Test bank for PSYCH 2nd edition by rathus

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes a.. school of psychology MSC: TYPE: Factual 6.. human factors MSC: TYPE: Applied 29.. human factors MSC: TYPE: Applied 32.

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Chapter 1

What Is Psychology?

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Psychology is defined as the scientific study of

a. behavior and mental processes

b. diagnosis and treatment of behavioral disorders

c. conscious and unconscious mental processes

d. the mind

2. The scientific study of behavior and mental processes describes

a. behaviorism c. psychology

b. psychoanalysis d. clinical psychology

4. As a science, Psychology has four goals Which of the following is NOT one of those goals?

a. eliminate behavior c. predict behavior

b. explain behavior d. control behavior

MSC: TYPE: Factual

5. A proposes a relationship among observed events

b. theory d. school of psychology

MSC: TYPE: Factual

6. A satisfactory psychological theory of thirst would

a. be able to predict when people will or will not drink

b. be able to describe age-related drinking behavior

c. both a and b

d. none of these

MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

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7. Theories allow psychologists to make such as a client’s chance of recovery

a. descriptions c. predictions

b. explanations d. beliefs

MSC: TYPE: Applied

8. Which of the following is NOT true of psychological theories?

a. Theories make assumptions about behavior

b. Theories explain behavior and mental processes

c. Predictions are derived from theories

d. Theories are always discarded as new observations are made

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Factual

9. The clinical psychologist’s aim in applying prediction and control principles to a client’s behavior is to

a. decide the treatment

b. help the client meet his or her goals in treatment

c. allow the client a narrow range of options for his or her behavior

d. use a database to formulate a treatment for the client

MSC: TYPE: Applied

10. Dr Rossini is developing a training program to help a young woman with mental retardation

to sort clothes in the laundry of the residential facility in which she lives Whenever she performs her job according to the protocol, she receives a reward If she does not stay on task, she receives no reward Applying the principles of learning theory to the direct modification

of human conduct is referred to as

a. pure research c. psychoanalysis

b. basic research d. the practice of psychology

12. Applied research is research undertaken

a. with humans c. for its own sake

b. with lower animals d. to find solutions to specific problems

MSC: TYPE: Factual

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13. The difference between pure and applied research is the difference between

a. prediction and control

b. practice and theory

c. research for its own sake and research to solve specific problems

d. application and adaptation

14. Research using computers to understand artificial intelligence is an example of research

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Applied

16. Jean, a divorced mother with two children, married Harry, a widower with a teenage daughter.From the onset of her relationship with Harry, Jean had difficulty in relating to his daughter Once married, the family problems between stepmother and stepdaughter became

exacerbated Who might be consulted?

a. a developmental psychologist c. a counseling psychologist

b. an educational psychologist d. a psychiatric social worker

18. School psychologists are employed by school districts to

a. develop achievement and aptitude tests

b. identify and assist students who have problems that interfere with their learning

c. study hereditary and environmental influences on the development of students

d. develop instructional methods for teachers to employ

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19. Interpretation of a client’s symptoms is to a clinical psychologist as the development of an achievement test is to a(n) psychologist

b. personality d. experimental

MSC: TYPE: Applied

21. psychologists study the relationship between genetic and environmental factors

on growth of the individual through the life span

23. psychologists are concerned with racism, sexism, and ageism

24. psychologists focus on social influences on behavior, while

psychologists focus on the influence of an individual’s traits on behavior

a Personality; Social c Social; Personality

b School; Educational d Educational; School

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27. An environmental psychologist would study all of the following EXCEPT:

a. how extreme temperatures influence human behavior

b. how loud noises interfere with human concentration

c. how human behavior affects the natural environment

d. how athletes improve their performance

MSC: TYPE: Applied

28. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to conduct pure research?

a. experimental c. consumer

b. organizational d. human factors

MSC: TYPE: Applied

29. Industrial psychologists and organizational psychologists study the behavior of people in

a. workplaces c. universities

b. research laboratories d. court rooms

MSC: TYPE: Applied

30. An organizational psychologist is most likely to study people in

a. court rooms c. sports

b. businesses d. schools

MSC: TYPE: Factual

31. The design of the instrument layout of a new helicopter was carried out by industrial

engineers in consultation with psychologists

b. experimental d. human factors

MSC: TYPE: Applied

32. After an advertising campaign with a catchy jingle failed to generate sales for a new shampoo,the advertising director hired Dr Faith Brewster to analyze the defective campaign and to propose an alternative approach Faith is most likely a(n) psychologist

a. consumer c. organizational

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a. personal trainer c. health psychologist

b. sports psychologist d. aerobics instructor

MSC: TYPE: Applied

35. A psychologist examines ways in which lifestyle, habits, and attitudes are related

to heart disease, cancer and diabetes

a. counseling psychologist c. health psychologist

b. industrial psychologist d. sport psychologist

MSC: TYPE: Applied

37. A forensic psychologist may be involved in any of the following activities EXCEPT:

a. testing the mental health of a defendant in a criminal trial

b. analyzing criminal behavior patterns

c. consulting with attorneys about selecting jury members

d. developing standardized intelligence tests

MSC: TYPE: Applied

38. Yolanda gives a careful description of all of her thoughts, experiences, and emotions after she underwent a “near-death” experience in which she felt herself leaving her body The method Yolanda and the researcher are using is called

a. insight c. recovered memory

b. self-revelation d. introspection

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MSC: TYPE: Applied

39. What distinguished Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution from other contributions to psychology?

a. He wrote the first textbook of psychology

b. He defined psychology as the science of behavior

c. He established psychology as a laboratory science

d. He studied insight in lower animals

MSC: TYPE: Factual

40. The first person to use scientific methods to investigate psychological phenomenon was

a. Wilhelm Wundt c. Charles Darwin

b. William James d. Gustav Fechner

43. Wilhelm Wundt felt that the object of psychology was the study of the mind as a natural event and that the best way to approach the study of psychology was to

a. break down conscious experience into basic elements

b. focus on the continuity between conscious experience and behavior

c. analyze the relation between sensory stimuli and behavior

d. determine the functions of conscious experience

MSC: TYPE: Factual

44. Structuralism defined experience in terms of

a. behavioral tendencies and habits

b. the continuity of consciousness and unconscious processes

c. the functions of consciousness

d. sensations, feelings, and mental images

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45. Functionalism was established by

a. G Stanley Hall c. John Watson

b. Wilhelm Wundt d. William James

46. Which of the following statements is most likely to have been made by a functionalist psychologist?

a. The mind is composed of discrete elements

b. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts

c. The only object of psychology is the study of behavior

d. Adaptation to the environment is the purpose of mental processes and behavior

KEY: WWW MSC: TYPE: Conceptual

47. The school of psychology that emphasizes the purposes of mind and behavior and views consciousness as a continuous, not discrete, process is called

a. functionalism c. structuralism

b. behaviorism d. psychoanalysis

MSC: TYPE: Factual

48. A functionalist would disagree with which of the following statements?

a. Consciousness can be broken down into elemental parts

b. Consciousness is a continuous process

c. Behavior and mental processes are adaptive

a. more intelligent c. more conscious of their surroundings

b. better adapted to the environment d. better at problem solving

MSC: TYPE: Factual

50. The functionalists expanded the study of psychology to include behavior as well as

consciousness and asked how mental processes and behavior

a. were broken down into sensations, feelings, and thoughts

b. were part of the unconscious

c. led the individual to self-knowledge

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d. assisted the organism to adapt to the environment

MSC: TYPE: Factual

51. John B Watson argued for a psychology based on the study of

a. stream of consciousness c. measurable behavior

b. unconscious mental processes d. sensation, feelings, and mental images

52. John B Watson established as a school of psychology

a. mental processes c. consciousness

b. behavior d. feelings and thoughts

54. B F Skinner made major contributions to

a. structuralism c. behaviorism

b. functionalism d. Gestalt psychology

55. Ted taught his cat to turn in a circle every time he waved his hand in a circular motion After the response Ted would pet the cat and give it a treat From Skinner’s perspective the treat would be considered a

b. insight d. trial and error

MSC: TYPE: Factual

57. Watson and Skinner had one objective in common, which was the

a. treatment of disorders

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b. acquisition of behavior through conditioning/reinforcement

c. use of mental imagery

d. discovery of unconscious conflicts

58. The school of psychology that emphasized the organization of perceptual experience into wholes and the integration of separate stimuli into meaningful patterns is termed

a. psychoanalysis c. structuralism

b. functionalism d. Gestalt psychology

59. Behaviorism is to learning theory as Gestalt psychology is to

a. psychotherapy c. perception

b. adaptation to the environment d. habit

60. Gestalt psychologists believed that problem solving is not always accomplished by

mechanical repetition but rather is accomplished by sudden _ in which a solution

61. For the Gestalt psychologists, learning was largely a matter of

a. trial and error c. rote practice and repetition

b. insight and understanding d. habit and environmental adaptation

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64. The school of psychology that places unconscious impulses and desires at the center of humanbehavior is

a. psychoanalysis c. functionalism

b. humanism-existentialism d. Gestalt psychology

65. The psychodynamic theory of human motivation centers on

b. the unconscious d. introspection

67. Freud’s technique of psychotherapy is called

a. reality therapy c. psychoanalysis

b. insight therapy d. behavior therapy

68. That people are motivated to satisfy unconscious urges and to avoid guilt feelings at the same time is an assumption of

a. psychodynamic theory c. behaviorism

b. the humanistic-existential approach d. Gestalt psychology

69. Which of the following statements distinguishes psychoanalysis from other schools of

psychology?

a. Unconscious processes have the greatest impact on behavior

b. Learning is the basis of behavior

c. Humans are potentially good

d. The sum of the parts is more important than the separate parts

70. oriented psychologists use techniques such as CAT scans, PET scans, and

electrical stimulation of the brain to show that specific sites in the brain mediate thoughts, emotions, and behavior

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a. brain activity c. heredity

b. hormone activity d. all of these

72. Dr Levy studies the influences of hormones in determining maternal behavior and sexual behavior in rats Levy is most probably a

a. Gestalt psychologist c. biological psychologist

b. behavioral psychologist d. psychoanalyst

MSC: TYPE: Applied

73. The statement that the mental state associated with being in love can be reduced to chemical changes in the brain is most likely to be made by a psychologist taking the perspective

a. biological c. cognitive

b. behavioral d. developmental

74. Cognitive psychologists would be least interested in

a. mental representations c. perception

b. memory d. behavior in social settings

75. Cognitive psychologists are specifically interested in studying

a. animal learning and motivation

b. human thinking and memory

c. genetic and hormonal effects on behavior

d. introspection and behavioral disorders

MSC: TYPE: Factual

76. Neural processing is to the biological perspective as information processing is to the

perspective

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a. brain; behavior c. mental processes; consciousness

b. self-fulfillment; free choice d. culture; values

MSC: TYPE: Factual

79. Lydia Corfield, a humanistic-existential psychotherapist, is most likely to make which of the following statements to her clients about their objectives for therapy?

a. We will uncover the unconscious ideas that are at the source of your disorder

b. We will lay out a program to extinguish your disordered behavior and condition

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MSC: TYPE: Factual

82. In comparison with traditional psychoanalysis, neoanalysts place less emphasis on

a. conscious choice c. scientific research

b. unconscious processes d. psychotherapy

84. Unconscious processes, dream analysis and sexual and aggressive impulses are most likely to

be used by which perspective?

a. psychodynamic c. biological

b. behavioral d. none of these

85. Both social-cognitive theorists and behaviorists adhere to the perspective

a. social-cognitive c. sociocultural

b. behavioral d. neoanalytic

MSC: TYPE: Applied

87. A distinction between behavioral and social-cognitive perspectives is that the former

emphasizes , and the latter emphasizes in learning

a. reinforcement; observation c. brain processes; social processes

b. conditioning; development d. introspection; self-determination

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b. Condition positive emotional responses to women

c. Uncover the unconscious conflicts in the approach and avoidance of women

d. Prescribe that he take anti-anxiety medication before going out with a woman

90. Dr Maloff is studying the effects of ethnic bias on the school performance of immigrant children Most likely, Maloff is a psychologist

a. psychoanalytic c. sociocultural

MSC: TYPE: Applied

91. Which of the following is not likely the concern of sociocultural psychologists?

a. alcohol abuse among ethnic minority groups

a. psychoanalytic c. gestalt

b. humanistic d. sociocultural

MSC: TYPE: Applied

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94. The sociocultural perspective is concerned with the

a. issues of gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status

b. behavior of society

c. makeup of social and cultural organizations

d. influence of a group on the behavior of the individual

MSC: TYPE: Factual

95. Membership in an ethnic group is defined by common features such as

a. genetic variables

b. cultural heritage, language, and common history

c. socioeconomic status and political identity

d. attitudes, values, and religion

MSC: TYPE: Factual

96. Kenneth and Mamie Clark conducted research on the negative effects of

on African American children

a. intelligence testing c. school segregation

b. extra-curricular activities d. music instruction

MSC: TYPE: Factual

97. Whose research on the negative effects of school segregation on African American children was cited by the United States Supreme Court when it overturned the “separate but equal” school doctrine in 1954?

a. The Watsons c. The Rumbaughs

b. The Clarks d. The Sherifs

MSC: TYPE: Factual

98. Recent research on the role of ethnicity and cultural bias on human behavior has included all

of the following topics EXCEPT

a. intelligence testing c. achievement

b. mental health d. emotion

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100. Prior to becoming the first female president of the APA, Mary Whiton Calkins

a. was denied a doctorate at Harvard University because of her gender

b. attended Harvard as a guest because they did not accept female students

c. was offered but declined a doctorate at Radcliff college for women

d. All of these are true

MSC: TYPE: Factual

101. Contributions to psychology by women researchers include research on all of the following topics EXCEPT

a. parent-child attachment c. primacy and recency effects

b. inaccuracies of memory d. introspection in research

102. Critical thinking is associated with

a. a difficult person c. a critical thinker

b. cynical about politicians’ claims d. prone to argue

105. A form of reasoning characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments defines

a. critical thinking c. rational mental processes

b. point and counterpoint d. self-interest

MSC: TYPE: Factual

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