writing skills - Health

a What general statement can you mak about the whole graph?. b Gen ·ral statement of first main trend, then specific data.. General statement of contrasting trend, then specific data.. T

U N IT

70 • - • • •

Un it ai ms

Task 1 Varying vocabulary Checking spelling

••••••

Tasl< 1 Varying vocabulary

Task 2

Organizing words Verb-subject agreement

1 Answer these questions about hospitals and h alrh care

a What are the m,lill p::i"ri(ics of health care in your counlry?

b How is health Gl rc delivered in your home country? If YO ll want to nsu it

-c Are medicines free or do you have to pay for tbem?

d What effect has technology had on medical care in your country'?

2 Read the Task 1 question on page 71 Then arlswer questions a-e below

a What general statement can you mak about the whole graph? Look at the deSCription and the graph itself

b What general statement can you make about the French hospital?

c What general statement can you make about the Ukrainian hospital?

d How can you link the pie charts to the graph?

e How could you use these words to describe the graph

trend except that

upward similar pattern reach a pea k saw a continuous rise change coincide

9 rIealtlr

The cllarts below show the average bed use i/1 three rypiml hospitals

illt f ' J1lIti o lla/ly and ,lie prop01 ' ti l1 n of 1111spita l b ll dgets a/l l)J Cl" lt ed to i/'l-pati "~ 1t

care before and after day-surgery was introc/ll c ed in 2003

A v rag e bed u e for the years 199 7- 2006

100

90

80

7 0

6 0

50

40

30

20

1 0

o

-

1997 1998 1 999 2000 2001 2002 2003 200 4 2005 2 006

Fu nds allocated to in-patient care 2002

In -patient

35%

Othe r cost 65%

In-patien t 27%

Other costs 73%

StwllJl tl r fz e O,e il1fonndt i orJ by sel i?c till9 an d reportil1g t/H ~ JIIllill fe.lil/ r e s, mi d

make comparisDns whe r e relevant

you

peak impact

marked reduction

Mode l text

clear

fallin g

The graph proviaes I 0.~!!~ about

the average be.ds in use eae-h i ear in

three similar hospitals before ana after

the i n tr o a ud ion of da'j-c.a re wrye r'!

D a'j-e-are surgef'j seems t o have h;}d

an"l on bed use in all three

hospitals A.t the frene-h hospital the

figures sho\~ an upwara ?

ove r the perioa from 40 be.cis to 4("

K o w eve r , in 2 0 3 bed 4 h ad

reac.hed a ~ of just under 10

beds, before ( bac k A similar

pattern w as repe.ate.ci for the UKrainian

hospital , e"1-(.ept that the du.line in bed

oeeu paney trend sign if i eantly ris e

de t -&i+s experi e c ed

use after 2.00"3 WaS not so 1 .•

(1(; beds i n 2.00 "3 as against 11 in 2.00v )

1he C h inese hospital, b'f c.omparison,

s a c.o nt in ua \ ' i i n

b e.d use beh J e en \ Q'l1 an d 2.00(; 11 ; lIla

q "3 re.spe.c.tivel'j l1o\'lever , we see that after 2.004 the rate of ine-re.ase \'las

I • •• • • slower than in prev i ous ,{ ear ",

It is II that t he fall in be.d use

c oinc.iaes wi t h t h e 1 1 .• in the

average budget at the three hospitals for

in - patient c-are (?? pe.r a ,nt c.ompared to

2.1 per e-ent) between 2.002 and 2.00(;

• • • 71

Technique

Use a variety

of alternative

expressions when

writing your answer

to avoid repetition

72 • • • • •

[or eadl one f Tom the bo x You \'vill no'! use al i I t h e words effect use

incr eas e

saw

tenden cy cut considerably low decrease dro p pi n g i nfo rmat io n high point s harp dra mat ically

evident result

5 For each sentence a-h, there are three alternative phrases to replace the

phrase in italics Delete the option which is nOI correct

a The graph provides details about bed use (gives/says/shows)

b The introduction of day-care surgery had an impact on bed use (had all effect on/ had an aff ec t on/ affected)

c Bed use r eac h ed a peak of just under 7 0 beds (reached it s highest point/reached

a he ig ht/ hit a peak)

d A similar p att ern was se n in th Ukrainian hospital (des i gnl t rmdlm ovellle J/ (}

e The Chinese hospital, b y compa r i s on continued to see a rise (by contrast/oil the oth er h and/alternatively)

The number of beds ro e from 40 to ar u nd 45 ( approximatelY/l1bolltltoll'ard s )

g There was a reduction in the budget ( 3 5 per cent compared (027 per cent)

( as opposed tolas against/colltrast w ith )

h The change in bed use is reflected in the budget ( call be seen in/ ca n b viewed in/can be detected in)

6 The descriptions below sUmnlarize the sentenc SlructW'e of the model in 3

The first and last have been done for you

a General introductory statement

b Gen ·ral statement of first main trend, then specific data

d Spe ific statement qualifying the trend without detail

e General statement ab ut the line graph

General statement of contrasting trend, then specific data

g SpeciHc statement qualifying the trend with detail

h General conclusion based on pie charts J?

U 'T 9

Checking spelling

correct it

health service

me averag numbe.r of rOad traffiL 3Lic\r.nts from G2r~ mLrea""ed dramati(.a1i

petloJe-t,n Iqqr;; 3nd tne ie.ar 2.000, risi"s from a tob'l of '5'3 to Il£> respedive.ll Over the nf · ~t five ieaf5, tnen '1135 a notiLeap\e improvme.nt <15 number:> fell st e.adil\~ to

a new low point of?J in 200~ A'il regard mOlorLid uc.ide.nt5, noV/eve.r it is dear the tnnd is upward, with more oLLuring in thi:> , a t~ ' 90!"{ in the later pe.r.iod

74 • • •

Task 2 Organizjng words

1 Which of the following do you (hink are most imponam for good health? Rank them.in order of imp rtance (1 = most important; 6 = least important) Are there any other lifestyle factors which are not included in (he list?

taking regular exercise carefui'ly monitoring your diet having a wide rang e of int@rests having a wid@ netw(i)rk of f rie n s

living in the countryside sleeping at least seven hours a n ig h

2 Complete the paragraph by choosing (he best adverb in each case

b enefi(.ia\ effec.t that anima\~ have on people ' $ ne<lltn and genera l well-being is

Ihe idea ma~ seem pec.uliar to s o me people,

t here is dear evidel1Le of the partnership laKe, the, e;f.,amp\r, of do\phiI15, w hic.h are,

bealing qualitle $DOg5 have · a l 50 b ew

used to deted Lanc.er c.el \<: v e~ 'i de.eplyl

proj e.s5ionallylac.c.uratel y in pat i en15 and

are (, oftenlrartlylhardly eve n taKen

3 !" o nd hMpita\ 'tJard5 t o be i r'ltf" odua d to

h ave led to anima l s being ll~ed

c.DIlVl:-lltiollal mMic.ill(:' 1 0 {5l1idtntlc.Jearly l

mone.1 ava i ab l e for re$~ ar d 1 I n t o ho\'~

animalf> c.an benef i t humans

3 Which pattern does the paragrap b in 2 follow? which organizing \>\ur,: ~ Jrt'

llsed to empbasize eacb elemem of the pattern?

a situation - examples - eUects - conclusion

b situation - effects - reasons - examples - conel usion

4 Complete sentences a-I with an organizing word from the box

idea informa t ion issue knowledg e m easure opinion problem scheme solution

a The best way to improve public health is to provide people with all the facts, but the needs to be made simple

b It is often suggested that national health systems should be modernized However, many people are opposed t o (he of modernization

c Our programme to introduce new equipment ucceededin red cing

waiting lists, ut the improvement met with considerable

resis lance

d The governmen should inve s t more money in preventing drug abuse This

, if taken would save many lives

e Obesity is on the rise in many countries and not just in the developed world It i s now an that demands immediate attention More nurses need to be uained rather than doctors This, I feeL is the best 1 0 the current crisis

g People are often aware of the dangers of smo in ut even with [his

widespread " , it is difficult to persuade them to stop

h Some people are againsl the involvement of private companies in health

care, but this is held by fewer people nowadays Lack of health care is making the lives of many people misera Ie ye( it is a

that can be easily tackled

Te chnique

Aim to use at least

one organizing \/v'ord

in each paragraph

you write

5 For e ch of a-b, read the first sentence then complete the follow-up sentence

with your own ideas Use the organizing words in italics to help you

a Some people are c ncerned that increasing numb r of old people will mean more spending on health care

This issl/e d " ··.· " "

b Conventional and alt rnatjve medicine can complement each other

This i dea could " d

c In the future, ealth care will be much cheaper and for everyone

This predict i ol1 ,."

d The pace of c ange within many national health systems is speeding up

Initially, this may be a p rob bn , but

e Health care costs are now worrying planners throughout the world

The situatioll, however

are emphasis should be put on preventive medicine, like health education

Measllre like this

g Acupuncture is becoming more and more popular around the world

N ot surprisingly, it is a t ren d "

h If people live longer, [hen this can lead to other COS ts and problems

This is a matter that

6 Choose one of the topics a-c below Make a list of ideas for the topic you have

chusen Ue (j~e organizing words in the box 10 trigger ideas

7

a the connection b rween music and health

b how alternative therapies can influence health

c the conneClion between e ercise and health conclusion effect idea information issue knowledge

matter measure opinion prediction problem scheme solution trend view example

Write your own paragraph based on your ideas in 6 To plan your answer, a k

yourself these questions

a What paragraph organization can I use?

b WhicJl connecting words can I use to link the pattern I have chosen to

"'.-Tite?

c Which examples can I use to justify my ideas in each paragraph?

• • 75

T echnique

Make sure you

check that the

subjects and the

verbs In your

sentences agree

Verb-subject agreement

8 Complete the following sentences with i s, are, ha s , or have

a The number of people who are suffering fTOrn stress on the increase

b The fact that people live longer nowadays led to an increased number of elderly people in sodery

c Predictions about how long a patient with cancer will live often

inaccurate

d A ban on advenising all types of junk food probably the onl way

to stop the spread of obesity

e The pressurized situation in many hospitals resulted in a stressed

workforce and low morale amongst nurses

f Elderly people who have a large family generally healthier and

happier than those who have fewer contacts with other people

g The reason why allergies are becoming more common still not

known

h An increasing number of patient seem to be dissatisfied wjth conventional

medicine and turned to alternative therapies

9 In sentence a-g, replace the countable nouns in italics with an uncountable

noun [rom the box Make any other neces ary changes in verb forms or

pronouns

progress evidence information work advice research equipment

a Everyone is aware today of the bad effects of smoking on people's health

The e fadS are published all around us, even on cigarette packets

b Most doctors recommend a diet low in sugar and fat and high in fibre Unfortunately, these suggestions are not often followed

c Many nurses nowadays do nor carry out basic care such as washing and feeding patients Instead, these tasks are carried out by health care assistant

d Enormous advances have been made in understanding how disease sprea but the possibility of a worldwide pandemic is still with us

e Many people enjoy keeping fit in the gym by using rowing machines,

walking machines, and so on However, these devices can be dangerous if

they are not used properly

f Many doctors do not believe in homeopathic medidne However, there are

certainly some indications that it is more than just a placebo

g Some studies have been carried out which sboY': that elderly people live

longer if they live with a partner

•

•• ••

Practice Test 9

Task 1

Yo u s h ou ld sp end a bo ut 20 m inutes o n t hi s t a sk

The 9Taph belm i ' shbwS the average monthly use of a healt11 club jn Mi am i , Flor i d a b y

all full-time members over last year The pie charts shaw the age profile of m ale a nd

female members

Summarize the iflformatiol! by selecting and reporting the main features, a n d m ake

compan' soJis tII'll'ere relevant

Write at least 150 words

900

800

700

600

5 00

400

3 00

200

1 00

o

;

-' - -

-J F M

10 Female • Male I

i -

r-

' A

M ale m e m bers h ip by age

Task2

Health club use over last year

=

Fe male me m ber ship by age

You sh o u Id spend about 40 minutes o n this task

Wril e ab out the fo ll v, /i1l8 top ic :

-= -=

I - '

-r - -

'-

r

-The numberoje/derly people in the world is increasiJlg What do you lliill/.: lire the positive al1d l1egative effects of this trend?

Giv e reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from YOllr own know/edge or

experience

Write at leas t 25 0 words _

UN IT

Individual and society

Unit aims

Task 1

Word order Linking using with

Task 1 revision

Task 2

Paragraph structure

Task 2 revision Relevant and irrelevant information

1 The list below contains factors which influence career choice Choose the five that have influenced you most j.n choosing a career RanJ, them in order

of importance 1-5 (1 = most important; 5 = least important) Then answer

questions a-d

money interest friends a mb i tion role models parents t eacher s

a Why have you chosen these five factors?

b How did they contrib te to your career cboice?

c Why did you not choose the other factors?

d What other [actors might influence you?

2 Read the Task 1 quesrion Then answer questions a-e

The bar charts show the results of a Greek survey from two selected age 9roups in

2003 011 tile relative importance of five factors in choosing a career

SlIlJ/JllLlrize the information by seleclillg a1/d repOltin9 the main featllres, and make cOlllparisotlS where relevant

M ain r e aso ns for choosing a c aree r - 20-35 age group

30

25

20

% 15

10

5

o

m odels

Ma i n reaSOnS for choo sing a career - 40-50 age group

30

25

20

% 15

10

5

o

a What does each chart refer to generally? Look at the captions

b What do the items along the bottom of the bar charts refer to?

c How do the bar charts relate to each other?

d 'Nhat are the most noticeable features of the first bar chan?

e What are the most noticeable featmes of the second bar chart?

• •

Model text

1he bar c ,harts provide information from

a ~reeK surve.~ about I reasonslthe/for/

main/c.a r ee r /a/c.hoosing among two age

9 r o up s 2 0- '7'5 and 40 -'5 0

It is d e.ar th a t t he t w 9 r ouPS 2 the l

in fluen c u1!we re lv a r-iou slby/ f at to r 5

t o d iffe.re.nt de.gre.es wi th the m Oflt

in f\ ue n t ia \ f acto n) w hi d ) co n t rib uted to

Ga ree r chOice for th e 20-2? ag e group

being m onei (i:lpprO'l'imatel'i 2.1 per c e n t)

and t h en pi:lre nb (2"3 p e r u ~ nt) HOI,eve- r

the fa dor s • th e/ agt / w e/fo r / reve r sel

g rou plthel40 -50 w ah p a re.nts affe- d ing

the.m most at '70 p e r G e nt

~ 1 eac.herslaslrtgardslrole/andlmode/:;

the- relative importance of e.ac.h was ag " M the othe r \ ,a~ round : S ninelfifteen/

andlresptc.tivelylgroup/per/c.entljorl

y o n ger/the , and f ou rtee.n and elwen per

G ent for the older

~ simi l a r itylonl y /the/the/twolgroupsl

be-t ween/age waf> t h a t fr iends had lef>s

inf\ uen a over G a r eer G hoice f o r the

i ounger and old e r group fl 1 fa ct o rs!

than/an y /other seven and ten p e.r cent

re spe.ctiv ell

Example

Traveller numbers have decreased ov r period in the question

Traveller numbers have decreased over t he period in question

a The specialist sales of rours have fallen recently

b In 2006 more males than females tOok up individual spons rather than

team activities

d It is dear lbJt rhe number of flats by single' people in ()ccllpieci major citie

in the West is putting pressure on housing

e From [he graphs, it can be concluded that are young people much more

mobile than previous generations

The noticeable pursuit of a professional career among botb men and

woman has led to a reduction in the birth rate

g There are similarities in the presentation of the several data

h Overall the chart sho w s that the media people are re ponsible for tumin

into eel brities

• • • • 79