

In fact: He didn't see a ghost

Eg37: She acted as though she had never met him

In fact: She has met him or she met him

Eg38: She looked as if / as though she had run 10 miles

Note: As if / As though có 2 ý nghĩa:

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- Được sử dụng để so sánh bình thường

As if / As though = like = nh− thÓ lµ.

Eg39: It looks like rain ⇒ It looks as if it's going to rain.

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(“IF CLAUSES“)

If in case ( that ) only if

Whether or not in the event ( that ) providing ( that )

Even if unless provided ( that )

I Whether or not:

Eg40: I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it's cold

= I’m going to go swimming tomorrow if it's cold if it's not cold

-> Sử dụng “ whether or not “ để diễn tả điều kiện “cho dự kết quả như thế nào chăng nữa“ thỡ kết quả vẫn khụng thay đổi

II Even if:

Eg41: I have decided to go swimming tomorrow Even if the weather’s cold, I’m going to go swimming “ Even if “ nghĩa của chỳng gần giống như “whether or not“

Note:

Compare:

Eg42: If Ann studies hard , she will pass the exam

Even if Mary studies hard , she won't pass the exam

III In case ( that ) và in the event ( that )

Eg 43: I’ll be at my uncle’s house in case you need to reach me

Eg44: In the event that you need to reach me , I’ll be at my uncle’s house

Note:

In case ( that ) và in the event ( that ) + clause

In case of và in case event of + Nphrase

Eg45: In case of trouble, call the police

= In case ( that ) there's trouble, call the police

Eg46: In the event of rain, the picnic will be cancelled

= In the event ( that ) it rains, the picnic will be cancelled

IV Only if và Providing that / Provided that / As(So) long as

Eg47: The picnic will be cancelled only If it rain

* Only If để bày tỏ phần điều kiện duy nhất

Note:

Eg48: Only if it rains will the picnic be cancelled

Nếu “ Only if “ đầu cõu thỡ cú hiện tượng đảo ngữ.

As long as

so long as Đều cú nghĩa " If " hoặc

provided that" On condition that "

providing that

Eg49 : You can use my car as long as ( so long as ) you drive carefully

( You can use my car but you must drive carefully -this’s a condition)

Eg50: Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) / providing (that) you have somewhere to park

Eg51: Provided ( that) she studies hard , she’ll pass her exam

Providing (that)

Note:

Providing that = Provided that = so long as

= as long as = if hoặc only if

Khi chúng ta nói về tương lai, không được sử dụng “ will “ sau: unless /as long as / provided / providing và only If

V Otherwise và or ( Else )

Eg52: I always eat breakfast Otherwise, I get hungry during class

( “otherwise“ để diễn tả ý trái với sự thật ) -> If I don't eat breakfast, I'll get hungry during class Eg53: I always eat breakfast, or (else), I get hungry during class

If I don’t eat breakfast, I'll get hungry during class

(Or (else) và otherwise giống nghĩa nhau )

Note: Otherwise là từ chuyển ý

Or ( else ) là liên từ

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UNIT 4 Câu bị động - The passive 1

Trong tiếng anh có 2 loại câu: Câu chủ động & Câu bị động Trong câu chủ động thì chủ ngữ thực hiện hành động

They write letters

S V O

Nh−ng ở dạng bị động thì chủ ngữ chịu tác động của hành động, có nghĩa là tân ngữ của câu chủ động đ−ợc làm chủ ngữ

trong câu bị động

Letters are written by them

-> Cấu tạo chung của 1 câu bị động:

Eg4: I don’t do the exercise -> The exercise isn’t done by me

Eg5: Do you study the lesson often ? ->Is the lesson studied often by you ?

3 Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn:

( + ) S(o) + tobe (is, are, am) + being + PII

4 Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn:

( + ) S(o) + tobe (was, were) + being + PII + by O( s)

( -) S(o) + tobe not + being + PII + O( s )

( ? ) Tobe + S(o) + being +PII

+ by O

( s )

?Eg

5 Thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING: GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL : 8631212

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( + ) S ( o ) + have (has )+ been + PII + by O ( s )

( + ) S ( o ) + will have been + PII + by O ( s )( -) S ( o ) + won't have been + PII + by O ( s )( ? ) Will + S ( o ) + have been + PII + by O ( s ) ?

Eg12: Alice will have written the report

-> The report will have been written by Alice

9 Tương lai gần:

Active: S + tobe (is / are / am )+ going to + V

-> Passive: ( + ) S ( o ) + tobe + going to be + PII

( - ) S ( o ) + tobe not going to be + PII + O ( s )

( ? ) Tobe + S (o) + going to be + PII + by O ( s ) ?

-> My house is going to be sold by me

10 Các động từ đặc biệt:

Note:

-> The exercise must be done before it’s too late

-> Does the uniform have to be worn by you ? -> These books need be bought.-> These books need to be bought

My shoes need cleaning = My shoes need to be cleaned

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11 Câu bị động nhờ bảo:

Khi chủ ngữ không trực tiếp thực hiện hành động chúng ta sử dụng cấu trúc nhờ bảo “ have - passive “

Have / (Get) + Sth + done

- > I always have / get my clothes washed by my mother

12 Cấu trúc câu bị động đặc biệt (It's said that ):

Eg21: People say that // he beats his wife -> It is said that he beats his wife

-> He’s said to beat his wife

Eg22: People think that he’s 105 years old -> It’s thought that he’s 105 years old

-> He’s thought to be 105 years old

Cấu trúc này thường đi với các động từ:

Think , Know , Believe , Report , Understand , Except , Consider , Allege

* Note:

-> It was report that two people were killed in the explosion

-> Two people were reported to have been killed in the explosion

* Note:

Đới với mệnh đề 2 ở dạng tiếp diễn , tương lai , "can , could , must , have sb do st " thì

is losing -> to be losing

will end -> to end

can do-> to be able to do:

Could do -> to have been able to do

must do -> to have to do

have sb do st -> to have st done

Eg24: It’s said that there is a secret tunnel between them

-> There is said to be a secret tunnel between them

Nói thêm: ( Be ) supposed to

Đôi khi It's supposed to = It's said to

( = It’s said to be very good )

Nhưng đôi khi "supposed to" , "something is supposed to happen"

= It's planned , arranged or expected

(The train was expected to arrive at 11.30 according to the timetable)

Ngoài ra: "You are not supposed to do sth" = It's not allowed or advisable for you to do it Eg 27: Mr Bord is much better after his illness but he is still not supposed to do any heavy work

(= his doctor have advised him not to do any heavy work )

* Note:

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13 Cấu trúc bị động của Verb patterns:

Verb + V.ing + Object

like doing sth -> like being done

Eg34: He likes you to write the test

* Verbs of perception: See , watch , hear

-> I don’t like being told what to do-> Most people like being given presents Verb + Object + V.ing

-> He was seen climming over the fence

Verb + Object + to V-> He wants photographs to be taken -> He likes the test to be written by you

Active: S + see + O + V (Ving) -> passive: S + be seen + to V( Ving )

Eg36: He heard the bell ring -> The bell was heard to ring

* Imperative sentence ( câu mệnh lệnh ):

V + O + A -> Let + O + be + PII + A

* ( S ) + let + sb + do + st

Eg38: He let me go out -> I was allowed to go out

Eg39: Let me go -> I was allowed to go

Eg40: Don’t let others see you -> Don't let yourself be seen by others

Eg41: Everyone believes him right.-> He's believed to be right

* Sau các động từ: advise / beg / order / recommend / urge + Indirect object + Infinive + Object, có thể có 2 dạng bị động

-> He urged that the rates should be reduced the rate

* Sau các động từ:

agree, be anxious, arrange, be determined, determine, decide, demand + to V + O, chỉ có một dạng bị động: that - should

Gerund: Sau động từ: advise, insist, propose, recommend , suggest + gerund + O -> That - should

->The students suggested that flowers should be bought for teacher on the Teacher’s Day

Chú ý:

* Make sb do st -> to be made to V

* Nếu chủ ngữ ở dạng phủ định -> Khi viết câu bị động, động từ phải nhận phủ định

Eg47: No one did the exercise-> The exercise wasn't done

* Nếu câu chủ động có 2 tân ngữ thì có thể chuyển thành 2 chủ ngữ trong 2 câu bị động khác nhau

O1 O2-> A book was given me by him

* Một số động từ thường có 2 tân ngữ: give , tell , show , lend , get , write , pay , sell , buy , bring * Một số nội động từ cũng có bị động nhưng phải giữ lại phần giới từ của

động từ đó

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UNIT 7 Danh động từ - Gerund 1

A Định nghĩa: Danh động từ là một hình thức tương đương với

danh từ Nó có cùng một dạng thức như hiện tại phân từ (Present Participle) nghĩa là

động từ nguyên mẫu thêm đuôi "ing" Vì nó mang tính chất của cả danh từ và động từ nên

nó được gọi là

"Danh động từ"

Eg1: Playing, walking, swimming

Eg2: - Playing tennis is fun (1)

Note: So sánh việc sử dụng "The - ing" form:

Eg4: Walking is good exercise

=> walking = gerund = subject

Eg5: Bob and Ann are playing tennis

=> playing = a present participle,được sử dụng trong thì tiếp diễn B Chức năng - Functions

1 Làm chủ ngữ (Subject):

Eg6: Swimming is an interesting sport

Eg7: Talking in class disturbs the teacher

Eg8: Seeing is believing

2 Làm tân ngữ (Object):

Eg9: She likes swimming

Eg10: I don't like troubling others

Eg11: Have you finished writing your exercises?

3 Làm bổ ngữ cho "to be":

Eg12: My hope is passing the entrance examination to one university

Eg13: My hobby is going for a walk after dinner

Eg14: Our duty is finishing the work today

Eg15: All we have to do now is studying well

4 Làm tân ngữ cho giới từ (Prepositional Object): Eg12: We thought of going to the party

Eg13: I object to your coming late

Eg14: She apologised for not telling the truth

Eg15: I'm interested in learning English

Eg16: She's good at speaking English

Một số V + preposition và Adj + preposition :

1 talk about 1 interested in

2 apologise for2 good at >< bad at

3 succeed in 3 fed up with

4 insist on4 the advantage(s) of

5 think of 5 the disadvantage(s) of

6 dream of 6 tired of

7 (dis) approve of 7 surprised at/by

8 decide against 8 fond of

9 feel like 9 in favour of

10 look forward to 10 disappointed with/in

11 congratulate on 11 happy about

12 accuse of 12 instead of

13 suspect of 13 in spite of

14 prevent from 14 excited about

15 stop from 15 worried about

16 thank for 16 responsible for

17 forgive for 17 guilty of

18 warn against 18 grateful to/for

19 take advantage of 19 proud of

20 take part in 20 patient with

21 blame for 21 polite to

22 object to22 in addition to

23 to be used to 23 (In) capable of + Ving

24 complain bout/to/of 24 crazy about

25 live for/as/at/on/in25 bored with

26 participate in26 keen on

27 decide on 27 able to VEXERCISE ON GERUND

I Supply the gerund form of the verb in the following sentences

01 We appreciate (hear) from you

02 The man denied (take) the money

03 We cannot risk (nvest) so much money

04 The driver could not avoid ( hit) the curb

05 We are considering (move) to Viet Nam

06 They have finished (eat)

07 We both enjoy (dance) very much08Do you mind (come) back later?

09 He admitted (hide) the money

10 She says she doesn’t mind (wait) for us

11 Steve and Tom have stooped (speak) to each other 12 We enjoy (listen) to music

13 He is going to stop (study) English

14 We will enjoy (use) your cottage at the beach while you are away 15 They have finally finished (paint) our apartment

16 Would you mind (open) the window?

17 She denied (change) the address on the package 18 We are considering (buy) a new car

19 We would appreciate (receive) your immediately 20 He finally admitted (make) the mistake

21 I don’t mind (ride) the subway

II Supply an appropriate preposition and verb form

01 Alice isn’t interested _(look) for a new job 02 Henry is excited _(leave) for India

03 You are capable _(do) better work

04 I have no excuse _(be) late

05 I’m accustomed _(have) a bog breakfast

06 The rain prevented us _(complete) the work

07 Fred is always complaining _(have) a headache

08 Instead (study), Margaret went to a ball game with some of her friends 9 Thank you _(help) me carry the packages to the post office 10 Mrs Grant insisted _(know) the whole truth

11 He showed us how to get to his house _(draw) a map

12 You should take advantage _(live) here

13 Laura had a good reason _(go, not) to class yesterday

14 Everyone in the neighborhood participated _(search) for the lost child 15 I apologized to Diane _(make) her wait for me

16 The weather is terrible tonight I don’t blame you _(want, not) to go to the meeting

17 Who is responsible _(wash) and (dry) the dishes after dinner? 18 In addition _(go) to schoolfull-time, Sam has a part-time job 19 The angry look on his face stopped me _(speak)

my mind 20 Where should we go for dinner tonight? Would you object (go) to an Italian restaurant?

21 The mayor made another public statement for the purpose _(clarify) the new tax proposal

22 The thief was accused (steal) a woman’s purse

23 The jury found Mr Adams guilty _(take) money from the company he worked for an (keep) it for himself

24 Bill isn’t used _(wear) a suit and tie every day

25 I’m going to visit my family during the school vacation I’m looking forward (eat) my mother’s cooking and (sleep) in my own bed

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5 Những động từ sau đây đ−ợc đi theo là một "to.V"

hoặc một "V-ing" mà nghĩa của chúng không thay đổi:

A begin, start, continue, cease:

Eg21: It begins raining

Eg22: It begins to rain

B can't bear, can't stand:

Eg23: I can't bear seeing you

Eg24: I can't bear to see you

C like, love, hate, neglect, intent:

Eg25: I like going out

Eg27: I like to go out

Note: would like (love) + to.V

D advise, allow, permit, recommend:

Đối với các động từ kể trên mà có tân ngữ trực tiếp đi kèm thì sử dụng "to V":

park here

at once

E prefer:

Prefer + to.V + than + to V

Prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing

Eg34: I prefer to stay at home than to go out tonight

Eg36: Their tyres require inflating

6 Có một số động từ sau là một "to.V" or "V-ing" nh−ng nghĩa lại thay

đổi hoàn toàn: Remember,

regret, forget, try, stop, need, help, can't help, go on:

Remember + to do (nhớ sẽ phải làm gì)

Remember + V-ing (nhớ lại đã làm gì)

Note:

I remember being done the test

forget + to.V (quên phải làm gì)

forget + doing (quên đã làm gì)

Eg41: Don't forget to learn the text by heart Eg42: I forget locking the door

Try + to V (cố gắng)

Try + Ving (thử)

Eg43: I try to learn English, but I'm not successful Eg44: I try making friends with her

regret + to.V (tiếc phải nói cho ai về cái gì đó)

regret + V-ing (tiếc đã làm gì trong quá khứ)

Eg45: I regret to tell you that you fail the test

Eg46: I regret lending him some money He never paid me back

need + to.V (cần thiết cho ai phải làm gì đó)

The batteries in the radio need to be changed

help: giúp đỡcan't help: không thể không, không thể nhịncan't resist: không thể không

resist: chống cự, kháng cự

can't bear: không chịu đ−ợccan't endure: không chịu nổi

sight of the well known comedians on stage

Eg53: He could resist no longer

Eg54: We can't resist thinking that she is your meal ticket

short of money

Eg56: She can't endure seeing beggars wander about the streets

go on doing ( = continue doing sth)

go on to do ( = do or say something new)

went on to talk foreign policy

I Complete the following sentences, once with the gerund and then with theinfinitive

01 She loves (work) for herself

02 He intends (leave) tomorrow

03 She will try (study) in the library

04 They will start (work) there next week

05 She hates (do) secretarial work

06 She will continue (work) in that same office until June 07 He prefers (dance)with his wife

08 I neglected (mention) it to Bill

09 He likes (teach) English to foreign students 10 They will begin (build their new home soon 11 He prefers (watch) television

12 She intends (stay) right where she is

13 He loves (criticize) others

14 We tried (find) an apartment near the park 15 They have finally started (speak) to each other 16 Rose loves (do) that kind of work

17 They continue (send) us a bill for the work

II Fill in the blank - ing form or infinitive of the verbs in brackets

1 I shall always remember (meet) you for the first time in England 2 Remember (do) these English exercises before going out with your friends 3 She’s always forgetting (give) back the money she bowrrowed from

me 4 I shall never forget (meet) the King

5 Every 45’ I stop work (drink) a cup of tea

6 My father really must stop (smoke) He is in poor health now

7 How long do you intend to go on (play) those bloody records?

8 The form-master welcomed the new pupils and then went on (explain) the new school regulations

9 I don’t regret (tell) her what I thought, even if it upset her 10 I reget (inform) you that I am unable to ofeer you employment 11 My brother likes (walk) in the rain

12 I like (get) up early so that I can get plenty of workdone before I leave home for work

13 Sorry we don’t allow (smoke) in this lecture room 14 We don’t allow people (smoke) in here

15 I tried (send) her flowers but it didn’t have any effects LECTURER: NGUYEN HAI JIM (HNU - G6* - H2T) TEACHING:

GRAMMAR, LISTENING, WRITING - TOEFL , IELTS , ôn thi đại học TEL :8631212

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7 Sự khác nhau giữa Afraid of V-ing/Afraid to V:

to be Afraid to do = mình không muốn làm điều đó vì nó nguy hiểm hoặc kết quả có

thể tồi tệ

to be Afraid of V-ing = có thể một điều gì đó tồi tệ xảy ra Eg59: I was afraid to go(1)

near the dog because I was afraid of being(2) bitten

I'm afraid that: tôi e rằng + clause, I'm afraid so: tôi e là nh− vậy

Interested in doing = mình nghĩ về việc đó, mình muốn làm việc đó (sở thích)

Interested to do: đặc biệt đi với các động từ ( hear, see, know, read, learn), có nghĩa là

một ai đó , một việc gì đó tạo ra cảm giác thích thú cho ai đó

Interesting to sb

Interested in

Sorry to do = to apologise just before we do st Sorry for doing = to apologise for st

you did before Sorry that + clause

Sorry to have + PII

bày tỏ sự thông cảm đối với ai đó

9 Go + V-ing:

= I'm sorry I shouted at you yesterday

8 Các thành ngữ đi theo "V-ing":

It's no use / good + V-ing: đừng vô ích

it

Eg65: It's no good trying to persuade me You won't succeed

There's no point in + V-ing (không có lý do gì để)

Eg66: There is no point in having a car if you never use it

Eg67: There was no point in waiting any longer, so we went

It's (not) worth + V-ing (đáng và không đáng)

Eg68: I live only in a short walk from here, so it's not worth taking a taxi

(Have) difficulty (in) + V-ing (khó khăn trong công việc)

Eg69: I had difficulty finding a place to live

Eg70: Did you have difficulty in getting a visa?

Note: many difficulties but much difficulty

A waste of time/money + V-ing / to V (phí thời gian, phí tiền) Eg71: It was a waste of time readingthat book It was rubbish Eg72: It was a waste of money buying things you don't need Spend/

the clock

(a)Did you go shopping?"Go" is followed by a gerund in certain idiomatic expressions to express, for

(b)We went fishing yesterday the most part, recreational activities

Go + Gerund

go birdwatching go hiking go sightseeing

go boating go hunting go skating

go bowlinggo jogging go skiing

go camping go moutain climbing go sledding

go canoeing go running go swimming

go dancing go sailing go tobogganing

go fishinggo shoppinggo window shopping

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10 Attribute (Định ngữ)

Gerund (V-ing) đứng trước N:

→ a bag which is used for sleeping

N + of V-ing:

of getting up late 11 Adverbial Modifier (Trạng ngữ):

By/Without + V-ing (Trạng ngữ chỉ cách thức):

doing brain work

Smuggling

Eg82: I persuaded them by setting a bright example for them Eg83: I can answer the

teacher's question without looking at the book

Sau các liên từ When và While:

12 Danh động từ có thể được bổ nghĩa bởi một tính từ sở hữu hoặc đại từ không xác định

Eg93: I can't imagine his marrying a girl of that sort

the fact

Mr Lee complained about our coming to class late Chúng ta có thể nói:

Mr Lee complained about us coming to class late

Đối với những danh từ riêng chúng ta có thể làm như sau:

Mary came to class late Mr Lee complained about the fact

Mr Lee complained about Mary's coming to class late hoặc: Mr Lee complained about Mary coming to class late 13 Các hình thái khác nhau về thì và dạng:

Không xác định Hoàn thành(Active) Asking Having asked(Passive) being asked Having been askedDanh động từ không xác định diễn đạt một hành động cũng xảy ra với hành động của

động từ chính

He likes being asked questions

Danh động từ hoàn thành diễn đạt hành động xảy ra trước hành động của động từ chính

I'm sorry for having been done it (Passive)

Arthur apologised for having hurt her feeling

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UNIT11 Using verbs of perception(động từ tri giác)

See, notice, watch, look at, observe, hear, listen to, feel, smell + V-ing + V

Đi sau động từ tri giác có thể là "V-ing" hoặc là "V" Nhưng theo sau là V hoặc V-ing thì có sự khác biệt

in the shower.= The singing was in progress when I heard it Note: Chúng ta không dùng: I saw my friend to run down the street (Incorrect)

* Verbs of perception: See , watch , hear

Active: S + see + O + V (Ving) -> passive: S + be seen + to V( Ving )

Eg36: He heard the bell ring -> The bell was heard to ring

UNIT12 Một số động từ đi sau là Simple Form

* Let: - My father let me drive his car

- I let my friend borrow my bicycle

Note: ở thể bị động:

- I was let to go out

- I was allowed to go out

* Help: - My brother helped me wash my car

- My brother helped me to wash my car

Eg: I used to help my mother with doing housework when I was a child * Make: - I made my brother carry my suitcase (1)

- Mrs Lee made her son clean his room → Make sb Do st

(1) → My brother was made to carry my suitcase: → to be made to V Note: Chúng ta có thể dùng: Make sb do st

adj

- I always made her angry

* Have: - I had my brother carry my suitcase (1) (Have sb do st)

- I always have a baber cut my hair

Note: ở dạng bị động là: Have st done

(1) → I had my suitcase carried by my brother

Nói thêm: Have st done = Get st done

Get: The students got Mr Hải to correct the mistakes → The students got the mistakes corrected by Mr Hải

“V “còn được sử dụng sau các động từ khuyết thiếu: Can, Could, May, might, shall, should, would, ought to, have to, used to + V

UNIT 13 used to & be/ get used to

1 Used to do:

* Jack used to live in Chicago

Means at a time in the past, Jack lived in Chicago, but he doesn't live in Chicago now "Used to" express a habit, an activity, or a situation that existed in the past but which no longer exists

- I used to cry all day when I was a child

- I used to go fishing with my father

Chú ý: Used to có 2 dạng: Động từ thường, Động từ khuyết thiếu bởi vậy cấu trúc  Động từ thường,  Động từ khuyết thiếu bởi vậy cấu trúc  Động từ thường,  Động từ khuyết thiếu bởi vậy cấu trúc Used to sẽ có hai dạng đi trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn

I didn't use to smoke Yes, I did

Did you use to smoke? No, I didn't

I used to smoke

I usedn't to smoke

Used you to smoke?Yes, I used

No, I usedn't

2 Be/get used to V-ing = be/get accustomed to V-ing: quen với việc gì

- Mary is used to living in a cold climate

- She is accustomed to living there

Chú ý: - to be used to V-ing: quen với việc gì đó (lâu dài)

- to get used to V-ing: mới quen với việc gì đó

* Some more examples:

a I'm used to sleeping with the window open

b I'm accustomed to sleeping with the window open

Note: c I looking forward to going home next month

d They object to changing their plans at this late date

Trong câu (c) và (d) "to" là giới từ bởi vậy đi sau là "Ving"

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UNIT14 Đảo ngữ - Inversion

Đối với một số trạng từ phủ định hoặc bán phủ định:

only by , rarely , scarcely when, so, on no account, under no circumstance có hiện t−ợng đảo ngữ

life

Eg7: He did not realize that he had lost it till he got home

→ Seldom did he come there

→ For no reason at all did the murderer kill Mr L → Never will I forget you in my life

→ Hardly ever has she met him

→ Not till he got home did he realize that he had lost it

→ On no account must this switch be touched

→ Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard

(Vừa mới

thì )

→ Never before had the race been won by a European athelete

Sau Only + a time expression:

→ Only after the money is received can/do we despatch goods

→ Only once did I go to the opera in the whole time I was in Italy * Sau Only + các cụm giới từ khác

only by , only in , only with , only at

→ Only in our country can science serve the interest of the people

* Sau giới từ + No:

At no time, in no way, on no account, under/in no circumstances:

* Sau các thành ngữ với Not:

Not only, not until, no + object:

→ Not until August did the government order an inquiry into the accident

* Đảo ngữ đi sau: so + adj + that, such that, neither /nor

→ So successful was her business that Marie was able to retire at the age of 50

* Đối với trạng ngữ đặt đầu câu để nhấn mạnh cũng có đảo ngữ

Note: đối với trạng ngữ chỉ địa điểm không cần đảo do/does/did

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UNIT15 Make và do & Các động từ dễ lẫn KHáC

Make

make a phone call , make a mess,make a cup of tea,make a mistake,make a noise,make one's bed,make sb laugh,make a cake,make an arrangement,make a comment,make a decision,make a good impression,make (sb) an offer,make a promise,make a statement,make an excuse,make a date,make a speech,make a suggestion, make a profit,make an effort,make trouble,make fun of sb,make sb better,make oneself at home,make advance in,make an attempt,make a

comparision,make a contribution,make a distinction,make a forecast,make a law,make a point,make an investment,make a plan,make a prediction,make a sound

Do

do the ironing,do sb a favour,do the shopping,do your best,do an exercise,do a good job,do badly in the test,do very

well,do nothing at all,do work,do cleaning,do gardening,do military service, do + subjects domaths/history,do (st)

interesting,do a boring job,do sb good,do an assignment,do the dishes,do the laundry,do a paper,do research,do business with,do one's work,do one's duty

Các động từ dễ lẫn

Transitive (Ngoại động từ)

Ngoại động từ là động từ phải có tân ngữ đi kèm để bổ nghĩa

1 Raise → raised → raised: giơ lên, nâng lên, nuôi dậy

2 Intransitive (Nội động từ)

Nội động từ là động từ không cần có tân ngữ đi kèm để bổ nghĩa

Rise → rose → risen: tăng, mọc lên

Eg2: - The sun rises in the East

- The river has risen several meters

3 Lay → laid → laid (Transitive)

4 Lie → lay → lain (Intransitive): nằm

Eg4: He's lying on his bed

5 Lie → lied → lied (v) nói dối

Eg5: - Don't you dare lie to me!

- Lie in one's teeth: nói dối một cách thô bỉ

6 Hang → hung → hung (Transitive): treo

7 Hang → hanged → hanged (Transitive) treo cổ

8 find → found → found: tìm

9 found →founded → founded: thành lập

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unit16 Thể giả định của danh từ

- I insisted that he pay me the money.(2)

- I recommend that he not go to the concert (3)

- It's important that they be told the truth (4)

• Trong (1), "be": động từ giả định Hiện tại giả định của động từ luôn ở dạng "Simple verb"

Eg: Hiện tại giả thiết của "to be" là: I be , She be, He be , They be

•Đối với động từ thường (2) → I pay, he pay

• Không chia ngôi thứ 3 số ít của danh từ

• Thể giả định ở thể phủ định là: not go (3)

Các động từ và thành ngữ thông thường đi với thể giả định của danh từ:

demand (that) suggest (that) It's important (that)

insist (that)recommend (that) It's necessary (that)

request (that) advise (that) It's essential (that)

ask (that) propose (that) It's vital (that)

require (that) urge (that) It's imperative (that)

Note:* suggest + (that) + S + (should) do

* suggested + (that) + S + did

* suggest + V-ing

Chức năng:

1 Chủ yếu dùng để nhấn mạnh

2 Dùng để chúc mừng hoặc cầu nguyện

- Long live the Communist Party of Vietnam

- Success attend you!

3 Sau động từ diễn đạt lòng mong muốn hoặc chúc mừng cho tương lai sau các động từ: propose, suggest, insist, demand, order, require, recommend

- It's our wish that he do what he pleases

- We suggest that the task be fullfilled by 12 o'clock

- It's important that he (should) have a notebook

Quá khứ giả thiết

→ She wishes she were good at English

= If only she were good at English

→ thể giả định quá khứ

* Trong câu điều kiện không có thực ở hiện tại

- If he were not ill, he would be sure to come

* Trong câu As if/ As though

Eg4: - It looks as if it would rain

* Trong mẫu câu: 'd rather sb did sth ( sb didn't do sth.)

Eg5: - I'd rather you came with us

- I'd rather you didn't tell anyone what I said

* Sau mẫu câu: It's time sb Did sth = It's time for sb to do sth

Eg6: It's time I were going = It's time for me to go

Quá khứ hoàn thành giả thiết

* Dùng trong câu "wish" không có thực ở quá khứ:

Eg7: I wish I had been at the seaside then

* Dùng trong câu điều kiện không có thực ở quá khứ:

Tiêu đề	Ngữ pháp câu điều kiện conditionals and if sentences
Trường học	University of Education
Chuyên ngành	English Language
Thể loại	Tài liệu học tập
Thành phố	Hanoi

Định dạng
Số trang	36
Dung lượng	1,16 MB